501 challenging logic and reasoning problems

501
CHALLENGING
LOGIC AND
REASONING
PROBLEMS

501
CHALLENGING
LOGIC AND
REASONING
PROBLEMS

2nd Edition

®

NEW YORK

Copyright © 2005 LearningExpress, LLC.

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
501 challenging logic & reasoning problems.
p. cm.—(LearningExpress skill builders practice)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-57685-534-1
1. Logic—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Reasoning—Problems, exercises, etc.
3. Critical thinking—Problems, exercises, etc. I. LearningExpress (Organization)
II. Title: 501 challenging logic and reasoning problems. III. Series.
BC108.A15 2006
160'.76—dc22
2005057953

Printed in the United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Second Edition

ISBN 1-57685-534-1

For information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at:
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Contents

INTRODUCTION vii

QUESTIONS 1

ANSWERS 99

v

Introduction

T his book—which can be used alone, with other logic and reasoning texts of your choice, or in com-
bination with LearningExpress’s Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day—will give you practice
dealing with the types of multiple-choice questions that appear on standardized tests assessing logic,
reasoning, judgment, and critical thinking. It is designed to be used by individuals working on their own and by
teachers or tutors helping students learn, review, or practice basic logic and reasoning skills. Practice on 501 logic
and reasoning questions will go a long way in alleviating test anxiety, too!
Maybe you’re one of the millions of people who, as students in elementary or high school, never understood
the necessity of having to read opinion essays and draw conclusions from the writer’s argument. Or maybe you
never understood why you had to work through all those verbal analogies or number series questions. Maybe you
were one of those people who could never see a “plan of attack” when working through logic games or critical think-
ing puzzles. Or perhaps you could never see a connection between everyday life and analyzing evidence from a
series of tedious reading passages. If you ﬁt into one of these groups, this book is for you.
First, know you are not alone. It is true that some people relate more easily than do others to number series
questions, verbal analogies, logic games, and reading passages that present an argument. And that’s okay; we all
have unique talents. Still, it’s a fact that for most jobs today, critical thinking skills—including analytical and log-
ical reasoning—are essential. The good news is that these skills can be developed with practice.
Learn by doing. It’s an old lesson, tried and true. And it’s the tool this book is designed to give you. The 501
logic and reasoning questions that follow will provide you with lots of practice. As you work through each set of
questions, you’ll be gaining a solid understanding of basic analytical and logical reasoning skills—all without mem-
orizing! The purpose of this book is to help you improve your critical thinking through encouragement, no
frustration.

vii

– INTRODUCTION –

An Over view Working on Your Own
If you are working alone to improve your logic skills or
501 Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems is prepare for a test in connection with a job or school,
divided into 37 sets of questions: you will probably want to use this book in combination
with its companion text, Reasoning Skills Success in 20
Sets 1–4: Number Series Minutes a Day, 2nd Edition, or with some other basic
Sets 5–6: Letter and Symbol Series reasoning skills text. If you’re fairly sure of your basic
Sets 7–8: Verbal Classification logic and reasoning abilities, however, you can use 501
Sets 9–11: Essential Part Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems by itself.
Sets 12–17: Analogies Use the answer key at the end of the book not
Sets 18–19: Artificial Language only to find out if you got the right answer, but also to
Set 20: Matching Definitions learn how to tackle similar kinds of questions next
Set 21: Making Judgments time. Every answer is explained. Make sure you under-
Set 22: Verbal Reasoning stand the explanations—usually by going back to the
Sets 23–27: Logic Problems questions—before moving on to the next set.
Sets 28–31: Logic Games
Sets 32–37: Analyzing Arguments Tutoring Others
This book will work well in combination with almost
Each set contains between 5–20 questions, any analytical reasoning or logic text. You will proba-
depending on their length and difficulty. The book is bly find it most helpful to give students a brief lesson
specifically organized to help you build confidence as in the particular operation they’ll be learning—
you further develop your logic and reasoning skills. number series, verbal classification, artificial language,
501 Challenging Logic and Reasoning Problems begins logic problems, analyzing arguments—and then have
with basic number and letter series questions, and then them spend the remainder of the session actually
moves on to verbal classification, artificial language, answering the questions in the sets. You will want to
and matching definition items. The last sets contain stress the importance of learning by doing and of
logic problems, logic games, and logical reasoning checking their answers and reading the explanations
questions. By the time you reach the last question, carefully. Make sure they understand a particular set of
you’ll feel confident that you’ve improved your critical questions before you assign the next one.
thinking and logical reasoning abilities.

Additional Resources
How to Use This Book
Answering the 501 logic and reasoning questions in this
Whether you’re working alone or helping someone book will give you lots of practice. Another way to
brush up his or her critical thinking and reasoning improve your reasoning ability is to read and study on
skills, this book will give you the opportunity to prac- your own and devise your own unique methods of
tice, practice, practice! attacking logic problems. Following is a list of logic and
reasoning books you may want to buy or take out of the
library:

viii

– INTRODUCTION –

REASONING CRITICAL THINKING
Reasoning Skills Success in 20 Minutes a Day Critical Thinking by Alec Fisher (Cambridge
(2nd Edition) by LearningExpress University Press)
Critical Reasoning: A Practical Introduction by Brainplay: Challenging Puzzles & Thinking
Anne Thomson (Routledge) Games by Tom Werneck (Sterling)
Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Challenging Critical Thinking Puzzles by
Fallacy-Free Arguments by T. Edward Damer Michael A. Dispezio and Myron Miller
(Wadsworth) (Sterling)
Thinking Critically: Techniques for Logical Rea- Becoming a Critical Thinker: A User-Friendly
soning by James H. Kiersky and Nicholas J. Manual by Sherry Diestler (Prentice Hall)
Caste (Wadsworth)
ANALOGIES
LOGIC 501 Word Analogy Questions by Learning-
Essential Logic: Basic Reasoning Skills for the Express
Twenty-First Century by Ronald C. Pine Analogies for Beginners by Lynne Chatham
(Oxford University Press) (Dandy Lion Publications)
Increase Your Puzzle IQ: Tips and Tricks for Cracking the MAT (3rd Edition) by Marcia
Building Your Logic Power by Marcel Danesi Lerner (Princeton Review)
(Wiley)
Amazing Logic Puzzles by Norman D. Willis
(Sterling)
Challenging Logic Puzzles by Barry R. Clarke
(Sterling)

ix

Questions

R eady to test your mental abilities? Your 501 challenging logic and reasoning problems begin on the
next page. They’re grouped together in sets of 5–20 questions with a common theme. You can work
through the sets in order or jump around, whichever you choose. When you ﬁnish a set, check your
answers beginning on page 99.

1

– QUESTIONS –

Set 1 (Answers begin on page 99.) 4. Look at this series: 544, 509, 474, 439, . . . What
number should come next?
Start off with these simple series of numbers. Number a. 404
series questions measure your ability to reason without b. 414
words. To answer these questions, you must determine c. 420
the pattern of the numbers in each series before you will d. 445
be able to choose which number comes next. These
questions involve only simple arithmetic. Although 5. Look at this series: 201, 202, 204, 207, . . . What
most number series items progress by adding or sub- number should come next?
tracting, some questions involve simple multiplication a. 205
or division. In each series, look for the degree and b. 208
direction of change between the numbers. In other c. 210
words, do the numbers increase or decrease, and by d. 211
how much?
6. Look at this series: 8, 22, 8, 28, 8, . . . What
1. Look at this series: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . What num- number should come next?
ber should come next? a. 9
a. 11 b. 29
b. 12 c. 32
c. 13 d. 34
d. 14
2. Look at this series: 58, 52, 46, 40, 34, . . . What number should come next?
number should come next? a. 20
a. 26 b. 25
b. 28 c. 30
c. 30 d. 50
d. 32
3. Look at this series: 40, 40, 47, 47, 54, . . . What number should come next?
number should come next? a. 20
a. 40 b. 22
b. 44 c. 23
c. 54 d. 26
d. 61
9. Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23, . . .
What number should come next?
a. 22
b. 24
c. 25
d. 26

2

– QUESTIONS –

10. Look at this series: 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, . . . What 16. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, . . . What
number should come next? number should come next?
a. 7 a. 7
b. 10 b. 10
c. 14 c. 12
d. 15 d. 13

11. Look at this series: 31, 29, 24, 22, 17, . . . What 17. Look at this series: 14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64, . . .
number should come next? What number should come next?
a. 15 a. 52
b. 14 b. 56
c. 13 c. 96
d. 12 d. 128

12. Look at this series: 21, 9, 21, 11, 21, 13, . . . 18. Look at this series: 1.5, 2.3, 3.1, 3.9, . . . What
What number should come next? number should come next?
a. 14 a. 4.2
b. 15 b. 4.4
c. 21 c. 4.7
d. 23 d. 5.1

13. Look at this series: 53, 53, 40, 40, 27, 27, . . . 19. Look at this series: 5.2, 4.8, 4.4, 4, . . . What
What number should come next? number should come next?
a. 12 a. 3
b. 14 b. 3.3
c. 27 c. 3.5
d. 53 d. 3.6

14. Look at this series: 2, 6, 18, 54, . . . What num- 20. Look at this series: 2, 1, ᎏ1ᎏ, ᎏ1ᎏ, . . . What number
2 4
ber should come next? should come next?
a. 108 a. 1
ᎏᎏ
3
b. 148 1
b. ᎏᎏ
c. 162 8
2
d. 216 c. ᎏᎏ
8
1
d. ᎏᎏ
16
15. Look at this series: 1,000, 200, 40, . . . What
number should come next?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20

3

– QUESTIONS –

Set 2 (Answers begin on page 101.) 24. 18 21 25 18 29 33 18
a. 43 18
This set contains additional, and sometimes more b. 41 44
difficult, number series questions. Again, each ques- c. 37 18
tion has a definite pattern. Some of the number series d. 37 41
may be interrupted by a particular number that e. 38 41
appears periodically in the pattern. For example, in
the series 14, 16, 32, 18, 20, 32, 22, 24, 32, the number 25. 9 11 33 13 15 33 17
32 appears as every third number. Sometimes, the a. 19 33
pattern contains two alternating series. For example, b. 33 35
in the series 1, 5, 3, 7, 5, 9, 7, the pattern is add 4, sub- c. 33 19
tract 2, add 4, subtract 2, and so on. Look carefully for d. 15 33
the pattern, and then choose which pair of numbers e. 19 21
comes next. Note also that you will be choosing from
five options instead of four. 26. 2 8 14 20 26 32 38
a. 2 46
b. 44 50
21. 84 78 72 66 60 54 48 c. 42 48
a. 44 34 d. 40 42
b. 42 36 e. 32 26
c. 42 32
d. 40 34 27. 28 25 5 21 18 5 14
e. 38 32 a. 11 5
b. 10 7
22. 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 c. 11 8
a. 39 44 d. 5 10
b. 38 44 e. 10 5
c. 38 43
d. 37 42 28. 9 12 11 14 13 16 15
e. 33 38 a. 14 13
b. 18 21
23. 20 20 17 17 14 14 11 c. 14 17
a. 8 8 d. 12 13
b. 11 11 e. 18 17
c. 11 14
d. 8 9 29. 75 65 85 55 45 85 35
e. 11 8 a. 25 15
b. 25 85
c. 35 25
d. 85 35
e. 25 75

4

– QUESTIONS –

30. 1 10 7 20 13 30 19 36. 9 16 23 30 37 44 51
a. 26 40 a. 59 66
b. 29 36 b. 56 62
c. 40 25 c. 58 66
d. 25 31 d. 58 65
e. 40 50 e. 54 61

31. 10 20 25 35 40 50 55 37. 8 22 12 16 22 20 24
a. 70 65 a. 28 32
b. 60 70 b. 28 22
c. 60 75 c. 22 28
d. 60 65 d. 32 36
e. 65 70 e. 22 26

32. 40 40 31 31 22 22 13 38. 6 20 8 14 10 8 12
a. 13 4 a. 14 10
b. 13 5 b. 2 18
c. 4 13 c. 4 12
d. 9 4 d. 2 14
e. 4 4 e. 14 14

33. 17 17 34 20 20 31 23 39. 11 16 21 26 31 36 41
a. 26 23 a. 47 52
b. 34 20 b. 46 52
c. 23 33 c. 45 49
d. 27 28 d. 46 51
e. 23 28 e. 46 52

34. 2 3 4 5 6 4 8 40. 8 11 21 15 18 21 22
a. 9 10 a. 25 18
b. 4 8 b. 25 21
c. 10 4 c. 25 29
d. 9 4 d. 24 21
e. 8 9 e. 22 26

35. 61 57 50 61 43 36 61
a. 29 61
b. 27 20
c. 31 61
d. 22 15
e. 29 22

5

– QUESTIONS –

Set 3 (Answers begin on page 102.) 46. 14 14 26 26 38 38 50
a. 60 72
This set will give you additional practice dealing with b. 50 62
number series questions. c. 50 72
d. 62 62
41. 44 41 38 35 32 29 26 e. 62 80
a. 24 21
b. 22 19 47. 8 12 9 13 10 14 11
c. 23 19 a. 14 11
d. 29 32 b. 15 12
e. 23 20 c. 8 15
d. 15 19
42. 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 e. 8 5
a. 36 40
b. 33 37 48. 4 7 26 10 13 20 16
c. 38 42 a. 14 4
d. 34 36 b. 14 17
e. 34 38 c. 18 14
d. 19 13
43. 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 e. 19 14
a. 8 6
b. 6 4 49. 3 8 10 15 17 22 24
c. 14 18 a. 26 28
d. 6 2 b. 29 34
e. 4 0 c. 29 31
d. 26 31
44. 2 44 4 41 6 38 8 e. 26 32
a. 10 12
b. 35 32 50. 17 14 14 11 11 8 8
c. 34 9 a. 8 5
d. 35 10 b. 5 2
e. 10 52 c. 8 2
d. 5 5
45. 32 29 26 23 20 17 14 e. 5 8
a. 11 8
b. 12 8 51. 13 29 15 26 17 23 19
c. 11 7 a. 21 23
d. 32 29 b. 20 21
e. 10 9 c. 20 17
d. 25 27
e. 22 20

6

– QUESTIONS –

52. 16 26 56 36 46 68 56 57. 11 14 14 17 17 20 20
a. 80 66 a. 23 23
b. 64 82 b. 23 26
c. 66 80 c. 21 24
d. 78 68 d. 24 24
e. 66 82 e. 24 27

53. 7 9 66 12 14 66 17 58. 17 32 19 29 21 26 23
a. 19 66 a. 25 25
b. 66 19 b. 20 22
c. 19 22 c. 23 25
d. 20 66 d. 25 22
e. 66 20 e. 27 32

54. 3 5 35 10 12 35 17 59. 10 34 12 31 14 28 16
a. 22 35 a. 25 18
b. 35 19 b. 30 13
c. 19 35 c. 19 26
d. 19 24 d. 18 20
e. 22 24 e. 25 22

55. 36 31 29 24 22 17 15 60. 32 31 32 29 32 27 32
a. 13 11 a. 25 32
b. 10 5 b. 31 32
c. 13 8 c. 29 32
d. 12 7 d. 25 30
e. 10 8 e. 29 30

56. 42 40 38 35 33 31 28
a. 25 22
b. 26 23
c. 26 24
d. 25 23
e. 26 22

7

– QUESTIONS –

Set 4 (Answers begin on page 103.) 65. Look at this series: 72, 76, 73, 77, 74, __, 75, . . .
What number should fill the blank?
This set contains additional number series questions, a. 70
some of which are in Roman numerals. These items dif- b. 71
fer from Sets 1, 2, and 3 because they ask you to find the c. 75
number that fits somewhere into the middle of the d. 78
series. Some of the items involve both numbers and let-
ters; for these questions, look for a number series and 66. Look at this series: 70, 71, 76, __, 81, 86, 70, 91, . . .
a letter series. (For additional practice in working let- What number should fill the blank?
ter series questions, see Set 5.) a. 70
b. 71
61. Look at this series: 8, 43, 11, 41, __, 39, 17, . . . c. 80
What number should fill in the blank? d. 96
a. 8
b. 14 67. Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, __, 89, . . .
c. 43 What number should fill the blank?
d. 44 a. 85
b. 97
62. Look at this series: 15, __, 27, 27, 39, 39, . . . c. 109
What number should fill the blank? d. 178
a. 51
b. 39 68. Look at this series: 0.15, 0.3, __, 1.2, 2.4, . . .
d. 15 a. 4.8
b. 0.006
63. Look at this series: 83, 73, 93, 63, __, 93, 43, . . . c. 0.6
What number should fill the blank? d. 0.9
a. 33
b. 53 69. Look at this series: ᎏ1ᎏ, ᎏ1ᎏ, 1, __, 9, . . . What num-
9 3
c. 73 ber should fill the blank?
d. 93 a. ᎏ2ᎏ
3
b. 3
64. Look at this series: 4, 7, 25, 10, __, 20, 16, 19, . . . c. 6
What number should fill the blank? d. 27
a. 13
b. 15 70. Look at this series: U32, V29, __, X23, Y20, . . .
d. 28 a. W26
b. W17
c. Z17
d. Z26

8

– QUESTIONS –

71. Look at this series: J14, L16, __, P20, R22, . . . 74. Look at this series: XXIV, XX, __, XII, VIII, . . .
What number should fill the blank? What number should fill the blank?
a. S24 a. XXII
b. N18 b. XIII
c. M18 c. XVI
d. T24 d. IV

72. Look at this series: F2, __, D8, C16, B32, . . . 75. Look at this series: VI, 10, V, 11, __, 12, III, . . .
What number should fill the blank? What number should fill the blank?
a. A16 a. II
b. G4 b. IV
c. E4 c. IX
d. E3 d. 14

73. Look at this series: V, VIII, XI, XIV, __, XX, . . .
What number should fill the blank?
a. IX
b. XXIII
c. XV
d. XVII

9

– QUESTIONS –

Set 5 (Answers begin on page 104.) 81. CMM EOO GQQ _____ KUU
a. GRR
Another type of sequence question involves a series of b. GSS
letters in a pattern. Usually, these questions use the let- c. ISS
ters’ alphabetical order as a base. To make matters more d. ITT
complicated, sometimes subscript numbers will be
thrown into the letter sequence. In these series, you will 82. QAR RAS SAT TAU _____
be looking at both the letter pattern and the number a. UAV
pattern. Some of these questions ask you to ﬁll the b. UAT
blank in the middle of the series; others ask you to add c. TAS
to the end of the series. d. TAT

83. DEF DEF2 DE2F2 _____ D2E2F3
76. QPO NML KJI _____ EDC a. DEF3
a. HGF b. D3EF3
b. CAB c. D2E3F
c. JKL d. D2E2F2
d. GHI
84. SCD TEF UGH ____ WKL
77. JAK KBL LCM MDN _____ a. CMN
a. OEP b. UJI
b. NEO c. VIJ
c. MEN d. IJT
d. PFQ
85. FAG GAF HAI IAH ____
78. B2CD _____ BCD4 B5CD BC6D a. JAK
a. B2C2D b. HAL
b. BC3D c. HAK
c. B2C3D d. JAI
d. BCD7
86. BCB DED FGF HIH ___
79. ELFA GLHA ILJA _____ MLNA a. JKJ
a. OLPA b. HJH
b. KLMA c. IJI
c. LLMA d. JHJ
d. KLLA
87. ZA5 Y4B XC6 W3D _____
80. P5QR P4QS P3QT _____ PQV a. E7V
a. PQW b. V2E
b. PQV2 c. VE5
c. P2QU d. VE7
d. PQ3U

10

– QUESTIONS –

Set 6 (Answers begin on page 105.) 93.

