5. AIR TRANSPORTATION (TRE) GTU 3150611
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The document provides a comprehensive overview of air transportation, detailing its advantages and disadvantages, the classification of airports, and the components of an airplane. It discusses the importance of airport layout plans, site selection factors, and regulatory considerations, including zoning laws. Additionally, it covers the elements of airport infrastructure, such as runways, aprons, and terminal buildings, along with the significance of runway orientation and wind data in airport operations.
5. AIR TRANSPORTATION (TRE) GTU 3150611
- 1. “AIR TRANSPORTATION” 1 PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.
- 2. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES One system of transportation which tries to improve the accessibility to inaccessible areas Provides continuous connectivity over water and land Provide relief during emergencies and better compared to others some times Saves productive time, spent in journey Increases the demand of specialized skill work force. Helps tourism, generates foreign reserves Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to other modes Requires highly sophisticated machinery Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc. Safety provisions are not adequate. Providing a support system during the flight is complicate ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of AIR TRANSPORT
- 3. CLASSIFICATION of AIRPORTS • Heliports: Meant for helicopters. • STOL ports: Meant for short take off and landing. • Conventional: Meant for normal commercial aircraft. BASED ON FUNCTION • Public: owned by Government. • Private: Owned by individuals. • Military: Used for military purpose only. • Joint Use: Used by both civil and military aviation. BASED ON USAGE OR OWNERSHIP • Number and type of runway. • Navigational aids. BASED ON FACILITIES AVAILABLE • Basic Utility airports: Accommodates single engine and light twin engine aircrafts. • General Utility airports: Accommodates medium twin engine aircraft under 5670kg. • Basic Transport airport: Handles business jets under 27200 kg. • General Transport airport: Accommodates anything that flies. BASED ON TYPE OF AIRCRAFT
- 4. MASTER PLAN An airport master plan represents the planner's idealized concept of the form and structure of the ultimate development of the airport. It effectively represents the research and logic from which the plan was evolved and artfully displays the plan in a logic and written report. Master plans are applied to the modernisation and expansion or the existing airports and to the construction of new airports.
- 5. MASTER PLAN Objectives of master plan as per Federation Aviation Agency (FAA) : To provide an effective graphical representation of the ultimate development of the airport and of the anticipated land uses adjacent to the airport. To establish a schedule of priorities and phasing for the various improvements proposed in the plan. To present the data and details gathered to develop the master plan. To describe various concepts and alternatives which are considered in the finalising of the master plan.
- 6. COMPONENTS of AEROPLANE • The schematic diagram of an aeroplane with its various components are shown in this figure. • The chief parts of an aeroplane are: Engine. Propeller. Fuselage. Wings. Three controls Flaps Tricycle under carriage.
- 7. ENGINE • Providing force for propelling the aircraft through air. • Classification of aircrafts as per propulsion • Piston Engine:- Low altitude, moderate speed, reciprocating engine. • Turbo Jet:- Compressor rotated with motor, speed 800 Km/hr. • Turbo Prop:- Same as turbo jet + Propeller provided. • Rocket Engine:- Engine carries its own supply of oxygen
- 8. • Provided in conventional piston engine and turbo prop engine. PROPELLER FUSELAGE • Main body of aircraft ( pilots cockpit+ space for passengers + Cargo + Tail)
- 9. WINGS • The purpose of an aircraft wing is to support the machine in the air when the engine has given it the necessary forward speed. • The term AEROFOIL is used to mean a wing like structure which may be flat or curved and is designed to obtain reactions upon its surface from the air through which it moves the wings slightly curved in section and are set at a small angle of incidence to the horizontal.
- 10. THREE CONTROLS • There are three axes about which an aircraft in space may move. These axes and the possible aircraft movements are shown in the Figure. • The movement of aircraft about the X axis is called lateral or rolling movement. • The movements about Y and Z axes are called pitching and yawing movements respectively. • To control these movements, the airplane is provided with three principal controls, viz., (i) elevator (ii) rudder and (iii) aileron.
- 11. Cont... Elevator – Controls pitching Controls pitching/up/down movement Control during take off and maneuvers Helps in loosing speed and turning Rudder- Controls yawing Consists of flap Provided at tail end of the fuselage, can move 300. Ailerons: Produces rolling motion Hinged flaps, One wing rises, the ailerons on the other wing goes down, Enables the pilot to restore it level to flight when it is tilted by a gust of wind. Stabilizing agents for plane
- 12. FLAPS Flaps at rear end of wings. Similar to aileron. Used as air brakes when turned down. Used for increasing the lift on aerofoils. Powerful resistance causing quick drop in flying speed.