This set contains sequence questions that use a series of
nonverbal, nonnumber symbols. Look carefully at the
sequence of symbols to ﬁnd the pattern.
a. b. c. d.
88.
94.

a. b. c. d.

89. a. b. c. d.

95.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
90.
96.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
91.
97.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
92.
98.

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

11

– QUESTIONS –

99. 101.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
100.

a. b. c. d.

12

– QUESTIONS –

Set 7 (Answers begin on page 106.) 106. Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
The next two sets contain verbal classification ques- a. tulip
tions. For these questions, the important thing (as the b. rose
name “verbal classification” indicates) is to classify the c. bud
words in the four answer choices. Three of the words d. daisy
will be in the same classification; the remaining one will
not be. Your answer will be the one word that does 107. Which word does NOT belong with the
NOT belong in the same classification as the others. others?
a. tire
102. Which word does NOT belong with the b. steering wheel
others? c. engine
a. leopard d. car
b. cougar
c. elephant 108. Which word does NOT belong with the
d. lion others?
a. parsley
103. Which word does NOT belong with the b. basil
others? c. dill
a. couch d. mayonnaise
b. rug
c. table 109. Which word does NOT belong with the
d. chair others?
a. branch
104. Which word does NOT belong with the b. dirt
others? c. leaf
a. tape d. root
b. twine
c. cord 110. Which word does NOT belong with the
d. yarn others?
a. unimportant
105. Which word does NOT belong with the b. trivial
others? c. insignificant
a. guitar d. familiar
b. flute
c. violin 111. Which word does NOT belong with the
d. cello others?
a. book
b. index
c. glossary
d. chapter

13

– QUESTIONS –

112. Which word does NOT belong with the 116. Which word does NOT belong with the
others? others?
a. noun a. street
b. preposition b. freeway
c. punctuation c. interstate
d. adverb d. expressway

others? others?
a. cornea a. dodge
b. retina b. ﬂee
c. pupil c. duck
d. vision d. avoid

others? others?
a. rye a. heading
b. sourdough b. body
c. pumpernickel c. letter
d. loaf d. closing

115. Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
a. inch
b. ounce
c. centimeter
d. yard

14

– QUESTIONS –

Set 8 (Answers begin on page 123.) 124. Which word does NOT belong with the
others?
Here’s another set of classification questions. Remem- a. evaluate
ber, you are looking for the word that does NOT belong b. assess
in the same group as the others. Sometimes, all four c. appraise
words seem to fit in the same group. If so, look more d. instruct
closely to further narrow your classification.
119. Which word does NOT belong with the others?
others? a. eel
a. core b. lobster
b. seeds c. crab
c. pulp d. shrimp
d. slice
others? a. scythe
a. unique b. knife
b. beautiful c. pliers
c. rare d. saw
d. exceptional
others? a. two
a. biology b. three
b. chemistry c. six
c. theology d. eight
d. zoology
others? a. peninsula
a. triangle b. island
b. circle c. bay
c. oval d. cape
d. sphere
others? a. seat
a. excite b. rung
b. flourish c. cushion
c. prosper d. leg
d. thrive

15

– QUESTIONS –

others? others?
a. fair a. acute
b. just b. right
c. equitable c. obtuse
d. favorable d. parallel

others? others?
a. defendant a. wing
b. prosecutor b. ﬁn
c. trial c. beak
d. judge d. rudder

others? others?
a. area a. aorta
b. variable b. heart
c. circumference c. liver
d. quadrilateral d. stomach

others?
a. mayor
b. lawyer
c. governor
d. senator

16

– QUESTIONS –

Set 9 (Answers begin on page 108.) 141. election
a. president
In the next three sets, you will be looking for the essen- b. voter
tial part of something. Each question has an underlined c. November
word followed by four answer choices. You will choose d. nation
the word that is a necessary part of the underlined
word. A good way to approach this type of question is 142. diploma
to say the following sentence: “A ______ could not a. principal
exist without ______.” Put the underlined word in the b. curriculum
first blank. Try each of the answer choices in the second c. employment
blank to see which choice is most logical. d. graduation

For questions 137 through 151, find the word that 143. swimming
names a necessary part of the underlined word. a. pool
b. bathing suit
137. book c. water
a. fiction d. life jacket
b. pages
c. pictures 144. school
d. learning a. student
b. report card
138. guitar c. test
a. band d. learning
b. teacher
c. songs 145. language
d. strings a. tongue
b. slang
139. shoe c. writing
a. sole d. words
b. leather
c. laces 146. desert
d. walking a. cactus
b. arid
140. respiration c. oasis
a. mouth d. flat
b. circulation
c. oxygen 147. lightning
d. carbon monoxide a. electricity
b. thunder
c. brightness
d. rain

17

– QUESTIONS –

148. monopoly 150. gala
a. corrupt a. celebration
b. exclusive b. tuxedo
c. rich c. appetizer
d. gigantic d. orator

149. harvest 151. pain
a. autumn a. cut
b. stockpile b. burn
c. tractor c. nuisance
d. crop d. hurt

18

– QUESTIONS –

Set 10 (Answers begin on page 109.) 157. antique
a. rarity
Remember, you are looking for the essential part of b. artifact
something. If you had trouble with Set 9, go back c. aged
through the items and study each answer explanation. d. prehistoric
Then work through this set of more difﬁcult necessary
part questions. 158. itinerary
a. map
For questions 152 through 166, find the word that b. route
names a necessary part of the underlined word. c. travel
d. guidebook
152. inﬁrmary
a. surgery 159. orchestra
b. disease a. violin
c. patient b. stage
d. receptionist c. musician
d. soloist
153. facsimile
a. picture 160. knowledge
b. image a. school
c. mimeograph b. teacher
d. copier c. textbook
d. learning
154. domicile
a. tenant 161. dimension
b. dwelling a. compass
c. kitchen b. ruler
d. house c. inch
d. measure
155. culture
a. civility 162. sustenance
b. education a. nourishment
c. agriculture b. water
d. customs c. grains
d. menu
156. bonus
a. reward 163. ovation
b. raise a. outburst
c. cash b. bravo
d. employer c. applause
d. encore

19

– QUESTIONS –

164. vertebrate 166. purchase
a. backbone a. trade
b. reptile b. money
c. mammal c. bank
d. animal d. acquisition

165. provisions
a. groceries
b. supplies
c. gear
d. caterers

20

– QUESTIONS –

Set 11 (Answers begin on page 111.) 172. wedding
a. love
Here is one more set of necessary part questions. This b. church
set is somewhat more difﬁcult than the previous two c. ring
sets, and it should give you practice in mastering this d. marriage
particular type of question. Remember: A good way to
approach this type of question is to use the following 173. faculty
sentence: “A ______ could not exist without ______.” a. buildings
b. textbooks
For questions 167 through 181, find the word that c. teachers
names a necessary part of the underlined word. d. meetings

167. dome 174. cage
a. rounded a. enclosure
b. geodesic b. prisoner
c. governmental c. animal
d. coppery d. zoo

168. recipe 175. directory
a. desserts a. telephone
b. directions b. listing
c. cookbook c. computer
d. utensils d. names

169. hurricane 176. contract
a. beach a. agreement
b. cyclone b. document
c. damage c. written
d. wind d. attorney

170. autograph 177. saddle
a. athlete a. horse
b. actor b. seat
c. signature c. stirrups
d. pen d. horn

171. town 178. vibration
a. residents a. motion
b. skyscrapers b. electricity
c. parks c. science
d. libraries d. sound

21

– QUESTIONS –

179. cell 181. glacier
a. chlorophyll a. mountain
b. nucleus b. winter
c. nerve c. prehistory
d. human d. ice

180. champion
a. running
b. swimming
c. winning
d. speaking

22

– QUESTIONS –

Set 12 (Answers begin on page 113.) 185. Window is to pane as book is to
a. novel.
Here is the first of several sets of analogies. Analogies b. glass.
test your ability to see relationships between words, c. cover.
objects, or concepts. There are many different types of d. page.
analogy relationships: use or function, part-to-whole,
classification, proportion or degree, cause and effect, 186. Secretly is to openly as silently is to
similarity or difference. In each of these verbal analo- a. scarcely.
gies, you will be given a set of two related words, fol- b. impolitely.
lowed by a third word and four answer choices. Of the c. noisily.
four choices, you must identify the one that would best d. quietly.
complete the second set so that it expresses the same
relationship as the first set. A good way to figure out 187. Artist is to painting as senator is to
the relationship in a given question is to make up a a. attorney.
sentence that describes the relationship between the b. law.
first two words. Then, try to use the same sentence to c. politician.
find out which of the answer choices completes the d. constituents.
same relationship with the third word.
188. Play is to actor as concert is to
a. symphony.
182. Cup is to coffee as bowl is to b. musician.
a. dish. c. piano.
b. soup. d. percussion.
c. spoon.
d. food. 189. Careful is to cautious as boastful is to
a. arrogant.
183. Exercise is to gym as eating is to b. humble.
a. food. c. joyful.
b. dieting. d. suspicious.
c. fitness.
d. restaurant. 190. Pride is to lion as school is to
a. teacher.
184. Oar is to rowboat as foot is to b. student.
a. running. c. self-respect.
b. sneaker. d. fish.
c. skateboard.
d. jumping. 191. Guide is to direct as reduce is to
a. decrease.
b. maintain.
c. increase.
d. preserve.

23

– QUESTIONS –

192. Yard is to inch as quart is to 197. Odometer is to mileage as compass is to
a. gallon. a. speed.
b. ounce. b. hiking.
c. milk. c. needle.
d. liquid. d. direction.

193. Reptile is to lizard as flower is to 198. Optimist is to cheerful as pessimist is to
a. petal. a. gloomy.
b. stem. b. mean.
c. daisy. c. petty.
d. alligator. d. helpful.

194. Elated is to despondent as enlightened is to 199. Sponge is to porous as rubber is to
a. aware. a. massive.
b. ignorant. b. solid.
c. miserable. c. elastic.
d. tolerant. d. inflexible.

195. Marathon is to race as hibernation is to 200. Candid is to indirect as honest is to
a. winter. a. frank.
b. bear. b. wicked.
c. dream. c. truthful.
d. sleep. d. untruthful.

196. Embarrassed is to humiliated as frightened 201. Pen is to poet as needle is to
is to a. thread.
a. terrified. b. button.
b. agitated. c. sewing.
c. courageous. d. tailor.
d. reckless.

24

– QUESTIONS –


Now that you have some practice working basic analo-
gies, try these picture analogies, which will give you
practice with nonverbal reasoning. Solve these picture
analogies in the same way you solved the word analo-
gies. For each item, you will be presented with a set of
two pictures that are related to each other in the same
way. Along with this pair, you’ll be given a third picture
and four answer choices, which are also pictures. Of the
four choices, choose the picture that would go in the
empty box so that the two bottom pictures are related
in the same way as the top two are related.

a. b. c. d.
202.

204.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

25

– QUESTIONS –

205. 207.

a. b. c. d.

208.
a. b. c. d.

206.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

26

– QUESTIONS –

209. 211.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d. 212.

210.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

27

– QUESTIONS –

213. 215.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
214.
216.

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

28

– QUESTIONS –

217. 219.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.
218.
220.

Soa
p
a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

29

– QUESTIONS –

221. T

ONE CEN

RTY
BE
LI

a. b. c. d.

30

– QUESTIONS –


Here are more picture analogies for you to master.
There is essentially no difference between verbal and
picture analogies, except that you have to take an extra
ﬁrst step by naming each picture. Make sure you under-
stand the relationship between the ﬁrst set of pictures
before you attempt to choose an answer. Make up a sen-
tence that describes this relationship. From the four
answer choices, choose the picture that would go in the
empty box so that the two bottom pictures are related
in the same way as the top two are related.

222.

a. b. c. d.

224.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

31

– QUESTIONS –

225. 227.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
226.
228.

a. b. c. d.

a. b. c. d.

32

– QUESTIONS –

229. 231.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

232.
230.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

33

– QUESTIONS –

233. 235.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

234.
236.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.

34

– QUESTIONS –

237. 239.

a. b. c. d.
a. b. c. d.
240.
238.

a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d.

35

– QUESTIONS –

241.

a. b. c. d.

36

– QUESTIONS –

Set 15 (Answers begin on page 117.) 246. meal banquet feast
shelter palace _______
This set contains another type of verbal analogy ques- a. mansion
tions. In each, the words in the top row are related in b. hallway
some way. To help you discover this relationship, make c. protection
up a sentence based on the top three words. The words d. haven
in the bottom row are related in the same way as the
words in the top row. For each item, find the word that 247. fence wall boundary
completes the bottom row of words.
path alley _______
a. ramp
242. ant fly bee
b. passageway
hamster squirrel _______ c. airfield
a. spider d. pedestrian
b. mouse
c. rodent 248. palette easel brush
d. cat
textbook lesson plan _______
a. artist
243. carpenter saw nails
b. teacher
pediatrician stethoscope _______ c. report card
a. thermometer d. paint
b. baby
c. doctor 249. snow mountain ski
d. illness
warmth lake _______
a. sand
244. table wood oak
b. swim
shirt cloth _______ c. sunburn
a. sewing d. vacation
b. dress
c. cotton 250. candle lamp floodlight
d. tree
hut cottage _______
a. tent
245. rule command dictate
b. city
doze sleep _______ c. dwelling
a. snore d. house
b. govern
c. awaken
d. hibernate

37

– QUESTIONS –

251. apples fruit supermarket 254. honeybee angel bat
novel book _______ kangaroo rabbit _______
a. bookstore a. mermaid
b. magazine b. possum
c. vegetable c. grasshopper
d. shopping d. sprinter

252. tadpole frog amphibian 255. daisy ﬂower plant
lamb sheep _______ bungalow house _______
a. animal a. building
b. wool b. cottage
c. farm c. apartment
d. mammal d. city

253. walk skip run
toss pitch _______
a. swerve
b. hurl
c. jump
d. dance

38

– QUESTIONS –

Set 16 (Answers begin on page 118.) 260. SIAMESE : CAT
a. type : breed
The next two sets will give you more practice with b. dog : puppy
analogies. Every one of the following questions consists c. mark : spot
of a related pair of words, followed by five pairs of d. romaine : lettuce
words labeled a through e. Choose the pair that best e. collar : leash
represents a similar relationship to the one expressed in
the original pair of words. Remember, the best way to 261. PEDAL : BICYCLE
approach an analogy question is to make up a sen- a. inch : yardstick
tence that describes the relationship between the first b. walk : skip
two words. Then, find the pair that has a similar c. tire : automobile
relationship. d. buckle : belt
e. oar : canoe

256. PETAL : FLOWER 262. PULSATE : THROB
a. salt : pepper a. walk : run
b. tire : bicycle b. tired : sleep
c. base : ball c. examine : scrutinize
d. sandals : shoes d. ballet : dancer
e. puppy : dog e. find : lose

257. BRISTLE : BRUSH 263. ELEPHANT : PACHYDERM
a. arm : leg a. mantis : rodent
b. stage : curtain b. poodle : feline
c. recline : chair c. kangaroo : marsupial
d. key : piano d. zebra : horse
e. art : sculpture e. tuna : mollusk

258. FISH : SCHOOL 264. DEPRESSED : SAD
a. wolf : pack a. neat : considerate
b. elephant : jungle b. towering : cringing
c. beagle : clan c. rapid : plodding
d. herd : peacock d. progressive : regressive
e. cow : farm e. exhausted : tired

259. ODOMETER : DISTANCE 265. PSYCHOLOGIST : NEUROSIS
a. scale : weight a. ophthalmologist : cataract
b. length : width b. dermatologist : fracture
c. inch : foot c. infant : pediatrician
d. mileage : speed d. rash : orthopedist
e. area : size e. oncologist : measles

39

– QUESTIONS –

266. BINDING : BOOK 271. WAITRESS : RESTAURANT
a. criminal : gang a. doctor : diagnosis
b. display : museum b. actor : role
c. artist : carpenter c. driver : truck
d. nail : hammer d. teacher : school
e. frame : picture e. author : book

267. EXPLORE : DISCOVER 272. FINCH : BIRD
a. read : skim a. frog : toad
b. research : learn b. elephant : reptile
c. write : print c. Dalmatian : dog
d. think : relate d. collie : marsupial
e. sleep : wake e. ant : ladybug

268. COTTON : BALE 273. RAIN : DRIZZLE
a. butter : churn a. swim : dive
b. wine : ferment b. hop : shufﬂe
c. grain : shock c. juggle : bounce
d. curd : cheese d. walk : run
e. beef : steak e. run : jog

269. DIVISION : SECTION 274. SKEIN : YARN
a. layer : tier a. squeeze : lemon
b. tether : bundle b. ﬁre : coal
c. chapter : verse c. ream : paper
d. riser : stage d. tree : lumber
e. dais : speaker e. plow : acre

270. PASTORAL : RURAL 275. TAILOR : SUIT
a. metropolitan : urban a. scheme : agent
b. harvest : autumn b. edit : manuscript
c. agrarian : benevolent c. revise : writer
d. sleepy : nocturnal d. mention : opinion
e. wild : agricultural e. implode : building

40

– QUESTIONS –

Set 17 (Answers begin on page 119.) 280. INTEREST : OBSESSION
a. mood : feeling
Now try this last set of analogies, which are somewhat b. weeping : sadness
more difficult than the previous set. Remember that the c. dream : fantasy
first step in solving an analogy is to make up a sentence d. plan : negation
that describes the relationship between the first two e. highlight : indication
words. Sometimes, your sentence may fit more than
one answer choice. In these cases, be prepared to revise 281. MONK : DEVOTION
your original sentence. Each of the following questions a. maniac : pacifism
consists of a related pair of words, followed by five b. explorer : contentment
pairs of words labeled a through e. Choose the pair that c. visionary : complacency
best represents a similar relationship to the one d. rover : wanderlust
expressed in the original pair of words. e. philistine : culture

276. CONDUCTOR : ORCHESTRA 282. SLAPSTICK : LAUGHTER
a. jockey : mount a. fallacy : dismay
b. thrasher : hay b. genre : mystery
c. driver : tractor c. satire : anger
d. skipper : crew d. mimicry : tears
e. painter : house e. horror : fear

277. JAUNDICE : LIVER 283. VERVE : ENTHUSIASM
a. rash : skin a. loyalty : duplicity
b. dialysis : kidney b. devotion : reverence
c. smog : lung c. intensity : color
d. valentine : heart d. eminence : anonymity
e. imagination : brain e. generosity : elation

278. COBBLER : SHOE 284. SOUND : CACOPHONY
a. jockey : horse a. taste : style
b. contractor : building b. touch : massage
c. mason : stone c. smell : stench
d. cowboy : boot d. sight : panorama
e. potter : paint e. speech : oration

279. PHOBIC : FEARFUL 285. CONVICTION : INCARCERATION
a. finicky : thoughtful a. reduction : diminution
b. cautious : emotional b. induction : amelioration
c. envious : desiring c. radicalization : estimation
d. shy : familiar d. marginalization : intimidation
e. asinine : silly e. proliferation : alliteration

41

– QUESTIONS –

286. DELTOID : MUSCLE 292. DIRGE : FUNERAL
a. radius : bone a. chain : letter
b. brain : nerve b. bell : church
c. tissue : organ c. telephone : call
d. blood : vein d. jingle : commercial
e. scalpel : incision e. hymn : concerto

287. UMBRAGE : OFFENSE 293. FERAL : TAME
a. confusion : penance a. rancid : rational
b. inﬁnity : meaning b. repetitive : recurrent
c. decorum : decoration c. nettlesome : annoying
d. elation : jubilance d. repentant : honorable
e. outrage : consideration e. ephemeral : immortal

288. PROFESSOR : ERUDITE 294. SPY : CLANDESTINE
a. aviator : licensed a. accountant : meticulous
b. inventor : imaginative b. furrier : rambunctious
c. procrastinator : conscientious c. lawyer : ironic
d. overseer : wealthy d. shepherd : garrulous
e. moderator : vicious e. astronaut : opulent

289. DEPENDABLE : CAPRICIOUS 295. DOMINANCE : HEGEMONY
a. fallible : cantankerous a. romance : sympathy
b. erasable : obtuse b. furtherance : melancholy
c. malleable : limpid c. independence : autonomy
d. capable : inept d. tolerance : philanthropy
e. incorrigible : guilty e. recompense : hilarity

290. FROND : PALM 296. AERIE : EAGLE
a. quill : porcupine a. capital : government
b. blade : evergreen b. bridge : architect
c. scale : wallaby c. unit : apartment
d. tusk : alligator d. kennel : veterinarian
e. blade : fern e. house : person

291. METAPHOR : SYMBOL
a. pentameter : poem
b. rhythm : melody
c. nuance : song
d. slang : usage
e. analogy : comparison

42

– QUESTIONS –

Set 18 (Answers begin on page 120.) 299. Here are some words translated from an
artificial language.
Now try some reasoning questions that ask you to moolokarn means blue sky
translate English words into an artificial language. First, wilkospadi means bicycle race
you will be given a list of three “nonsense” words and moolowilko means blue bicycle
their English word meanings. The question(s) that fol- Which word could mean “racecar”?
low will ask you to reverse the process and translate an a. wilkozwet
English word into the artificial language. b. spadiwilko
Your best approach to this type of question is to c. moolobreil
look for elements (parts) of the “nonsense” words that d. spadivolo
repeat. This is the best way to translate from the imag-
inary language to English. For example, if you know 300. Here are some words translated from an
that linsmerk means oak tree and linsdennel means oak artificial language.
table, then you know that lins means oak. And, if lins daftafoni means advisement
means oak, merk must mean tree, and dennel must imodafta means misadvise
mean table. When you discover what a word element imolokti means misconduct
means in English, write it down. Then, look for the Which word could mean “statement”?
word elements that appear both on the list and in the a. kratafoni
answer choices. b. kratadafta
c. loktifoni
297. Here are some words translated from an d. daftaimo
granamelke means big tree 301. Here are some words translated from an
pinimelke means little tree artificial language.
melkehoon means tree house dionot means oak tree
Which word could mean “big house”? blyonot means oak leaf
a. granahoon blycrin means maple leaf
b. pinishur
Which word could mean “maple syrup”?
c. pinihoon
a. blymuth
d. melkegrana
b. hupponot
c. patricrin
298. Here are some words translated from an
d. crinweel
lelibroon means yellow hat
plekafroti means flower garden
frotimix means garden salad
Which word could mean “yellow flower”?
a. lelifroti
b. lelipleka
c. plekabroon
d. frotibroon

43

– QUESTIONS –

302. Here are some words translated from an 305. Here are some words translated from an
artificial language. artificial language.
agnoscrenia means poisonous spider tamceno means sky blue
delanocrenia means poisonous snake cenorax means blue cheese
agnosdeery means brown spider aplmitl means star bright
Which word could mean “black widow Which word could mean “bright sky”?
spider”? a. cenotam
a. deeryclostagnos b. mitltam
b. agnosdelano c. raxmitl
c. agnosvitriblunin d. aplceno
d. trymuttiagnos
303. Here are some words translated from an artificial language.
artificial language. gorblflur means fan belt
myncabel means saddle horse pixngorbl means ceiling fan
conowir means trail ride arthtusl means tile roof
cabelalma means horse blanket Which word could mean “ceiling tile”?
Which word could mean “horse ride”? a. gorbltusl
a. cabelwir b. flurgorbl
b. conocabel c. arthflur
c. almamyn d. pixnarth
d. conoalma
304. Here are some words translated from an artificial language.
artificial language. hapllesh means cloudburst
godabim means kidney stones srenchoch means pinball
romzbim means kidney beans resbosrench means ninepin
romzbako means wax beans Which word could mean “cloud nine”?
Which word could mean “wax statue”? a. leshsrench
a. godaromz b. ochhapl
b. lazbim c. haploch
c. wasibako d. haplresbo
d. romzpeo

44

– QUESTIONS –

migenlasan means cupboard
lasanpoen means boardwalk
cuopdansa means pullman
Which word could mean “walkway”?
a. poenmigen
b. cuopeisel
c. lasandansa
d. poenforc

45

– QUESTIONS –

Set 19 (Answers begin on page 121.) 312. Here are some words translated from an arti-
ficial language.
Here is another set of questions that ask you to trans- krekinblaf means workforce
late from an imaginary language into English. Remem- dritakrekin means groundwork
ber, the best way to approach these questions is to krekinalti means workplace
translate each word element. When you discover what Which word could mean “someplace”?
a word element means in English, write it down. Then, a. moropalti
look for the word elements that appear both on the list b. krekindrita
and in the answer choices. c. altiblaf
d. dritaalti
309. Here are some words translated from an arti-
ficial language. 313. Here are some words translated from an arti-
morpirquat means birdhouse ficial language.
beelmorpir means bluebird plekapaki means fruitcake
beelclak means bluebell pakishillen means cakewalk
Which word could mean “houseguest”? treftalan means buttercup
a. morpirhunde Which word could mean “cupcake”?
b. beelmoki a. shillenalan
c. quathunde b. treftpleka
d. clakquat c. pakitreft
d. alanpaki
ficial language. 314. Here are some words translated from an arti-
slar means jump ficial language.
slary means jumping peslligen means basketball court
slarend means jumped ligenstrisi means courtroom
Which word could mean “playing”? oltaganti means placement test
a. clargslarend Which word could mean “guest room”?
b. clargy a. peslstrisi
c. ellaclarg b. vosefstrisi
d. slarmont c. gantipesl
d. oltastrisi
ficial language.
briftamint means militant
uftonel means occupied
uftonalene means occupation
Which word could mean “occupant”?
a. elbrifta
b. uftonamint
c. elamint
d. briftalene

46

– QUESTIONS –

315. Here are some words translated from an arti- 318. Here are some words translated from an arti-
ficial language. ficial language.
jalkamofti means happy birthday aptaose means first base
moftihoze means birthday party eptaose means second base
mentogunn means goodness lartabuk means ballpark
Which word could mean “happiness”? Which word could mean “baseball”?
a. jalkagunn a. buklarta
b. mentohoze b. oseepta
c. moftihoze c. bukose
d. hozemento d. oselarta

mallonpiml means blue light relftaga means carefree
mallontifl means blueberry otaga means careful
arpantifl means raspberry fertaga means careless
Which word could mean “lighthouse”? Which word could mean “aftercare”?
a. tiflmallon a. zentaga
b. pimlarpan b. tagafer
c. mallonarpan c. tagazen
d. pimldoken d. relffer

gemolinea means fair warning malgauper means peach cobbler
gerimitu means report card malgaport means peach juice
gilageri means weather report moggagrop means apple jelly
Which word could mean “fair weather?” Which word could mean “apple juice”?
a. gemogila a. moggaport
b. gerigeme b. malgaauper
c. gemomitu c. gropport
d. gerimita d. moggagrop

47

– QUESTIONS –

Set 20 (Answers begin on page 122.) 322. It is appropriate to compensate someone if you
have damaged his or her property in some way.
The questions in this set ask you to match definitions This is called Restitution. Which situation
to particular situations. For each question, you will be below is the best example of Restitution?
given a definition and four possible answer choices. a. Jake borrows Leslie’s camera and the lens
Read each definition and all four choices carefully, and shatters when it falls on the ground because
find the answer that provides the best example of the he fails to zipper the case. When Jake
given definition. Answer each question solely on the returns the camera, he tells Leslie that he
basis of the definition given. will pay for the repair.
b. Rebecca borrows her neighbor’s car, and
when she returns it, the gas tank is practi-
321. Violating an Apartment Lease occurs when a cally empty. She apologizes profusely and
tenant does something prohibited by the tells her neighbor she will be more consid-
legally binding document that he or she has erate the next time.
signed with a landlord. Which situation c. Aaron asks Tom to check in on his apart-
below is the best example of Violating an ment while he is out of town. When Tom
Apartment Lease? arrives, he discovers that a pipe has burst
a. Tim has decided to move to another city, so and there is a considerable amount of water
he calls his landlord to tell him that he is damage. He calls a plumber to repair the
not interested in renewing his lease when it pipe.
expires next month. d. Lisa suspects that the pothole in her com-
b. Valerie recently lost her job and, for the last pany’s parking lot caused her flat tire. She
three months, has neglected to pay her tells her boss that she thinks the company
landlord the monthly rent they agreed should pay for the repair.
upon in writing when she moved into her
apartment eight months ago. 323. People speculate when they consider a situa-
c. Mark writes a letter to his landlord that lists tion and assume something to be true based
numerous complaints about the apartment on inconclusive evidence. Which situation
he has agreed to rent for two years. below is the best example of Speculation?
d. Leslie thinks that her landlord is neglecting a. Francine decides that it would be appropri-
the building in which she rents an apart- ate to wear jeans to her new office on Friday
ment. She calls her attorney to ask for after reading about “Casual Fridays” in her
advice. employee handbook.
b. Mary spends thirty minutes sitting in traffic
and wishes that she took the train instead
of driving.
c. After consulting several guidebooks and her
travel agent, Jennifer feels confident that
the hotel she has chosen is first-rate.
d. When Emily opens the door in tears, Theo
guesses that she’s had a death in her family.

48

– QUESTIONS –

324. A Guarantee is a promise or assurance that 326. Embellishing the Truth occurs when a per-
attests to the quality of a product that is son adds ﬁctitious details or exaggerates facts
either (1) given in writing by the manufac- or true stories. Which situation below is the
turer or (2) given verbally by the person sell- best example of Embellishing the Truth?
ing the product. Which situation below is the a. Isabel goes to the theater, and the next day,
best example of a Guarantee? she tells her coworkers she thought the play
a. Melissa purchases a DVD player with the was excellent.
highest consumer ratings in its category. b. The realtor describes the house, which is
b. The salesperson advises Curt to be sure that eleven blocks away from the ocean, as
he buys an air conditioner with a guarantee. prime waterfront property.
c. The local auto body shop specializes in c. During the job interview, Fred, who has
refurbishing and selling used cars. been teaching elementary school for ten
d. Lori buys a used digital camera from her years, describes himself as a very experi-
coworker who says that she will refund enced teacher.
Lori’s money if the camera’s performance is d. The basketball coach says it is likely that
not of the highest quality. only the most talented players will get a col-
lege scholarship.
325. Reentry occurs when a person leaves his or
her social system for a period of time and 327. Applying for Seasonal Employment occurs
then returns. Which situation below best when a person requests to be considered for a
describes Reentry? job that is dependent on a particular season
a. When he is offered a better paying position, or time of year. Which situation below is the
Jacob leaves the restaurant he manages to best example of Applying for Seasonal
manage a new restaurant on the other side Employment?
of town. a. The ski instructors at Top of the Peak Ski
b. Catherine is spending her junior year of School work from December through
college studying abroad in France. March.
c. Malcolm is readjusting to civilian life after b. Matthew prefers jobs that allow him to
two years of overseas military service. work outdoors.
d. After several miserable months, Sharon c. Lucinda makes an appointment with the
decides that she can no longer share an beach resort restaurant manager to inter-
apartment with her roommate Hilary. view for the summer waitressing position
that was advertised in the newspaper.
d. Doug’s ice cream shop stays open until
11 p.m. during the summer months.

49

– QUESTIONS –

328. An Informal Gathering occurs when a group 330. In the Maple Hill school district, a Five-Day
of people get together in a casual, relaxed Suspension occurs when a student is not
manner. Which situation below is the best permitted to attend school for five days for
example of an Informal Gathering? (1) physically assaulting another student, a
a. The book club meets on the first Thursday teacher, or a school employee or (2) willfully
evening of every month. destructing or defacing school property.
b. After finding out about his promotion, Which situation below is the best example of
Jeremy and a few coworkers decide to go a Five-Day Suspension?
out for a quick drink after work. a. Lillian gets caught cheating on a math test
c. Mary sends out 25 invitations for the bridal for the second time and is suspended from
shower she is giving for her sister. school.
d. Whenever she eats at the Mexican restau- b. Marc is asked to leave the classroom due to
rant, Clara seems to run into Peter. his constant disruptions.
c. Franny uses spray paint to write derogatory
329. The rules of baseball state that a batter comments on the locker room wall and she
Legally Completes His Time at Bat when he is given a suspension.
is put out or becomes a base runner. Which d. Ms. Farmer tells her class that students who
situation below is the best example of a bat- fail the midterm exam will be expected to
ter Legally Completing His Time at Bat? stay after school for tutoring help.
a. Jared’s blooper over the head of the short-
stop puts him in scoring position. 331. A Tiebreaker is an additional contest or
b. The umpire calls a strike, even though the period of play designed to establish a winner
last pitch was way outside. among tied contestants. Which situation
c. The pitcher throws his famous knuckleball, below is the best example of a Tiebreaker?
Joe swings and misses, and the umpire calls a. At halftime, the score is tied at 28.
a strike. b. Mary and Megan have each scored three
d. The count is two balls and two strikes as goals in the game.
Mario waits for the next pitch. c. The referee tosses a coin to decide which
team will have possession of the ball first.
d. The Sharks and the Bears each finished
with 14 points, and they are now battling it
out in a five-minute overtime.

50

– QUESTIONS –

332. Establishing a Power of Attorney occurs 334. Posthumous Publication occurs when a
when a legal document is created that gives book is published after the author’s death.
one individual the authority to act for Which situation below is the best example of
another. Which situation below is the best Posthumous Publication?
example of Establishing a Power of Attorney? a. Richard’s illness took his life before he was
a. Louise is selling her house and she hires a able to enjoy the amazing early reviews of
lawyer to review the contract. his novel.
b. Simone’s mother can no longer get to the b. Melissa’s publisher cancels her book con-
bank to cash her checks and make deposits, tract after she fails to deliver the manuscript
so she has taken legal steps to enable on time.
Simone to do these things for her. c. Clarence never thought he’d live to see the
c. Jack’s father is elderly and Jack thinks he is third book in his trilogy published.
no longer able to make decisions for d. Elizabeth is honored with a prestigious lit-
himself. erary award for her writing career and her
d. At her daughter’s urging, Mrs. Lenox daughter accepts the award on behalf of her
opens up a retirement account with the deceased mother.
local bank.