- 13. TRICYCLE UNDER CARRAIGE • It is a structure to support the aircraft while it is in contact with the ground, It has two principal functions to perform as listed below 1. To absorb landing shocks while an aircraft lands. 2. To enable the aircraft to manoeuvre on ground
- 14. SITE SELECTION for AIRPORTS • Peak hour volumes of passengers and cargo at present and in future. • The type of aircraft that will use the airport. • Type of airport, it’s size and shape, facilities to be provided for the passengers, baggage and cargo. • The type of operation controls used. Data Required before Site Selection • Requirement of land area. • Evaluation of factors affecting airport location. • Preliminary office study of possible sites. • Site inspection. • Environmental study. • Review of potential sites. • Preparation of outline plans. • Estimates of costs and revenues. • Final evaluation and selection of site. • Report and recommendations. Steps in Site Selection
- 15. FACTORS AFFECTING AIRPORT SITE SELECTION Regional Plan Airport Use Presence of other airports Topography of the Area Ground Accessibility Obstructions Visibility Wind Noise nuisance Geographical factors Environmental factors Future development Availability of resources nearby Social considerations Economic considerations Avoiding hazards
- 16. ZONING LAWS Definition: Restriction to development of the area surrounding the airports so that no structures protrudes above obstruction clearance line. ZONING LAWS Height zoning Object exceeding their limiting heights above ground surfaces Height zoning : Protect approaches, permissible height Land use Zoning Object protruding above certain imaginary surfaces Land use zoning: Govern type of development
- 17. Factors affecting Zoning Laws Legal interest • Protect the interest of both AAI and owners Nature or ordinance • Should not oppose, unreasonable, welfare of public. Zoning map • Prepare zoning map showing property lines • Land use pattern • Permissible height of building • Limit of applicability of zoning.
- 18. IMAGINARY SURFACES The imaginary surfaces are the established surfaces in relation to the airport and to each runway above which no obstruction should protrude. The Size of the imaginary surfaces will depend on the category of each runway and on the type of approach planned for that runway.
- 19. AIRPORT LAYOUT • The airport layout plan is a graphical representation to scale of existing and proposed airport facilities, their locations on the airport and the pertinent clearance and dimensional information. • It gives the configuration of runways, taxiways and aprons and should set aside area for terminal facilities.
- 20. ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT • Runway, stopway and clearway. • Approach zone and its obstruction • Land use around airport • Land use around heliport • Taxiway • Apron • Terminal area • Travel by passengers and baggage area
- 21. Runway, Stopway and Clearway A cement concrete landing strip prepared for landing and take off operations of aircrafts is known as a runway. Stopway may be defined as a paved area provided at the end of a runway, whose width is equal to the runway and is centrally located along the extended centre line of runway. Clearway is provided as a precautionary measure against engine failure. It may be defined as an area beyond the end of runway, centrally located along the extended centre line of runway and not less than 150m in width.
- 24. Terminal Building Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the spaces where passengers board or alight from flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities for passengers to check-in their luggage, clear the customs and have lounges to wait before disembarking. The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to serve as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals. Large airports can have more than one terminal that are connected to one another through link ways such as walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually have only one terminal that houses all the required facilities.
- 25. APRON Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes called ramps. They vary in size, from areas that may hold five or ten small planes, to the very large areas that the major airports have. AIRCRAFT STAND A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.
- 26. TAXIWAY • A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangers, terminals and other facilities. • They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravels or grass. Taxiway
- 27. RUNWAY ORIENTATION It is usually oriented in the direction of prevailing winds. The wind i.e. The direction of wind opposite to the direction of landing and take off, provides greater lift on the wings of the aircraft when it is taking off. During landing of an aircraft, the head wind provides a breaking effect and the aircraft comes to a stop in a smaller length of runway.
- 28. RUNWAY ORIENTATION Preliminary information required:- Maps in the area in the vicinity of the airport showing contours at suitable intervals. Records of direction, intensity and duration of the wind in the vicinity. Fog characteristics of the area for as long a period as possible.
- 29. Factors affecting Runway Orientation The following are the factors that affect the runway orientation: Wind direction Location of neighbouring airports Obstructions and topography Visibility Built up areas and noise Type and amount of traffic
- 30. WIND ROSE The wind data i.e., direction, duration and intensity are graphically represented by a diagram called wind rose. Data collection : 5 Year study, preferable is 10 year Observation taken at or near site selected Irregular shape resembling rose Help to determine suitable orientation and proposed capacity. Wind rose diagrams can be plotted in two types Type I : Showing direction and duration of wind Type II : Showing direction, duration and intensity of wind
- 31. Wind Direction Duration of Wind, Percent Total in each direction percent 6.4 - 25 Kmph 25 - 40 Kmph 40 - 60 Kmph N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3 NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1 NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9 ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8 E 0.8 0.2 0.0 1 ESE 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 SE 4.3 2.8 0.0 7.1 SSE 5.5 3.2 0.0 8.7 S 9.7 4.6 0.0 14.3 SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10 SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7 WSW 1.0 0.5 0.1 1.6 W 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 WNW 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 NW 5.3 1.9 0.0 7.2 NNW 4.0 1.3 0.3 5.6
- 34. RUNWAY MARKINGS Runway designation marking Runway centerline marking Runway touchdown zone marking Runway aiming marking Runway side strip marking Runway threshold marking
- 37. AIRPORT LIGHTING
- 38. AIRPORT LIGHTING
- 39. AIRPORT LIGHTING
- 40. TAXIWAY LIGHTING
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