333. Erratic Behavior occurs when an individual
acts in a manner that lacks consistency, regu-
larity, and uniformity. Which situation below
is the best example of Erratic Behavior?
a. Julia cannot contain her anger whenever
the subject of local politics is discussed.
b. Martin has just been told that he is being
laid off. Before leaving his supervisor’s
ofﬁce, he punches a hole in the door.
c. Rhonda has visited the dealership several
times, but she still cannot decide which car
to buy.
d. In the past month, Jeffrey, who has been a
model employee for three years, has repeat-
edly called in sick, forgotten important
meetings, and been verbally abusive to
colleagues.

51

– QUESTIONS –

Set 21 (Answers begin on page 124.) consists of some of the wealthiest and most
powerful citizens in the county.
This set contains additional situations. Each question b. Lindy recently graduated at the top of her
presents a situation and asks you to make a judgment class from one of the best dental hygiene
regarding that particular circumstance. Answer each programs in the state. Prior to becoming a
one solely on the basis of the information given. dental hygienist, Lindy spent two years
working in a day care center.
335. The school principal has received complaints c. James has worked as a dental hygienist for
from parents about bullying in the school three years in a public health clinic. He is
yard during recess. He wants to investigate very interested in securing a position in a
and end this situation as soon as possible, so private dental office.
he has asked the recess aides to watch closely. d. Kathy is an experienced and highly recom-
Which situation should the recess aides mended dental hygienist who is also finish-
report to the principal? ing up a degree in early childhood
a. A girl is sitting glumly on a bench reading a education, which she hopes will get her a
book and not interacting with her peers. job as a preschool teacher. She is eager to
b. Four girls are surrounding another girl and find a job in a pediatric practice, since she
seem to have possession of her backpack. has always wanted to work with children.
c. Two boys are playing a one-on-one game of
basketball and are arguing over the last bas- 337. Mrs. Jansen recently moved to Arizona. She
ket scored. wants to fill her new backyard with flowering
d. Three boys are huddled over a handheld plants. Although she is an experienced gar-
video game, which isn’t supposed to be on dener, she isn’t very well-versed in what
school grounds. plants will do well in the Arizona climate.
Also, there is a big tree in her backyard mak-
336. Dr. Miller has a busy pediatric dentistry prac- ing for shady conditions and she isn’t sure
tice and she needs a skilled, reliable hygienist what plants will thrive without much direct
to keep things running smoothly. The last sunlight. Her favorite gardening catalog
two people she hired were recommended by offers several backyard seed packages. Which
top dentists in the area, but they each lasted one should Mrs. Jansen choose?
less than one month. She is now in desperate a. The Rainbow Collection is ideal for North-
need of a hygienist who can competently east gardens. It includes a variety of color-
handle the specific challenges of her practice. ful perennials that thrive in cool, moist
Which one of the following candidates conditions.
should Dr. Miller consider most seriously? b. The Greenhouse Collection will blossom
a. Marilyn has been a hygienist for fifteen year after year if planted in brightly lit loca-
years, and her current employer, who is tions and watered regularly.
about to retire, says she is the best in the c. The Treehouse Collection will provide lush
business. The clientele she has worked with green plants with delicate colorful flowers

52

– QUESTIONS –

that thrive in shady and partially shady less professionals who use the train to com-
locations. mute to their offices each day
d. The Oasis Collection includes a variety of b. a little shop three blocks away from the
perennials that thrive in dry climates and town’s main street, located across the street
bright sunlight. from an elementary school and next door
to an ice cream store
338. Eileen is planning a special birthday dinner c. a stand-alone storefront on a quiet residen-
for her husband’s 35th birthday. She wants tial street ten blocks away from the town’s
the evening to be memorable, but her hus- center
band is a simple man who would rather be in d. a storefront in a small strip mall located on
jeans at a baseball game than in a suit at a the outskirts of town that is also occupied
fancy restaurant. Which restaurant below by a pharmacy and a dry cleaner
should Eileen choose?
a. Alfredo’s offers fine Italian cuisine and an 340. Rita, an accomplished pastry chef who is well
elegant Tuscan décor. Patrons will feel as known for her artistic and exquisite wedding
though they’ve spent the evening in a luxu- cakes, opened a bakery one year ago and is
rious Italian villa. surprised that business has been so slow. A
b. Pancho’s Mexican Buffet is an all-you-can- consultant she hired to conduct market
eat family style smorgasbord with the best research has reported that the local popula-
tacos in town. tion doesn’t think of her shop as one they
c. The Parisian Bistro is a four-star French would visit on a daily basis but rather a place
restaurant where guests are treated like roy- they’d visit if they were celebrating a special
alty. Chef Dilbert Olay is famous for his occasion. Which of the following strategies
beef bourguignon. should Rita employ to increase her daily
d. Marty’s serves delicious, hearty meals in a business?
charming setting reminiscent of a baseball a. making coupons available that entitle the
clubhouse in honor of the owner, Marty coupon holder to receive a 25% discount
Lester, a former major league baseball all- on wedding, anniversary, or birthday cakes
star. b. exhibiting at the next Bridal Expo and hav-
ing pieces of one of her wedding cakes
339. Mark is working with a realtor to find a loca- available for tasting
tion for the toy store he plans to open in his c. placing a series of ads in the local newspa-
town. He is looking for a place that is either per that advertise the wide array of breads,
in, or not too far from, the center of town muffins, and cookies offered at her shop
and one that would attract the right kind of d. moving the bakery to the other side of town
foot traffic. Which of the following locations
should Mark’s realtor call to his attention?
a. a storefront in a new high-rise building
near the train station in the center of town
whose occupants are mainly young, child-

53

– QUESTIONS –

341. Mrs. Carson took a taxi to meet her three friends 2. Take the employee back to the human resources
for lunch. They were waiting for her outside the office and have him complete a general informa-
restaurant when she pulled up in the car. She tion questionnaire, a healthcare insurance form,
was so excited to see her friends that she left her and a tax form.
tote bag in the taxi. As the taxi pulled away, she 3. Take a photograph of the employee for his iden-
and her friends took notice of the license plate tification card.
number so they would be able to identify the car 4. Issue the employee a temporary identification
when they called the taxi company. The four card.
license plate numbers below represent what each 5. Walk the employee to the department in which
of the four women thinks she saw. Which one is he will be working and introduce him to his
most likely the license plate number of the taxi? colleagues.
a. JXK 12L 6. Bring the employee to his office or cubicle.
b. JYK 12L
c. JXK 12I 343. It is Kate Milford’s first day of work as a para-
d. JXX 12L legal at the law firm of Jasper, Jenkins & Mead.
Taylor Franklin, the human resources man-
342. Zachary has invited his three buddies over to ager, greets Kate in the reception area and gets
watch the basketball game on his wide-screen her a cup of tea as they walk back to the
television. They are all hungry, but no one human resources office. Taylor asks Kate to sit
wants to leave to get food. Just as they are at a table and fill out three forms. While Kate
arguing about who should make the food completes the forms, Taylor checks her mes-
run, a commercial comes on for a local pizze- sages and asks her secretary to confirm a meet-
ria that delivers. The phone number flashes ing she has for later that morning. Taylor then
on the screen briefly and they all try to takes a photograph of Kate that will be used on
remember it. By the time Zachary grabs a her company identification card. As Taylor
pen and paper, each of them recollects a dif- walks Kate over to the paralegal department,
ferent number. Which of the numbers is she tells her that the identification card should
most likely the telephone number of the be ready in a couple of days. Taylor introduces
pizzeria? Kate to her new colleagues, who all greet her
a. 995-9266 quite warmly, and then shows her to her new
b. 995-9336 cubicle, jots down her phone extension, and
c. 995-9268 says that Kate should call her if she has any
d. 995-8266 questions at all. Taylor Franklin’s actions were
a. proper, because she is the human resources
Answer question 343 solely on the basis of the follow- manager and knows how to greet a new
ing information. employee.
b. improper, because she did not spend
When a new employee is hired at the law firm, a human enough time making sure that Kate was
resources representative should take the following steps comfortable.
on the employee’s first day of work. c. proper, because she told Kate that she should
feel free to call her if she had questions.
1. Greet the employee in the reception area and d. improper, because she did not issue a tem-
offer him coffee or tea. porary identification card.

54

– QUESTIONS –

Answer question 344 solely on the basis of the follow- 344. Marcus and Cynthia Howard arrive at Smith-
ing information. field Realty for their appointment with real-
tor Patricia Russo. Ms. Russo leads the couple
When a client comes in looking for a new home, the to a comfortable sofa in her office and gets
real estate agency requires its realtors to follow some them both a cup of coffee. Ms. Russo asks
specific guidelines during the first meeting. The realtor Marcus and Cynthia what kind of house they
is expected to do the following. are looking for and it becomes clear that they
have very particular ideas. Most importantly,
1. Be sure the client is comfortably seated and has they are looking for a house that is in walk-
been offered a drink. ing distance of the train station. They also
2. Get background information on the client’s cur- want a newer house, preferably one built
rent living circumstances. after 1970.
3. Ask the client what qualities she is looking for in They must have four bedrooms and cen-
a house. tral air conditioning. A finished basement
4. Discuss the price range that the client has in would be a welcome bonus. Ms. Russo dis-
mind and determine whether or not she has been cusses price range with her new clients, and
preapproved for a mortgage. before the discussion is finished, they hand her
5. With the computer screen facing the client, a letter from their mortgage company that
browse the current house listings and print out indicates that they have been preapproved for a
information for any of the houses that the client mortgage. Together, the three of them browse
would like to see in person. the listings on Ms. Russo’s computer screen
6. Ask the client if she is available to look at some of and information is printed out for four houses
the houses immediately, and if not, make an that the couple would like to see. Ms. Russo
appointment to show her the houses as soon as determines that Marcus and Cynthia are free
possible. for another few hours, so the three of them
head to her car to begin looking at potential
new homes. Based on the company guidelines,
the actions taken by Ms. Russo were
a. improper, because she was only able to find
four houses that Marcus and Cynthia
wanted to see.
b. proper, because she obtained all the neces-
sary information from the clients.
c. improper, because she failed to get any
details about the client’s current living
circumstances.
d. proper, because she didn’t try to persuade
the clients to consider houses that didn’t
meet all of their criteria.

55

– QUESTIONS –

345. The ﬁlm director wants an actress for the 346. The neighborhood block association has
lead role of Lucy who perfectly ﬁts the received many complaints about people
description that appears in the original knocking on doors and soliciting money for
screenplay. He is not willing to consider an unknown charity organization even
actresses who do not resemble the character though door-to-door solicitation is prohib-
as she is described in the screenplay, no mat- ited by local laws. Three residents have pro-
ter how talented they are. The screenplay vided descriptions of individuals who have
describes Lucy as an average-sized, forty- come to their door asking for money.
something redhead, with deep brown eyes,
very fair skin, and a brilliant smile. The cast- Solicitor #1 is a white male, 20–25 years old,
ing agent has four actresses in mind. 5'9", 145 pounds, with very short brown hair.
He was wearing a dark blue suit and carrying
Actress #1 is a stunning red-haired beauty a brown leather briefcase.
who is 5'9" and in her mid-twenties. Her eyes
are brown and she has an olive complexion. Solicitor #2 is a white male, 25–30 years old,
6'2", 200 pounds, with a shaved-head. He was
Actress #2 has red hair, big brown eyes, and a wearing a red T-shirt and jeans.
fair complexion. She is in her mid-forties and
is 5'5". Solicitor #3 is a white male, approximately
23 years old, 5'10", slight build, with short
Actress #3 is 5'4" and of medium build. She brown hair. He was wearing a blue suit.
has red hair, brown eyes, and is in her early
forties. Three days after the block association meet-
ing, a resident noticed a man knocking on
Actress #4 is a blue-eyed redhead in her early doors in the neighborhood and phoned the
thirties. She’s of very slight build and stands police to report the illegal activity. This solic-
at 5'. itor was described as follows:

Which two actresses should the casting agent Solicitor #4 is a white male, 22 years old, 140
send to meet the director? pounds, about 5'10", with short brown hair.
a. 1, 2 He was carrying a briefcase and wearing a
b. 2, 3 dark suit.
c. 1, 4
d. 2, 4 Based on this description, which of the three
solicitations was also likely carried out by
Solicitor #4?
a. #1, #2, and #3
b. #1, but not #2 and #3
c. #1 and #3, but not #2
d. #1 and #2, but not #3

56

– QUESTIONS –

Set 22 (Answers begin on page 125.) 349. The Pacific yew is an evergreen tree that
grows in the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific
Here’s another type of verbal reasoning question. For yew has a fleshy, poisonous fruit. Recently,
each item in this set, you will be given a short, infor- taxol, a substance found in the bark of the
mational paragraph and four answer choices. Look Pacific yew, was discovered to be a promising
for the statement that must be true according to the new anticancer drug.
given information. The best way to approach this a. Taxol is poisonous when taken by healthy
problem is to read the answer choices in turn, going people.
back each time to look for that exact information in b. Taxol has cured people from various
the short passage. diseases.
c. People should not eat the fruit of the
For questions 347 through 357, find the statement that Pacific yew.
must be true according to the given information. d. The Pacific yew was considered worthless
until taxol was discovered.

347. Erin is twelve years old. For three years, she 350. On weekends, Mr. Sanchez spends many
has been asking her parents for a dog. Her hours working in his vegetable and flower
parents have told her that they believe a dog gardens. Mrs. Sanchez spends her free time
would not be happy in an apartment, but reading and listening to classical music. Both
they have given her permission to have a Mr. Sanchez and Mrs. Sanchez like to cook.
bird. Erin has not yet decided what kind of a. Mr. Sanchez enjoys planting and growing
bird she would like to have. vegetables.
a. Erin’s parents like birds better than they b. Mr. Sanchez does not like classical music.
like dogs. c. Mrs. Sanchez cooks the vegetables that Mr.
b. Erin does not like birds. Sanchez grows.
c. Erin and her parents live in an apartment. d. Mrs. Sanchez enjoys reading nineteenth-
d. Erin and her parents would like to move. century novels.

348. Last summer, Mike spent two weeks at a
summer camp. There, he went hiking, swim-
ming, and canoeing. This summer, Mike
looks forward to attending a two-week music
camp, where he hopes to sing, dance, and
learn to play the guitar.
a. Mike’s parents want him to learn to play the
guitar.
b. Mike prefers music to outdoor activities.
c. Mike goes to some type of camp every
summer.
d. Mike likes to sing and dance.

57

– QUESTIONS –

351. Tim’s commute never bothered him because 353. Seahorse populations have declined every-
there were always seats available on the train where that seahorses are fished. During the
and he was able to spend his 40 minutes past five years, seahorse populations have
comfortably reading the newspaper or catch- decreased by 50%. Last year, biologists met to
ing up on paperwork. Ever since the train discuss what might be done to reverse this
schedule changed, the train has been trend.
extremely crowded, and by the time the a. Seahorses are likely to become extinct
doors open at his station, there isn’t a seat to within five years.
be found. b. One way to increase seahorse populations is
a. Tim would be better off taking the bus to ban the fishing of seahorses.
to work. c. Biologists from all over the world are work-
b. Tim’s commute is less comfortable since the ing to save the seahorses.
train schedule changed. d. Seahorse fishermen have spoken out against
c. Many commuters will complain about the the biologists.
new train schedule.
d. Tim will likely look for a new job closer 354. Vincent has a paper route. Each morning, he
to home. delivers 37 newspapers to customers in his
neighborhood. It takes Vincent 50 minutes to
352. When they heard news of the hurricane, deliver all the papers. If Vincent is sick or has
Maya and Julian decided to change their other plans, his friend Thomas, who lives on
vacation plans. Instead of traveling to the the same street, will sometimes deliver the
island beach resort, they booked a room at a papers for him.
fancy new spa in the mountains. Their plans a. Vincent and Thomas live in the same
were a bit more expensive, but they’d heard neighborhood.
wonderful things about the spa and they were b. It takes Thomas more than 50 minutes to
relieved to find availability on such short deliver the papers.
notice. c. It is dark outside when Vincent begins his
a. Maya and Julian take beach vacations deliveries.
every year. d. Thomas would like to have his own paper
b. The spa is overpriced. route.
c. It is usually necessary to book at least six
months in advance at the spa. 355. Georgia is older than her cousin Marsha.
d. Maya and Julian decided to change their Marsha’s brother Bart is older than Georgia.
vacation plans because of the hurricane. When Marsha and Bart are visiting with
Georgia, all three like to play a game of
Monopoly. Marsha wins more often than
Georgia does.
a. When he plays Monopoly with Marsha and
Georgia, Bart often loses.
b. Of the three, Georgia is the oldest.
c. Georgia hates to lose at Monopoly.
d. Of the three, Marsha is the youngest.

58

– QUESTIONS –

356. Ten new television shows appeared during 357. Sara lives in a large city on the East Coast.
the month of September. Five of the shows Her younger cousin Marlee lives in the Mid-
were sitcoms, three were hour-long dramas, west in a small town with fewer than 1,000
and two were news-magazine shows. By Jan- residents. Marlee has visited Sara several
uary, only seven of these new shows were still times during the past ﬁve years. In the same
on the air. Five of the shows that remained period of time, Sara has visited Marlee only
were sitcoms. once.
a. Only one of the news-magazine shows a. Marlee likes Sara better than Sara likes
remained on the air. Marlee.
b. Only one of the hour-long dramas b. Sara thinks small towns are boring.
remained on the air. c. Sara is older than Marlee.
c. At least one of the shows that was cancelled d. Marlee wants to move to the East Coast.
was an hour-long drama.
d. Television viewers prefer sitcoms over
hour-long dramas.

59

– QUESTIONS –

Set 23 (Answers begin on page 126.) 360. All the tulips in Zoe’s garden are white.
All the pansies in Zoe’s garden are yellow.
The next three sets contain short logic problems. Each All the flowers in Zoe’s garden are either
problem consists of three statements. Based on the first white or yellow.
two statements, the third statement may be true, false,
If the first two statements are true, the third
or uncertain.
statement is
Logic problems may appear daunting at first.
a. true.
However, solving these problems can be done in the
b. false.
most straightforward way. Simply translate the abstract
c. uncertain.
relationships in the questions into real-world relation-
ships, so you can see the facts more clearly. For exam-
361. Blueberries cost more than strawberries.
ple, if the problem is comparing the ages of three
people, make a chart and list the names of the people Blueberries cost lest than raspberries.
and their possible ages according to the information Raspberries cost more than both strawberries
given. Or, create a diagram using symbols to represent and blueberries.
phrases like “older than” or “greater than.” If the first two statements are true, the third
statement is
358. Tanya is older than Eric. a. true.
Cliff is older than Tanya. b. false.
Eric is older than Cliff. c. uncertain.
362. All the offices on the 9th floor have wall-to-
statement is
wall carpeting.
a. true.
b. false. No wall-to-wall carpeting is pink.
c. uncertain. None of the offices on the 9th floor has pink
wall-to-wall carpeting.
359. During the past year, Josh saw more movies If the first two statements are true, the third
than Stephen. statement is
Stephen saw fewer movies than Darren. a. true.
Darren saw more movies than Josh. b. false.
c. uncertain.
statement is
363. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.
a. true.
b. false. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B.
c. uncertain. Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

60

– QUESTIONS –

364. Rover weighs less than Fido. 367. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the
Rover weighs more than Boomer. Galleria.

Of the three dogs, Boomer weighs the least. The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than
the Galleria.
statement is The Kingston Mall has more stores than the
a. true. Four Corners Mall.
b. false. If the first two statements are true, the third
c. uncertain. statement is
a. true.
365. All the trees in the park are flowering trees. b. false.
Some of the trees in the park are dogwoods. c. uncertain.

All dogwoods are flowering trees.
368. Mara runs faster than Gail.
Lily runs faster than Mara.
statement is
a. true. Gail runs faster than Lily.
b. false. If the first two statements are true, the third
c. uncertain. statement is
a. true.
366. Apartments in the Riverdale Manor cost less b. false.
than apartments in The Gaslight Commons. c. uncertain.
Apartments in the Livingston Gate cost
more than apartments in the The Gaslight
Commons.
Of the three apartment buildings, the Liv-
ingston Gate costs the most.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

61

– QUESTIONS –

Set 24 (Answers begin on page 127.) 371. The temperature on Monday was lower than
on Tuesday.
Some of the logic questions in this set ask you to deter- The temperature on Wednesday was lower
mine the direction of a particular place in relation to than on Tuesday.
other places. For these problems, instead of making a The temperature on Monday was higher than
chart or grid, draw a very simple map and label North, on Wednesday.
South, East, and West to help you see where the places
are located in relation to each other.
statement is
a. true.
369. Oat cereal has more fiber than corn cereal
b. false.
but less fiber than bran cereal.
c. uncertain.
Corn cereal has more fiber than rice cereal
but less fiber than wheat cereal. 372. Spot is bigger than King and smaller than
Of the three kinds of cereal, rice cereal has Sugar.
the least amount of fiber. Ralph is smaller than Sugar and bigger than
If the first two statements are true, the third Spot.
statement is King is bigger than Ralph.
a. true.
b. false.
statement is
c. uncertain.
a. true.
b. false.
370. On the day the Barton triplets are born,
c. uncertain.
Jenna weighs more than Jason.
Jason weighs less than Jasmine. 373. A fruit basket contains more apples than
Of the three babies, Jasmine weighs the most. lemons.
If the first two statements are true, the third There are more lemons in the basket than
statement is there are oranges.
a. true. The basket contains more apples than
b. false. oranges.
c. uncertain.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

62

– QUESTIONS –

374. The Shop and Save Grocery is south of 377. Battery X lasts longer than Battery Y.
Greenwood Pharmacy. Battery Y doesn’t last as long as Battery Z.
Rebecca’s house is northeast of Greenwood Battery Z lasts longer than Battery X.
Pharmacy.
Rebecca’s house is west of the Shop and Save statement is
Grocery. a. true.
If the first two statements are true, the third b. false.
statement is c. uncertain.
a. true.
b. false. 378. Martina is sitting in the desk behind Jerome.
c. uncertain. Jerome is sitting in the desk behind Bryant.
Bryant is sitting in the desk behind Martina.
375. Joe is younger than Kathy.
Mark was born after Joe.
statement is
Kathy is older than Mark. a. true.
a. true.
b. false. 379. Middletown is north of Centerville.
c. uncertain. Centerville is east of Penfield.
Penfield is northwest of Middletown.
376. All spotted Gangles have long tails.
Short-haired Gangles always have short tails.
statement is
Long-tailed Gangles never have short hair. a. true.
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

63

– QUESTIONS –

Set 25 (Answers begin on page 128.) 383. Tom puts on his socks before he puts on his
shoes.
Here’s your last set of “true-false-uncertain” problems. He puts on his shirt before he puts on his
Remember, the best way to answer questions like this jacket.
is usually to draw a quick diagram or take notes. Tom puts on his shoes before he puts on his
shirt.
380. Taking the train across town is quicker than
taking the bus.
statement is
Taking the bus across town is slower than a. true.
driving a car. b. false.
Taking the train across town is quicker than c. uncertain.
driving a car.
If the first two statements are true, the third 384. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.
statement is Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.
a. true. Pencils are more expensive than rulers.
b. false.
c. uncertain.
statement is
a. true.
381. All Lamels are Signots with buttons.
b. false.
No yellow Signots have buttons. c. uncertain.
No Lamels are yellow.
If the first two statements are true, the third 385. A jar of jelly beans contains more red beans
statement is than green.
a. true. There are more yellow beans than red.
b. false. The jar contains fewer yellow jelly beans than
c. uncertain. green ones.
382. The hotel is two blocks east of the drugstore.
statement is
The market is one block west of the hotel. a. true.
The drugstore is west of the market. b. false.
If the first two statements are true, the third c. uncertain.
statement is
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

64

– QUESTIONS –

386. Cloudy days tend to be more windy than 388. At a parking lot, a sedan is parked to the
sunny days. right of a pickup and to the left of a sport
Foggy days tend to be less windy than utility vehicle.
cloudy days. A minivan is parked to the left of the pickup.
Sunny days tend to be less windy than The minivan is parked between the pickup
foggy days. and the sedan.
If the ﬁrst two statements are true, the third If the ﬁrst two statements are true, the third
statement is statement is
a. true. a. true.
b. false. b. false.
c. uncertain. c. uncertain.

387. The bookstore has a better selection of post- 389. A toothpick is useful.
cards than the newsstand does. Useful things are valuable.
The selection of postcards at the drugstore is A toothpick is valuable.
better than at the bookstore.
The drugstore has a better selection of post- statement is
cards than the bookstore or the newsstand. a. true.
a. true.
b. false.
c. uncertain.

65

– QUESTIONS –

Set 26 (Answers begin on page 129.) 392. Fact 1: All chickens are birds.
Fact 2: Some chickens are hens.
The logic problems in this set present you with three Fact 3: Female birds lay eggs.
true statements: Fact 1, Fact 2, and Fact 3. Then, you are If the first three statements are facts, which of
given three more statements (labeled I, II, and III), the following statements must also be a fact?
and you must determine which of these, if any, is also I. All birds lay eggs.
a fact. One or two of the statements could be true; all II. Hens are birds.
of the statements could be true; or none of the state- III. Some chickens are not hens.
ments could be true. Choose your answer based solely a. II only
on the information given in the first three facts. b. II and III only
c. I, II, and III
390. Fact 1: Jessica has four children. d. None of the statements is a known fact.
Fact 2: Two of the children have blue eyes
and two of the children have brown 393. Fact 1: Most stuffed toys are stuffed with
eyes. beans.
Fact 3: Half of the children are girls. Fact 2: There are stuffed bears and stuffed
If the first three statements are facts, which of tigers.
the following statements must also be a fact? Fact 3: Some chairs are stuffed with beans.
I. At least one girl has blue eyes. If the first three statements are facts, which of
II. Two of the children are boys. the following statements must also be a fact?
III. The boys have brown eyes. I. Only children’s chairs are stuffed with
a. II only beans.
b. I and III only II. All stuffed tigers are stuffed with beans.
c. II and III only III. Stuffed monkeys are not stuffed with
d. None of the statements is a known fact. beans.
a. I only
391. Fact 1: All hats have brims. b. II only
Fact 2: There are black hats and blue hats. c. II and III only
Fact 3: Baseball caps are hats. d. None of the statements is a known fact.
If the first three statements are facts, which of
the following statements must also be a fact?
I. All caps have brims.
II. Some baseball caps are blue.
III. Baseball caps have no brims.
a. I only
b. II only
c. I, II, and III
d. None of the statements is a known fact.

66

– QUESTIONS –

394. Fact 1: Pictures can tell a story. 397. Fact 1: All drink mixes are beverages.
Fact 2: All storybooks have pictures. Fact 2: All beverages are drinkable.
Fact 3: Some storybooks have words. Fact 3: Some beverages are red.
If the first three statements are facts, which of If the first three statements are facts, which of
the following statements must also be a fact? the following statements must also be a fact?
I. Pictures can tell a story better than I. Some drink mixes are red.
words can. II. All beverages are drink mixes.
II. The stories in storybooks are very simple. III. All red drink mixes are drinkable.
III. Some storybooks have both words and a. I only
pictures. b. II only
a. I only c. I and III
b. II only d. None of the statements is a known fact.
c. III only
d. None of the statements is a known fact. 398. Fact 1: Eyeglass frames cost between $35
and $350.
395. Fact 1: Robert has four vehicles. Fact 2: Some eyeglass frames are made of
Fact 2: Two of the vehicles are red. titanium.
Fact 3: One of the vehicles is a minivan. Fact 3: Some eyeglass frames are made of
If the first three statements are facts, which of plastic.
the following statements must also be a fact? If the first three statements are facts, which of
I. Robert has a red minivan. the following statements must also be a fact?
II. Robert has three cars. I. Titanium eyeglass frames cost more than
III. Robert’s favorite color is red. plastic frames.
a. I only II. Expensive eyeglass frames last longer
b. II only than cheap frames.
c. II and III only III. Only a few eyeglass frames cost less
d. None of the statements is a known fact. than $35.
a. II only
396. Fact 1: Islands are surrounded by water. b. I and II only
Fact 2: Maui is an island. c. II and III only
Fact 3: Maui was formed by a volcano. d. None of the statements is a known fact.
I. Maui is surrounded by water.
II. All islands are formed by volcanoes.
III. All volcanoes are on islands.
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only

67

– QUESTIONS –

399. Fact 1: Some pens don’t write. 401. Fact 1: All dogs like to run.
Fact 2: All blue pens write. Fact 2: Some dogs like to swim.
Fact 3: Some writing utensils are pens. Fact 3: Some dogs look like their masters.
If the ﬁrst three statements are facts, which of If the ﬁrst three statements are facts, which of
the following statements must also be a fact? the following statements must also be a fact?
I. Some writing utensils don’t write. I. All dogs who like to swim look like their
II. Some writing utensils are blue. masters.
III. Some blue writing utensils don’t write. II. Dogs who like to swim also like to run.
a. II only III. Dogs who like to run do not look like
b. I and II only their masters.
c. II and III only a. I only
d. None of the statements is a known fact. b. II only
c. II and III only
400. Fact 1: Mary said, “Ann and I both have d. None of the statements is a known fact.
cats.”
Fact 2: Ann said, “I don’t have a cat.”
Fact 3: Mary always tells the truth, but Ann
sometimes lies.
I. Ann has a cat.
II. Mary has a cat.
III. Ann is lying.
a. II only
b. I and II only
c. I, II, and III

68

– QUESTIONS –

Set 27 (Answers begin on page 130.) 404. Four friends in the sixth grade were sharing a
pizza. They decided that the oldest friend
Here is yet another set of logic questions. The logic would get the extra piece. Randy is two
problems in this set are somewhat more complex than months older than Greg, who is three
the ones in the previous sets, but your approach should months younger than Ned. Kent is one
be the same. Make a chart or grid so that you can order month older than Greg. Who should get the
the given information. extra piece of pizza?
a. Randy
402. Children are in pursuit of a dog whose leash b. Greg
has broken. James is directly behind the dog. c. Ned
Ruby is behind James. Rachel is behind Ruby. d. Kent
Max is ahead of the dog walking down the
street in the opposite direction. As the chil- 405. A four-person crew from Classic Colors is
dren and dog pass, Max turns around and painting Mr. Field’s house. Michael is paint-
joins the pursuit. He runs in behind Ruby. ing the front of the house. Ross is in the alley
James runs faster and is alongside the dog on behind the house painting the back. Jed is
the left. Ruby runs faster and is alongside the painting the window frames on the north
dog on the right. Which child is directly side, Shawn is on the south. If Michael
behind the dog? switches places with Jed, and Jed then
a. James switches places with Shawn, where is Shawn?
b. Ruby a. in the alley behind the house
c. Rachel b. on the north side of the house
d. Max c. in front of the house
d. on the south side of the house
403. Nurse Kemp has worked more night shifts in
a row than Nurse Rogers, who has worked 406. In a four-day period—Monday through
five. Nurse Miller has worked fifteen night Thursday—each of the following temporary
shifts in a row, more than Nurses Kemp and office workers worked only one day, each a
Rogers combined. Nurse Calvin has worked different day. Ms. Johnson was scheduled to
eight night shifts in a row, less than Nurse work on Monday, but she traded with Mr.
Kemp. How many night shifts in a row has Carter, who was originally scheduled to work
Nurse Kemp worked? on Wednesday. Ms. Falk traded with Mr.
a. eight Kirk, who was originally scheduled to work
b. nine on Thursday. After all the switching was
c. ten done, who worked on Tuesday?
d. eleven a. Mr. Carter
b. Ms. Falk
c. Ms. Johnson
d. Mr. Kirk

69

– QUESTIONS –

407. The high school math department needs to 410. Four defensive football players are chasing
appoint a new chairperson, which will be the opposing wide receiver, who has the ball.
based on seniority. Ms. West has less senior- Calvin is directly behind the ball carrier.
ity than Mr. Temple, but more than Ms. Jenkins and Burton are side by side behind
Brody. Mr. Rhodes has more seniority than Calvin. Zeller is behind Jenkins and Burton.
Ms. West, but less than Mr. Temple. Mr. Calvin tries for the tackle but misses and
Temple doesn’t want the job. Who will be the falls. Burton trips. Which defensive player
new math department chairperson? tackles the receiver?
a. Mr. Rhodes a. Burton
b. Mr. Temple b. Zeller
c. Ms. West c. Jenkins
d. Ms. Brody d. Calvin

408. Four people witnessed a mugging. Each gave 411. Danielle has been visiting friends in Ridge-
a different description of the mugger. Which wood for the past two weeks. She is leaving
description is probably right? tomorrow morning and her ﬂight is very
a. He was average height, thin, and early. Most of her friends live fairly close to
middle-aged. the airport. Madison lives ten miles away.
b. He was tall, thin, and middle-aged. Frances lives ﬁve miles away, Samantha,
c. He was tall, thin, and young. seven miles. Alexis is farther away than
d. He was tall, of average weight, and Frances, but closer than Samantha. Approxi-
middle-aged. mately how far away from the airport is
Alexis?
409. As they prepare for the state championships, a. nine miles
one gymnast must be moved from the Level 2 b. seven miles
team to the Level 1 team. The coaches will c. eight miles
move the gymnast who has won the biggest d. six miles
prize and who has the most experience. In
the last competition, Roberta won a bronze 412. Ms. Forest likes to let her students choose
medal and has competed seven times before. who their partners will be; however, no pair
Jamie has won a silver medal and has com- of students may work together more than
peted fewer times than Roberta. Beth has seven class periods in a row. Adam and Bax-
won a higher medal than Jamie and has com- ter have studied together seven class periods
peted more times than Roberta. Michele has in a row. Carter and Dennis have worked
won a bronze medal, and it is her third time together three class periods in a row. Carter
competing. Who will be moved to the Level 1 does not want to work with Adam. Who
team? should be assigned to work with Baxter?
a. Roberta a. Carter
b. Beth b. Adam
c. Michele c. Dennis
d. Jamie d. Forest

70

– QUESTIONS –

413. At the baseball game, Henry was sitting in
seat 253. Marla was sitting to the right of
Henry in seat 254. In the seat to the left of
Henry was George. Inez was sitting to the left
of George. Which seat is Inez sitting in?
a. 251
b. 254
c. 255
d. 256

71

– QUESTIONS –

Set 28 (Answers begin on page 131.) 414. If the legislature decides to fund the agricul-
tural subsidy program, national radio, and
Questions that involve analytical reasoning—better the small business loan program, the only
known as “logic games”—tend to inspire fear in most other single program that can be funded is
test takers. These games give the most trouble to test a. hurricane preparedness.
takers who haven’t defined a specific method for solv- b. harbor improvements.
ing these problems. The best way to attack logic games c. school music program.
is to have a plan. When solving the problems in this set, d. senate office building remodeling.
try the following strategy: e. international airport.

1. Know the rules of the logic game and what each 415. If the legislature decides to fund the agricul-
rule means. tural subsidy program, national radio, and
2. Draw up an easy-to-reference diagram that the small business loan program, what two
includes all of the game’s information. other programs could they fund?
3. Look for common elements in the rules; you can a. harbor improvements and international
combine these to make deductions. airport
4. Read the questions carefully; be sure you know b. harbor improvements and school music
what is being asked before you try to answer the program
question. c. hurricane preparedness and school music
program
Now, try solving the logic games in this set. d. hurricane preparedness and international
airport
Answer questions 414 through 416 on the basis of the e. harbor improvements and hurricane
information below. preparedness

The government of an island nation is in the 416. Senators from urban areas are very con-
process of deciding how to spend its limited cerned about assuring that there will be
income. It has $7 million left in its budget and funding for a new international airport. Sen-
eight programs to choose among. There is no ators from rural areas refuse to fund anything
provision in the constitution to have a surplus, until money for agricultural subsidies is
and each program has requested the minimum appropriated. If the legislature funds these
amount they need; in other words, no program two programs, on which of the following
may be partially funded. The programs and their could they spend the rest of the money?
funding requests are: a. the school music program and national
radio
■ Hurricane preparedness: $2.5 million b. hurricane preparedness
■ Harbor improvements: $1 million c. harbor improvements and the school music
■ School music program: $0.5 million program
■ Senate office building remodeling: $1.5 million d. small business loan program
■ Agricultural subsidy program: $2 million e. national radio and senate office building
■ National radio: $0.5 million remodeling
■ Small business loan program: $3 million
■ International airport: $4 million
72

– QUESTIONS –

Answer questions 417 through 418 on the basis of the Answer questions 419 through 421 on the basis of the
information below. information below.

A weekly television show routinely stars six actors, A cinema complex with six movie theaters never
J, K, L, M, N, and O. Since the show has been on shows the same movie in more than one theater.
the air for a long time, some of the actors are None of the theaters is the same size as any other,
good friends and some do not get along at all. In with number 1 being the largest and going in
an effort to keep peace, the director sees to it that order to number 6, the smallest. The theater also
friends work together and enemies do not. Also, has the following rules:
as the actors have become more popular, some of
them need time off to do other projects. To keep ■ It will never show more than two R-rated
the schedule working, the director has a few movies at once.
things she must be aware of: ■ It will always show at least one G-rated movie
and one PG-rated movie in the two middle-
■ J will only work on episodes on which sized theaters (theaters 3 and 4).
M is working. ■ It will never show more than one foreign film
■ N will not work with K under any at a time and never in the biggest theater.
circumstances. ■ The starting times of movies will be staggered
■ M can only work every other week, in by fifteen minutes and will always be on the
order to be free to film a movie quarter hour.
■ At least three of the actors must appear ■ Employees need twenty minutes between
in every weekly episode. showings to clean the theaters.

417. In a show about L getting a job at the same The cinema has the following films to choose from
company J already works for and K used to this particular week:
work for, all three actors will appear. Which
of the following is true about the other actors Shout, rated R
who may appear? Que Pasa, a Spanish film rated PG
a. M, N, and O must all appear. Abra Cadabra, rated G
b. M may appear and N must appear. Lessons, rated R
c. M must appear and O may appear. Jealousy, rated PG
d. O may appear and N may appear. Mist, a Swedish film rated R
e. Only O may appear. Trek, rated NC-17
Fly, rated G
418. Next week, the show involves N’s new car and
O’s new refrigerator. Which of the following
is true about the other actors who may
appear?
a. M, J, L, and K all may appear.
b. J, L, and K must appear.
c. Only K may appear.
d. Only L may appear.
e. L and K must appear.

73

– QUESTIONS –

419. Which one of the following is an acceptable Answer questions 422 through 423 on the basis of the
listing of ﬁlms to show this week? information below.
a. Shout, Mist, Trek, Que Pasa, Fly, and
Jealousy The six top songs (not in order) of 1968 were:
b. Shout, Mist, Trek, Fly, Jealousy, and Abra
Cadabra “People Got to Be Free” by The Rascals
c. Que Pasa, Lessons, Mist, Shout, Abra “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay” by Otis Redding
Cadabra, and Trek “Honey” by Bobby Goldsboro
d. Shout, Lessons, Mist, Trek, Fly, and Jealousy “Sunshine of Your Love” by Cream
e. Shout, Fly, Trek, Lessons, Abra Cadabra, “Love Is Blue” by Paul Mauriat & His Orchestra
and Mist “Hey Jude” by The Beatles

420. If Shout starts at 8:30, Mist at 8:15, Trek at Here are some rules about the order of the songs:
8:00, Fly at 7:45, Jealousy at 7:30, and Abra
Cadabra at 7:15, and each movie is exactly ■ The Beatles and Cream do not appear next to
two hours long, at what time will the next each other on the list.
showing of Trek start? ■ The number 1 song is not “Love Is Blue.”
a. 10:00 ■ The songs by individual artists are numbers 3
b. 10:15 and 4.
c. 10:30 ■ The Rascals appear right before Cream and
d. 10:45 right after Otis Redding.
e. 11:00
422. Which of the following is true?
421. The movies this week are showing in the fol- a. Song #3 is “Honey” by Bobby Goldsboro.
lowing theaters: b. Song #6 is “Hey Jude” by the Beatles.
Theater 1: Shout c. Song #1 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
by Otis Redding.
Theater 2: Trek
d. Song #1 is “Sunshine of Your Love” by
Theater 3: Abra Cadabra Cream.
Theater 4: Jealousy e. Song #3 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
Theater 5: Fly by Otis Redding.

Theater 6: Mist
Shout is doing the most business, followed by
Trek and, to the management’s surprise, Mist.
The management wants to move Mist to a
larger theater. Which theater is the most
logical?
a. theater 1
b. theater 2
c. theater 3
d. theater 4
e. theater 5

74

– QUESTIONS –

423. Which of the following is the correct order of
songs?
a. “Honey,” “Love Is Blue,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love,” “Sittin’ on
the Dock of the Bay,” “Hey Jude”
b. “Love Is Blue,” “Hey Jude,” “Honey,” “Sittin’
on the Dock of the Bay,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love”
c. “Sunshine of Your Love,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay,”
“Honey,” “Love Is Blue,” “Hey Jude”
d. “Hey Jude,” “Love Is Blue,” “Honey,” “Sittin’
on the Dock of the Bay,” “People Got to Be
Free,” “Sunshine of Your Love”
e. “Honey,” “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay,”
“Hey Jude,” “Sunshine of Your Love,”
“People Got to Be Free,” “Love Is Blue”

75

– QUESTIONS –

Set 29 (Answers begin on page 132.) Answer questions 426 through 428 on the basis of the
information below.
If you’re having trouble after the first set of logic games,
there’s a bonus for you—a complete explanation of Evan is a waiter in a café. After he turns in orders
questions 424 and 425 in the answers section, with a for the six people sitting at the counter—each of
step-by-step explanation of how to set up a table to whom is eating alone and is sitting in chairs num-
answer the questions. bered 1 through 6—the cook opens a window in
the kitchen and the order slips get messed up.
Answer questions 424 and 425 on the basis of the Here’s what Evan remembers about the orders:
information below.
■ The entree orders are: fried eggs, a hamburger,
At a Halloween party where people were asked to a cheeseburger, a vegetable burger, soup, and a
dress as an object that represented their profes- ham sandwich.
sions, Quentin, Rachel, Sarah, Thomas, and ■ The two people who did not order sandwiches
Ulysses were among the guests. The costumes are sitting at chairs 3 and 4.
included a flower, a pencil, a spoon, a camera, and ■ The person who ordered the cheeseburger and
a thermometer. The professions included a pho- the one who ordered the hamburger are not
tographer, a florist, a doctor, an accountant, and sitting next to each other.
a chef. ■ The person in chair number 5 is a regular. She
will not sit next to anyone who is eating ham.
■ Quentin is an accountant. ■ The person eating the vegetable burger is not
■ Neither Rachel nor Sarah was dressed as a sitting in chair 2, but is sitting between the
spoon. person who ordered fried eggs and the one
■ None of the men is a doctor. who ordered a cheeseburger.
■ Thomas is dressed as a camera. ■ The customer who ordered the hamburger is
■ Sarah is a florist. not sitting next to the customer who ordered
soup.
424. Which person is dressed as a thermometer?
a. Quentin 426. To which customer should Evan serve the
b. Rachel vegetable burger?
c. Sarah a. the customer in chair 2
d. Thomas b. the customer in chair 3
e. Ulysses c. the customer in chair 4
d. the customer in chair 5
425. What is Ulysses’s profession? e. the customer in chair 6
a. photographer
b. florist
c. doctor
d. accountant
e. chef

76

– QUESTIONS –

427. To which customer should Evan serve the 429. With which entrée does the potato salad
soup? belong?
a. the customer in chair 1 a. soup
b. the customer in chair 2 b. hamburger
c. the customer in chair 3 c. cheeseburger
d. the customer in chair 4 d. fried eggs
e. the customer in chair 5 e. ham sandwich

428. To which customer should Evan serve the 430. With which entrée do the french fries belong?
ham sandwich? a. soup
a. the customer in chair 1 b. cheeseburger
b. the customer in chair 2 c. hamburger
c. the customer in chair 4 d. fried eggs
d. the customer in chair 5 e. ham sandwich
e. the customer in chair 6
Answer questions 431 through 433 on the basis of the
Use the additional information below, along with the information below.
information before question 426, to answer questions
429 and 430. At a small company, parking spaces are reserved
for the top executives: CEO, president, vice pres-
Now Evan has to decide who gets which side dish. ident, secretary, and treasurer—with the spaces
Here is what he remembers, in addition to the lined up in that order. The parking lot guard can
previous information, about the orders, which tell at a glance if the cars are parked correctly
were: cole slaw, hash browns, onion rings, potato by looking at the color of the cars. The cars are
salad, french fries, and lettuce salad. yellow, green, purple, red, and blue, and the exec-
utives’ names are Alice, Bert, Cheryl, David,
■ The person who ordered soup did not order and Enid.
french fries, hash browns, onion rings, or a
lettuce salad. ■ The car in the ﬁrst space is red.
■ The person who ordered onion rings is sitting ■ A blue car is parked between the red car and
in chair 6. the green car.
■ The person who ordered potato salad is sitting ■ The car in the last space is purple.
between the person who ordered cole slaw and ■ The secretary drives a yellow car.
the one who ordered hash browns. ■ Alice’s car is parked next to David’s.
■ The person who ordered a vegetable burger ■ Enid drives a green car.
ordered a lettuce salad. ■ Bert’s car is parked between Cheryl’s and
■ The hash browns were ordered by the cus- Enid’s.
tomer who ordered fried eggs. ■ David’s car is parked in the last space.

77

– QUESTIONS –

431. What color is the vice president’s car? 433. Who is the secretary?
a. green a. Enid
b. yellow b. David
c. blue c. Cheryl
d. purple d. Bert
e. red e. Alice

432. Who is the CEO?
a. Alice
b. Bert
c. Cheryl
d. David
e. Enid

78

– QUESTIONS –

Set 30 (Answers begin on page 134.) 436. What team is in Fulton?
a. Panthers
Remember, the best way to answer these logic game b. Gazelles
questions is to attack the information systematically. c. Whippets
Make a diagram outlining all the given informa- d. Kangaroos
tion. There’s always at least one fact that can serve as e. Antelopes
your starting point, the place to begin eliminating
possibilities. Answer questions 437 through 439 on the basis of the
information below.
information below. Henri delivers flowers for a local florist. One
lovely day, he left the windows open on the deliv-
Five towns—Fulton, Groton, Hudson, Ivy, and ery van and the cards all blew off the bouquets.
Jersey—which are covered by the same newspa- He has to figure out who gets which flowers. He
per, all have excellent soccer teams. The teams has five bouquets, each of which has only one
are named the Panthers, the Whippets, the kind of flower: daisies, roses, carnations, iris, and
Antelopes, the Kangaroos, and the Gazelles. The gladioli. He has five cards with names on them: a
sports reporter, who has just started at the news- birthday card for Inez, a congratulations-on-
paper, has to be careful not to get them confused. your-promotion card for Jenny, a graduation card
Here is what she knows: for Kevin, an anniversary card for Liz, and a
housewarming card for Michael. Here’s what
■ The team in Fulton has beaten the Antelopes, Henri knows:
Panthers, and Kangaroos.
■ The Whippets have beaten the teams in Jersey, ■ Roses are Jenny’s favorite flower and what her
Hudson, and Fulton. friends always send.
■ The Antelopes are in Groton. ■ Gladioli are traditionally sent for a
■ The team in Hudson is not the Kangaroos. housewarming.
■ Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris.
434. Where are the Whippets? ■ Liz is allergic to daisies and roses.
a. Fulton ■ Neither Liz nor Inez has moved recently.
b. Groton
c. Hudson 437. Which flowers should be delivered to Kevin?
d. Ivy a. carnations
e. Jersey b. iris
c. gladioli
435. Where are the Panthers? d. daisies
a. Ivy e. roses
b. Jersey
c. Fulton
d. Groton
e. Hudson

79

– QUESTIONS –

438. Who should get the housewarming gladioli? 440. Which city is in the desert?
a. Jenny a. Last Stand
b. Kevin b. Mile City
c. Liz c. New Town
d. Michael d. Olliopolis
e. Inez e. Polberg

439. Which flowers should be delivered to Liz? 441. Which city got the most rain?
a. gladioli a. Last Stand
b. daisies b. Mile City
c. roses c. New Town
d. carnations d. Olliopolis
e. iris e. Polberg

Answer questions 440 through 443 on the basis of the 442. How much rain did Mile City get?
information below. a. 12 inches
b. 27 inches
Five cities all got more rain than usual this year. c. 32 inches
The five cities are: Last Stand, Mile City, New d. 44 inches
Town, Olliopolis, and Polberg. The cities are e. 65 inches
located in five different areas of the country: the
mountains, the forest, the coast, the desert, and in 443. Where is Olliopolis located?
a valley. The rainfall amounts were: 12 inches, a. the mountains
27 inches, 32 inches, 44 inches, and 65 inches. b. the coast
c. in a valley
■ The city in the desert got the least rain; the city d. the desert
in the forest got the most rain. e. the forest
■ New Town is in the mountains.
■ Last Stand got more rain than Olliopolis.
■ Mile City got more rain than Polberg, but less
rain than New Town.
■ Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain.
■ The city in the mountains got 32 inches of
rain; the city on the coast got 27 inches of rain.

80

– QUESTIONS –

Set 31 (Answers begin on page 135.) 446. What occupation does Jarrod hold?
a. a moderator
Here’s one more set of logic games. Remember, map- b. a pilot
ping out the game using all the given information is the c. a writer
most efﬁcient way to attack this type of question. d. an attorney
e. an explorer
information below. 447. Who is the writer?
a. Gary
Eleanor is in charge of seating the speakers at a b. Heloise
table. In addition to the moderator, there will be c. Jarrod
a pilot, a writer, an attorney, and an explorer. The d. Kate
speakers’ names are Gary, Heloise, Jarrod, Kate, e. Lane
and Lane.
Answer question 448 on the basis of the information
■ The moderator must sit in the middle, in below.
seat #3.
■ The attorney cannot sit next to the explorer. Zinnia has a small container garden on her bal-
■ Lane is the pilot. cony. Each spring, she only has room to plant
■ The writer and the attorney sit on either side of three vegetables. Because ﬁve vegetables are her
the moderator. favorites, she has worked out a schedule to plant
■ Heloise, who is not the moderator, sits between each at least once every two years. The vegeta-
Kate and Jarrod. bles are: beans, cabbage, carrots, peppers, and
■ The moderator does not sit next to Jarrod or tomatoes.
Lane.
■ Gary, who is the attorney, sits in seat #4. ■ Tomatoes are her favorites and she plants them
every year.
444. Who is the moderator? ■ Each year, she plants only one vegetable that
a. Lane begins with the letter “C.”
b. Gary ■ She never plants carrots and peppers in the
c. Heloise same year.
d. Kate ■ She will plant cabbage in the second year.
e. Jarrod

445. Where does Jarrod sit?
a. seat #1
b. seat #2
c. seat #3
d. seat #4
e. seat #5

81

– QUESTIONS –

448. In what order does she plant the vegetables in 449. When does Sally do the dusting?
the next two years? a. Friday
a. first year: tomatoes, carrots, cabbage b. Monday
second year: tomatoes, peppers, beans c. Tuesday
b. first year: tomatoes, peppers, beans d. Wednesday
second year: cabbage, carrots, tomatoes e. Thursday
c. first year: tomatoes, carrots, peppers
second year: tomatoes, cabbage, beans 450. What task does Terry do on Wednesday?
d. first year: tomatoes, carrots, beans a. vacuuming
second year: tomatoes, cabbage, peppers b. dusting
e. first year: tomatoes, cabbage, peppers c. mopping
second year: carrots, cabbage, beans d. sweeping
e. laundry
information below. 451. What day is the vacuuming done?
a. Friday
Five roommates—Randy, Sally, Terry, Uma, and b. Monday
Vernon—each do one housekeeping task— c. Tuesday
mopping, sweeping, laundry, vacuuming, or d. Wednesday
dusting—one day a week, Monday through e. Thursday
Friday.
452. What task does Vernon do?
■ Vernon does not vacuum and does not do his a. vacuuming
task on Tuesday. b. dusting
■ Sally does the dusting, and does not do it on c. mopping
Monday or Friday. d. sweeping
■ The mopping is done on Thursday. e. laundry
■ Terry does his task, which is not vacuuming,
on Wednesday. 453. What day does Uma do her task?
■ The laundry is done on Friday, and not by a. Monday
Uma. b. Tuesday
■ Randy does his task on Monday. c. Wednesday
d. Thursday
e. Friday

82

– QUESTIONS –

Set 32 (Answers begin on page 136.) 455. It is well known that the world urgently
needs adequate distribution of food, so that
Each of the questions in this set contains a short para- everyone gets enough. Adequate distribution
graph, and each paragraph presents an argument. Your of medicine is just as urgent. Medical expert-
task is to read the paragraph carefully and determine ise and medical supplies need to be redistrib-
the main point the author is trying to make. What uted throughout the world so that people in
conclusion can be drawn from the argument? Each emerging nations will have proper medical
paragraph is followed by five statements. One statement care.
supports the author’s argument better than the others This paragraph best supports the statement
do. The best way to approach these questions is to first that
read the paragraph and then restate the author’s main a. the majority of the people in the world have
argument, or conclusion, in your own words. never been seen by a doctor.
b. food production in emerging nations has
slowed during the past several years.
454. If you’re a fitness walker, there is no need for c. most of the world’s doctors are selfish
a commute to a health club. Your neighbor- about giving time and money to the poor.
hood can be your health club. You don’t need d. the medical-supply industry should step up
a lot of fancy equipment to get a good work- production of its products.
out either. All you need is a well-designed e. many people who live in emerging nations
pair of athletic shoes. are not receiving proper medical care.
This paragraph best supports the statement
that 456. The criminal justice system needs to change.
a. fitness walking is a better form of exercise The system could be more just if it allowed
than weight lifting. victims the opportunity to confront the per-
b. a membership in a health club is a poor son who has harmed them. Also, mediation
investment. between victims and their offenders would
c. walking outdoors provides a better workout give the offenders a chance to apologize for
than walking indoors. the harm they have done.
d. fitness walking is a convenient and valuable This paragraph best supports the statement
form of exercise. that victims of a crime should
e. poorly designed athletic shoes can cause a. learn to forgive their offenders.
major foot injuries. b. have the right to confront their offenders.
c. learn the art of mediation.
d. insist that their offenders be punished.
e. have the right to impose a sentence on their
offenders.

83

– QUESTIONS –

457. In the past, consumers would rarely walk into 459. One of the warmest winters on record has
an ice cream store and order low-fat ice put consumers in the mood to spend money.
cream. But that isn’t the case today. An Spending is likely to be the strongest in thir-
increasing health consciousness combined teen years. During the month of February,
with a much bigger selection of tasty low-fat sales of existing single-family homes hit an
foods in all categories has made low-fat ice annual record rate of 4.75 million.
cream a very profitable item for ice cream This paragraph best supports the statement
store owners. that
This paragraph best supports the statement a. consumer spending will be higher thirteen
that years from now than it is today.
a. low-fat ice cream produces more revenue b. more people buy houses in the month of
than other low-fat foods. February than in any other month.
b. ice cream store owners would be better off c. during the winter months, the prices of
carrying only low-fat ice cream. single-family homes are the lowest.
c. ice cream store owners no longer think that d. there were about 4 million homes for sale
low-fat ice cream is an unpopular item. during the month of February.
d. low-fat ice cream is more popular than e. warm winter weather is likely to affect the
other kinds of ice cream. rate of home sales.
e. consumers are fickle and it is impossible to
please them. 460. One New York publisher has estimated that
50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States
458. A few states in this country are considering want an anthology that includes the complete
legislation that would prohibit schools from works of William Shakespeare. And what
using calculators before the sixth grade. accounts for this renewed interest in Shake-
Other states take a different position. Some speare? As scholars point out, his psychologi-
states are insisting on the purchase of graph- cal insights into both male and female
ing calculators for every student in middle characters are amazing even today.
school. This paragraph best supports the statement
This paragraph best supports the statement that
that in this country a. Shakespeare’s characters are more interest-
a. there are at least two opinions about the use ing than fictional characters today.
of calculators in schools. b. people today are interested in Shakespeare’s
b. calculators are frequently a detriment to work because of the characters.
learning math. c. academic scholars are putting together an
c. state legislators are more involved in educa- anthology of Shakespeare’s work.
tion than ever before. d. New Yorkers have a renewed interested in
d. the price of graphing calculators is less the work of Shakespeare.
when schools buy in bulk. e. Shakespeare was a psychiatrist as well as a
e. the argument against calculators in schools playwright.
is unfounded.

84

– QUESTIONS –

461. Today’s workforce has a new set of social val- 463. Today’s high school students spend too much
ues. Ten years ago, a manager who was time thinking about trivial and distracting
offered a promotion in a distant city would matters such as fashion. Additionally, they
not have questioned the move. Today, a man- often dress inappropriately on school
ager in that same situation might choose grounds. Rather than spending time writing
family happiness instead of career advance- another detailed dress policy, we should
ment. make school uniforms mandatory. If students
This paragraph best supports the statement were required to wear uniforms, it would
that increase a sense of community and harmony
a. most managers are not loyal to the corpora- in our schools and it would instill a sense of
tions for which they work. discipline in our students. Another positive
b. businesses today do not understand their effect would be that teachers and administra-
employees’ needs. tors would no longer have to act as clothing
c. employees’ social values have changed over police, freeing them up to focus on more
the past ten years. important issues.
d. career advancement is not important to This paragraph best supports the statement
today’s business managers. that
e. companies should require their employees a. inappropriate clothing leads to failing
to accept promotions. grades.
b. students who wear school uniforms get into
462. Generation Xers are those people born better colleges.
roughly between 1965 and 1981. As employ- c. teachers and administrators spend at least
ees, Generation Xers tend to be more chal- 25% of their time enforcing the dress code.
lenged when they can carry out tasks d. students are not interested in being part of
independently. This makes Generation Xers a community.
the most entrepreneurial generation in e. school uniforms should be compulsory for
history. high school students.
that Generation Xers
a. work harder than people from other
generations.
b. have a tendency to be self-directed workers.
c. have an interest in making history.
d. tend to work in jobs that require risk-taking
behavior.
e. like to challenge their bosses’ work
attitudes.

85

– QUESTIONS –

Set 33 (Answers begin on page 138.) 465. There are no effective boundaries when it
comes to pollutants. Studies have shown that
For more practice with logical reasoning, try another toxic insecticides that have been banned in
set of questions that contain short paragraphs that many countries are riding the wind from
make a specific argument. Remember, you are looking countries where they remain legal. Com-
for the statement that is best supported by the infor- pounds such as DDT and toxaphene have
mation given in the passage. been found in remote places like the Yukon
and other Arctic regions.
464. Critical reading is a demanding process. To This paragraph best supports the statement
read critically, you must slow down your that
reading and, with pencil in hand, perform a. toxic insecticides such as DDT have not
specific operations on the text. Mark up the been banned throughout the world.
text with your reactions, conclusions, and b. more pollutants find their way into polar
questions. When you read, become an active climates than they do into warmer areas.
participant. c. studies have proven that many countries
This paragraph best supports the statement have ignored their own antipollution laws.
that d. DDT and toxaphene are the two most toxic
a. critical reading is a slow, dull, but essential insecticides in the world.
process. e. even a worldwide ban on toxic insecticides
b. the best critical reading happens at critical would not stop the spread of DDT pollution.
times in a person’s life.
c. readers should get in the habit of question- 466. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution
ing the truth of what they read. protects citizens against unreasonable
d. critical reading requires thoughtful and searches and seizures. No search of a person’s
careful attention. home or personal effects may be conducted
e. critical reading should take place at the without a written search warrant issued on
same time each day. probable cause. This means that a neutral
judge must approve the factual basis justify-
ing a search before it can be conducted.
that the police cannot search a person’s home
or private papers unless they have
a. legal authorization.
b. direct evidence of a crime.
c. read the person his or her constitutional
rights.
d. a reasonable belief that a crime has occurred.
e. requested that a judge be present.

86

– QUESTIONS –

467. During colonial times in America, juries were 469. Human technology developed from the first
encouraged to ask questions of the parties in stone tools about two and a half million years
the courtroom. The jurors were, in fact, ago. At the beginning, the rate of develop-
expected to investigate the facts of the case ment was slow. Hundreds of thousands of
themselves. If jurors conducted an investi- years passed without much change. Today,
gation today, we would throw out the case. new technologies are reported daily on televi-
This paragraph best supports the statement sion and in newspapers.
that This paragraph best supports the statement
a. juries are less important today than they that
were in colonial times. a. stone tools were not really technology.
b. jurors today are less interested in court b. stone tools were in use for two and a half
cases than they were in colonial times. million years.
c. courtrooms today are more efficient than c. there is no way to know when stone tools
they were in colonial times. first came into use.
d. jurors in colonial times were more d. In today’s world, new technologies are con-
informed than jurors today. stantly being developed.
e. the jury system in America has changed e. none of the latest technologies is as signifi-
since colonial times. cant as the development of stone tools.

468. Mathematics allows us to expand our con-
sciousness. Mathematics tells us about eco-
nomic trends, patterns of disease, and the
growth of populations. Math is good at
exposing the truth, but it can also perpetuate
misunderstandings and untruths. Figures
have the power to mislead people.
that
a. the study of mathematics is dangerous.
b. words are more truthful than figures.
c. the study of mathematics is more impor-
tant than other disciplines.
d. the power of numbers is that they
cannot lie.
e. figures are sometimes used to deceive
people.

87

– QUESTIONS –

470. Obesity is a serious problem in this country. 471. In the 1966 Supreme Court decision Miranda
Research suggests that obesity can lead to a v. Arizona, the court held that before the
number of health problems including dia- police can obtain statements from a person
betes, asthma, and heart disease. Recent subjected to an interrogation, the person
research has even indicated that there may be must be given a Miranda warning. This
a relationship between obesity and some warning means that a person must be told
types of cancer. Major public health cam- that he or she has the right to remain silent
paigns that increase awareness and propose during the police interrogation. Violation of
simple lifestyle changes that will, with dili- this right means that any statement that the
gence and desire, eliminate or least mitigate person makes is not admissible in a court
the incidence of obesity are a crucial ﬁrst step hearing.
in battling this critical problem. This paragraph best supports the statement
This paragraph best supports the statement that
that a. police who do not warn persons of their
a. public health campaigns that raise con- Miranda rights are guilty of a crime.
sciousness and propose lifestyle changes are b. a Miranda warning must be given before a
a productive way to ﬁght obesity. police interrogation can begin.
b. obesity is the leading cause of diabetes in c. the police may no longer interrogate per-
our country. sons suspected of a crime unless a lawyer is
c. people in our country watch too much tele- present.
vision and do not exercise enough. d. the 1966 Supreme Court decision in
d. a decline in obesity would radically Miranda should be reversed.
decrease the incidence of asthma. e. persons who are interrogated by police
e. fast-food restaurants and unhealthy school should always remain silent until their
lunches contribute greatly to obesity. lawyer comes.

88

– QUESTIONS –

472. Walk into any supermarket or pharmacy and 473. Yoga has become a very popular type of exer-
you will find several shelves of products cise, but it may not be for everyone. Before
designed to protect adults and children from you sign yourself up for a yoga class, you
the sun. Additionally, a host of public health need to examine what it is you want from
campaigns have been created, including your fitness routine. If you’re looking for a
National Skin Cancer Awareness Month, that high-energy, fast-paced aerobic workout, a
warn us about the sun’s damaging UV rays yoga class might not be your best choice.
and provide guidelines about protecting our- This paragraph best supports the statement
selves. While warnings about the sun’s dan- that
gers are frequent, a recent survey found that a. yoga is more popular than high-impact
fewer than half of all adults adequately pro- aerobics.
tect themselves from the sun. b. before embarking on a new exercise regi-
This paragraph best supports the statement men, you should think about your needs
that and desires.
a. children are better protected from the sun’s c. yoga is changing the world of fitness in
dangerous rays than adults. major ways.
b. sales of sun protection products are at an d. yoga benefits your body and mind.
all-time high. e. most people think that yoga isn’t a rigorous
c. adults are not heeding the warnings about form of exercise.
the dangers of sun exposure seriously
enough.
d. more adults have skin cancer now than ever
before.
e. there is not enough information dissemi-
nated about the dangers of sun exposure.

89

– QUESTIONS –

Set 34 (Answers begin on page 140.) 475. During the last six years, the number of prac-
ticing physicians has increased by about 20%.
Here’s one more set of questions based on short para- During the same time period, the number of
graphs that make a specific argument. You will some- healthcare managers has increased by more
times have to use inference—reading between the than 600%. These percentages mean that
lines—to see which statement is best supported by the many doctors have lost the authority to make
passage. their own schedules, determine the fees that
they charge, and decide on prescribed
474. For too long, school cafeterias, in an effort to treatments.
provide food they thought would be appetiz- This paragraph best supports the statement
ing to young people, mimicked fast-food that doctors
restaurants, serving items such as burgers a. resent the interference of healthcare
and fries, pizza, hot dogs, and fried chicken. managers.
School districts nationwide are now address- b. no longer have adequate training.
ing this trend by incorporating some simple c. care a great deal about their patients.
and inexpensive options that will make cafe- d. are less independent than they used to be.
teria lunches healthier while still appealing to e. are making a lot less money than they used
students. to make.
that 476. By the time they reach adulthood, most peo-
a. school cafeterias have always emphasized ple can perform many different activities
nutritional guidelines over any other involving motor skills. Motor skills involve
considerations. such diverse tasks as riding a bicycle, thread-
b. young people would rather eat in a school ing a needle, and cooking a dinner. What all
cafeteria than a local fast-food restaurant. these activities have in common is their
c. school lunch menus are becoming healthier dependence on precision and timing of mus-
due to major new initiatives on the part of cular movement.
school districts. This paragraph best supports the statement
d. it is possible to make school lunches both
that
healthier and appealing without spending a
a. most adults have not refined their motor
great deal of money and undertaking a rad-
skills.
ical transformation.
b. all adults know how to ride a bicycle.
e. vegetarian lunch options would greatly
c. refined motor skills are specifically limited
improve the nutritional value of the school
to adults.
lunch program.
d. children perform fewer fine motor activities
in a day than adults do.
e. threading a needle is a precise motor skill.

90

– QUESTIONS –

477. Close-up images of Mars by the Mariner 9 479. Originating in the 1920s, the Pyramid
probe indicated networks of valleys that scheme is one of the oldest con games going.
looked like the stream beds on Earth. These Honest people are often pulled in, thinking
images also implied that Mars once had an the scheme is a legitimate investment enter-
atmosphere that was thick enough to trap the prise. The first customer to “fall for” the
sun’s heat. If this were true, something hap- Pyramid scheme will actually make big
pened to Mars billions of years ago that money and will therefore persuade friends
stripped away the planet’s atmosphere. and relatives to join also. The chain then con-
This paragraph best supports the statement tinues with the con artist who originated the
scheme pocketing, rather than investing, the
that
money. Finally, the pyramid collapses, but by
a. Mars now has little or no atmosphere.
that time, the scam artist will usually have
b. Mars once had a thicker atmosphere than
moved out of town, leaving no forwarding
Earth does.
address.
c. the Mariner 9 probe took the first pictures
of Mars. This paragraph best supports the statement
d. Mars is closer to the sun than Earth is. that
e. Mars is more mountainous than Earth is. a. it is fairly easy to spot a Pyramid scheme in
the making.
478. Forest fires feed on decades-long accumula- b. the first customer of a Pyramid scheme is
tions of debris and leap from the tops of young the most gullible.
trees into the branches of mature trees. Fires c. the people who set up Pyramid schemes are
that jump from treetop to treetop can be able to fool honest people.
devastating. In old-growth forests, however, d. the Pyramid scheme had its heyday in the
the shade of mature trees keeps thickets of 1920s, but it’s making a comeback.
small trees from sprouting, and the lower e. the Pyramid scheme got its name from its
branches of mature trees are too high to structure.
catch the flames.
that
a. forest fire damage is reduced in old-growth
forests.
b. small trees should be cut down to prevent
forest fires.
c. mature trees should be thinned out to pre-
vent forest fires.
d. forest fires do the most damage in old-
growth forests.
e. old-growth forests have a larger accumula-
tion of forest debris.

91

– QUESTIONS –

480. Most Reality TV centers on two common 481. The image of a knitter as an older woman sit-
motivators: fame and money. The shows ting in a comfortable, old-fashioned living
transform waitresses, hairdressers, invest- room with a basket of yarn at her feet and a
ment bankers, counselors, and teachers, to bun in her hair is one of the past. As knitting
name a few, from obscure figures to house- continues to become more popular and
hold names. A lucky few successfully parlay increasingly trendy, it is much more difficult
their fifteen minutes of fame into celebrity. to describe the average knitter. Knitters today
The luckiest stars of Reality TV also reap might be 18, 28, 40, or 65. They might live in
huge financial rewards for acts including eat- a big urban center and take classes in a knit-
ing large insects, marrying someone they ting shop that doubles as a café or they may
barely know, and revealing their innermost gather in suburban coffee shops to support
thoughts to millions of people. one another in knitting and other aspects of
This paragraph best supports the statement life. They could be college roommates knit-
that ting in their dorm room or two senior citi-
a. the stars of Reality TV are interested in zens knitting in a church hall. Even men are
being rich and famous. getting in the act. It would be incredibly dif-
b. Reality TV is the best thing that has hap- ficult to come up with an accurate profile of
pened to network television in a long time. a contemporary knitter to replace that image
c. for Reality TV stars, fame will last only as of the old woman with the basket of yarn!
long as their particular television show. This paragraph best supports the statement
d. traditional dramas and sitcoms are being that
replaced by Reality TV programming at an a. people are returning to knitting in an
alarming rate. attempt to reconnect with simpler times.
e. Reality TV shows represent a new wave of b. knitting is now more of a group activity, as
sensationalistic, low quality programming. opposed to an individual hobby.
c. creating an accurate profile of a particular
type of person depends on the people in
this group having traits and characteristics
in common.
d. today’s knitters are much less accomplished
than knitters of the past.
e. young people are turning to knitting in
record numbers.

92

– QUESTIONS –

Set 35 (Answers begin on page 141.) 482. A person seeking to refute the argument
might argue that
A typical logical reasoning question presents an argu- a. all doctors charge too much money and
ment and asks you to analyze it. You may be asked to should lower their fees.
draw further conclusions from the argument, deter- b. medical practices are more expensive to
mine what strengthens or weakens the argument, find maintain in large cities than in small towns
flaws in the argument, or justify the argument. Success and rural areas.
with these types of questions depends on your being c. doctors who owe student loans should
able to understand the structure of the argument. charge more than other doctors.
Remember that every argument has a point of view. d. medical care from small-town doctors is
Every argument draws a conclusion and is generally better than medical care from large-city
supported with evidence. Study each passage to deter- doctors.
mine how each sentence contributes to the argument e. certain medical specialists should charge
the speaker is trying to make. Then make sure you more than others.
understand the question that is being asked before you
choose from the five answer options. 483. A major flaw in the argument is that the
speaker assumes that
Answer questions 482 and 483 on the basis of the infor- a. all doctors are specialists.
mation below. b. all patients carry health insurance.
c. all doctors have huge student loans.
According to last week’s newspaper, doctors in d. all patients take too much time.
large cities make more money than doctors in e. all doctors see the same number of patients.
small towns or rural areas. It does not seem fair
that just because a doctor’s office is in a fancy Answer questions 484 and 485 on the basis of the infor-
building or at a fancy address, he or she can mation below.
charge the patients more. Of course, some med-
ical schools cost more than others, but basically all English ought to be the official language of the
doctors spend a lot of money and a long time in United States. There is no reason for the govern-
school. There’s no proof that graduates of the ment to spend money printing documents in sev-
more expensive schools practice in big cities and eral different languages, just to cater to people
graduates of the less expensive schools practice in who cannot speak English. The government has
small towns. All doctors should charge the same. better ways to spend our money. People who
Whether a patient goes to a doctor in a big city or come to this country should learn to speak Eng-
small town, the cost should be the same. lish right away.

93

– QUESTIONS –

484. Which of the following, if true, would make 486. Which of the following best expresses the
the speaker’s argument stronger? main point of the passage?
a. There is currently a law that says the a. Only veterans care about the flag-burning
government must provide people with issue.
documents in their native language. b. Flag burning almost never happens, so out-
b. Most people in the United States who do lawing it is a waste of time.
not speak English were born here. c. Flag burning will be a very important issue
c. Immigration rates have decreased in recent in the next election.
years. d. To outlaw flag burning is to outlaw what
d. Many other countries have an official the flag represents.
language. e. Burning the flag should only be illegal
e. Canada has two official languages. when it is done in foreign countries.

485. Which of the following, if true, would make 487. Which of the following, if true, would
the speaker’s argument weaker? weaken the speaker’s argument?
a. The government currently translates official a. An action is not considered a part of free-
documents into more than twenty dom of speech.
languages. b. People who burn the flag usually commit
b. English is the most difficult language in the other crimes as well.
world to learn. c. The flag was not recognized by the govern-
c. Most people who immigrate to the United ment until 1812.
States learn English within two years of d. State flags are almost never burned.
their arrival. e. Most people are against flag burning.
d. Making English the official language is a
politically unpopular idea. 488. Which of the following is similar to the argu-
e. People who are bilingual are usually highly ment made by the speaker?
educated. a. The rich should not be allowed to “buy”
politicians, so the Congress should enact
Answer questions 486 through 488 on the basis of the campaign finance reform.
information below. b. The idea of freedom of religion also means
the right not to participate in religion, so
Some groups want to outlaw burning the flag. mandated school prayer violates freedom of
They say that people have fought and died for the religion.
flag and that citizens of the United States ought to c. The Constitution guarantees freedom to
respect that. But I say that respect cannot be leg- own property, so taxes should be illegal.
islated. Also, most citizens who have served in d. Convicted felons should not have their con-
the military did not fight for the flag, they fought victions overturned on a technicality.
for what the flag represents. Among the things the e. In order to understand what may be consti-
flag represents is freedom of speech, which tutional today, one needs to look at what
includes, I believe, the right for a citizen to express the laws were when the Constitution was
displeasure with the government by burning the enacted.
flag in protest.

94

– QUESTIONS –

Set 36 (Answers begin on page 142.) Answer questions 490 and 491 on the basis of the
information below.
Some logical reasoning questions ask you to determine
the method the speaker is using when he or she pres- A recent study on professional football players
ents the argument. Method-of-argument questions ask showed that this new ointment helps relieve
you to demonstrate an understanding of how a joint pain. My mother has arthritis, and I told
speaker’s argument is put together. To determine the her she should try it, but she says it probably
method of argument, again focus on the conclusion won’t help her.
and on the evidence presented. What method does the
speaker use to link the two? 490. What argument should the mother use to
point out why the ointment probably will not
Answer question 489 on the basis of the information help her arthritis?
below. a. The ointment was just experimental.
b. The ointment is expensive.
I know that our rules prohibit members from c. Football players’ joint pain is not the result
bringing more than one guest at a time to the of arthritis.
club, but I think there should be an exception to d. She has already tried another ointment and
the rule on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thurs- it didn’t work.
days. Members should be allowed to bring mul- e. Football players are generally younger than
tiple guests on those days, since the majority of she is.
members use the club facilities on the other four
days of the week. 491. Which of the following, if true, would
strengthen the speaker’s argument?
489. The rules restricting the number of guests a a. The mother used to be a professional
member can bring to the club probably are bowler.
intended to b. Football players’ injuries are rarely painful.
a. assure that members are not crowded by c. The mother’s arthritis only ﬂares up in bad
the presence of guests. weather.
b. provide extra income for the club on d. The mother ﬁnds exercise helps her arthritis.
slow days. e. Football players who are injured tend to
c. allow members to bring guests to the club develop arthritis.
for special events.
d. restrict guests to public areas of the club. Answer questions 492 through 494 on the basis of the
e. control the exact number of people in the information below.
club at any time.
Giving children computers in grade school is a
waste of money and teachers’ time. These chil-
dren are too young to learn how to use comput-
ers effectively and need to spend time on learning
the basics, like arithmetic and reading. After all,
a baby has to crawl before she can walk.

95

– QUESTIONS –

492. Which of the following methods of argument Answer questions 495 and 496 on the basis of the infor-
is used in the previous passage? mation below.
a. a specific example that illustrates the
speaker’s point The corner of Elm and Third needs to have a
b. attacking the beliefs of those who disagree stoplight. Children cross this intersection on the
with the speaker way to school, and sometimes, they do not check
c. relying on an analogy to prove the speaker’s for traffic. I’ve seen several children almost get hit
point by cars at this corner. I know that stoplights are
d. displaying statistics that back up the not cheap, and I know that children cannot be
speaker’s point protected from every danger, but this is one of the
e. comparing different methods of learning worst intersections in town. There needs to be a
stoplight here so that traffic will be slowed down
493. Which of the following, if true, would and the children can walk more safely.
strengthen the speaker’s argument?
a. studies showing computers are expensive 495. Which of the following methods of argument
b. research on the effect of computer games is used in the above passage?
on children a. analogy—comparing the intersection to
c. examples of high school students who use something dangerous
computers improperly b. emotion—referring to the safety of chil-
d. proof that the cost of computers is coming dren to get people interested
down c. statistical analysis—noting the number of
e. evidence that using computers makes learn- children almost hit and the cost of a stop
ing to read difficult light
d. personalization—telling the story of one
494. Which of the following, if true, would child’s near accident at the intersection
weaken the speaker’s argument? e. attack—pointing out that people who are
a. a demonstration that computers can be against the stoplight do not care about
used to teach reading and arithmetic children
b. analysis of the cost-effectiveness of new
computers versus repairing old computers 496. Which of the following, if true, would
c. examples of adults who do not know how weaken the speaker’s argument?
to use computers a. Sometimes, cars run red lights.
d. recent grade reports of students in the com- b. Fewer children are injured at corners that
puter classes have stoplights.
e. a visit to a classroom where computers are c. If parents teach their children basic traffic
being used safety, then they might remember to look
for cars.
d. Children from this neighborhood used to
take the bus to a school farther away.
e. In the last year, there have only been three
minor accidents at the intersection and
none of them involved children.

96

– QUESTIONS –

Set 37 (Answers begin on page 143.) 497. In what way does Lars’s comment relate to
Frances’s?
Another type of logical reasoning question presents a. It weakens Frances’s argument by changing
you with two different speakers talking about the same the focus of the discussion.
issue. Sometimes, the speakers’ arguments overlap; in b. It strengthens Frances’s argument by pro-
other words, they support each other. Sometimes, the viding support for her premise.
speakers are presenting opposing viewpoints. For these c. It states the logical outcome of Frances’s
items, make sure you understand the conclusion of views.
both speakers before you attempt to answer the d. It cannot be true if Frances’s assertion
questions. about parental responsibility is true.
e. It provides an argument that is the opposite
Answer questions 497 and 498 on the basis of the infor- of Frances’s views.
mation below.
498. What main assumption underlies each
Frances: Studies show that eating a healthy break- statement?
fast improves young children’s ability to learn. a. As teachers become more scarce, schools
However, it is not the responsibility of the schools will have to learn to be more cost-effective
to provide this meal; it is the responsibility of in recruiting new teachers.
each child’s parents. b. In the information age, the equipment
schools must purchase for their students is
Lars: Although it would be nice if the schools getting more expensive.
could provide each child with a healthy breakfast, c. The study about students and breakfast is
the cost of doing that takes money away from inconclusive at best, and more studies
other, more important learning resources, such as should be conducted to ﬁnd out if school
the purchase of new computers. In the long run, breakfasts are healthy.
children learn more when the schools concentrate d. Schools have never had the responsibility
on the services they traditionally provide and the for supplying students with breakfast;
parents do what they are supposed to do. rather, they spend their money on teachers,
books, and other tangibles of education.
e. Parents are not assuming enough responsi-
bility for their children’s education and
should become more involved in school
issues.

97

– QUESTIONS –

Answer questions 499 through 501 on the basis of the 499. What is the point at issue between Quinn
information below. and Dakota?
a. whether sixteen-year-olds should be
Quinn: Our state is considering raising the age at required to take drivers’ education before
which a person can get a driver’s license to eight- being issued a license
een. This is unfair because the age has been six- b. whether schools ought to provide drivers’
teen for many years and sixteen-year-olds today education to fourteen- and fifteen-year-old
are no less responsible than their parents and students
grandparents were at sixteen. Many young people c. whether the standards for issuing drivers’
today who are fourteen and fifteen years old are licenses should become more stringent
preparing to receive their licenses by driving with d. whether sixteen-year-olds are prepared to
a learner’s permit and a licensed driver, usually drive in today’s traffic conditions
one of their parents. It would not be fair to sud- e. whether parents are able to do a good job
denly say they have to wait two more years. teaching their children to drive

Dakota: It is true that people have been allowed 500. On what does Quinn rely in making her
to receive a driver’s license at sixteen for genera- argument?
tions. However, in recent years, the increase in a. statistics
traffic means drivers face more dangers than ever b. emotion
and must be ready to respond to a variety of sit- c. fairness
uations. The fact that schools can no longer afford d. anecdotes
to teach drivers’ education results in too many e. actualities
young drivers who are not prepared to face the
traffic conditions of today. 501. On what does Dakota rely in making her
argument?
a. statistics
b. emotion
c. fairness
d. anecdotes
e. actualities

98

Answers

Set 1 (Page 2) 8. b. This is an alternating number subtraction
series. First, 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2,
1. b. This is a simple addition series. Each num- and so on.
ber increases by 2. 9. c. In this simple alternating subtraction and
2. b. This is a simple subtraction series. Each addition series; 1 is subtracted, then 2 is
number is 6 less than the previous number. added, and so on.
3. c. This is an alternation with repetition series 10. d. This alternating addition series begins with
in which each number repeats itself and 3; then 1 is added to give 4; then 3 is added
then increases by 7. to give 7; then 1 is added, and so on.
4. a. This is a simple subtraction series. Each 11. a. This is a simple alternating subtraction
number is 35 less than the previous number. series, which subtracts 2, then 5.
5. d. In this addition series, 1 is added to the ﬁrst 12. c. In this alternating repetition series, the ran-
number; 2 is added to the second number; 3 dom number 21 is interpolated every other
is added to the third number; and so forth. number into an otherwise simple addition
6. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran- series that increases by 2, beginning with
dom number, 8, interpolated as every other the number 9.
number. In the series, 6 is added to each 13. b. In this series, each number is repeated, then
number except 8, to arrive at the next 13 issubtracted to arrive at the next number.
number. 14. c. This is a simple multiplication series. Each
7. a. This is an alternating addition and subtrac- number is 3 times more than the previous
tion series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 10 is sub- number.
tracted from each number to arrive at the 15. a. This is a simple division series. Each num-
next. In the second, 5 is added to each number is divided by 5.
ber to arrive at the next.

99

– ANSWERS –

16. b. This is a simple alternating addition and 19. d. In this simple subtraction series, each num-
subtraction series. In the ﬁrst pattern, 3 is ber decreases by 0.4.
added; in the second, 2 is subtracted. 20. b. This is a simple division series; each num-
17. b. This is an alternating multiplication and ber is one-half of the previous number.
subtracting series: First, multiply by 2 and
then subtract 8.
18. c. In this simple addition series, each number
increases by 0.8.

100

– ANSWERS –

Set 2 (Page 4) 32. a. This is a subtraction series with repetition.
Each number repeats itself and then
21. b. In this simple subtraction series, each num- decreases by 9.
ber is 6 less than the previous number. 33. e. This is an alternating subtraction series with
22. c. In this simple addition series, each number repetition. There are two different patterns
is 5 greater than the previous number. here. In the first, a number repeats itself;
23. e. This is a simple subtraction with repetition then 3 is added to that number to arrive at
series. It begins with 20, which is repeated, the next number, which also repeats. This
then 3 is subtracted, resulting in 17, which gives the series 17, 17, 20, 20, 23, and so on.
is repeated, and so on. Every third number follows a second pat-
24. d. This is a simple addition series with a ran- tern, in which 3 is subtracted from each
dom number, 18, interpolated as every third number to arrive at the next: 34, 31, 28.
number. In the series, 4 is added to each 34. d. This is an alternating addition series with a
number except 18, to arrive at the next random number, 4, interpolated as every
number. third number. In the main series, 1 is added,
25. a. In this alternating repetition series, a ran- then 2 is added, then 1, then 2, and so on.
dom number, 33, is interpolated every third 35. e. This is an alternating repetition series, in
number into a simple addition series, in which a random number, 61, is interpolated
which each number increases by 2. as every third number into an otherwise
26. b. This is a simple addition series, which simple subtraction series. Starting with the
begins with 2 and adds 6. second number, 57, each number (except
27. a. This is an alternating subtraction series with 61) is 7 less than the previous number.
the interpolation of a random number, 5, as 36. d. Here is a simple addition series, which
every third number. In the subtraction series, begins with 9 and adds 7.
3 is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and so on. 37. c. This is an alternating repetition series, with a
28. e. This is a simple alternating addition and random number, 22, interpolated as every
subtraction series. First, 3 is added, then 1 is third number into an otherwise simple addi-
subtracted, then 3 is added, 1 subtracted, tion series. In the addition series, 4 is added
and so on. to each number to arrive at the next number.
29. b. This is a simple subtraction series in which a 38. d. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
random number, 85, is interpolated as every tion series. In the first pattern, 2 is added to
third number. In the subtraction series, 10 is each number to arrive at the next; in the
subtracted from each number to arrive at the alternate pattern, 6 is subtracted from each
next. number to arrive at the next.
30. c. Here, every other number follows a different 39. d. In this simple addition series, each number
pattern. In the first series, 6 is added to each is 5 more than the previous number.
number to arrive at the next. In the second 40. b. This is an alternating addition series, with a
series, 10 is added to each number to arrive at random number, 21, interpolated as every
the next. third number. The addition series alternates
31. e. This is an alternating addition series, in between adding 3 and adding 4. The num-
which 10 is added, then 5, then 10, and ber 21 appears after each number arrived at
so on. by adding 3.

101

– ANSWERS –

Set 3 (Page 6) 52. c. Here, every third number follows a different
pattern from the main series. In the main
41. e. This is a simple subtraction series, in which series, beginning with 16, 10 is added to
3 is subtracted from each number to arrive each number to arrive at the next. In the
at the next. alternating series, beginning with 56, 12 is
42. e. This simple addition series adds 4 to each added to each number to arrive at the next.
number to arrive at the next. 53. a. This is an alternating addition series with
43. d. This is a simple subtraction series, in which repetition, in which a random number, 66,
4 is subtracted from each number to arrive is interpolated as every third number. The
at the next. regular series adds 2, then 3, then 2, and so
44. d. Here, there are two alternating patterns, one on, with 66 repeated after each “add 2” step.
addition and one subtraction. The first 54. c. This is an alternating addition series, with a
starts with 2 and increases by 2; the second random number, 35, interpolated as every
starts with 44 and decreases by 3. third number. The pattern of addition is to
45. a. In this simple subtraction series, the num- add 2, add 5, add 2, and so on. The number
bers decrease by 3. 35 comes after each “add 2” step.
46. b. In this simple addition with repetition 55. e. This is an alternating subtraction series,
series, each number in the series repeats which subtracts 5, then 2, then 5, and so on.
itself, and then increases by 12 to arrive at 56. c. This is an alternating subtraction series in
the next number. which 2 is subtracted twice, then 3 is sub-
47. b. This is an alternating addition and subtrac- tracted once, then 2 is subtracted twice, and
tion series, in which the addition of 4 is so on.
alternated with the subtraction of 3. 57. a. This is a simple addition series with repeti-
48. e. Two patterns alternate here, with every tion. It adds 3 to each number to arrive at
third number following the alternate pat- the next, which is repeated before 3 is added
tern. In the main series, beginning with 4, 3 again.
is added to each number to arrive at the 58. c. Here, there are two alternating patterns.
next. In the alternating series, beginning The first begins with 17 and adds 2; the sec-
with 26, 6 is subtracted from each number ond begins with 32 and subtracts 3.
to arrive at the next. 59. a. Two patterns alternate here. The first pat-
49. c. This is an alternating addition series that tern begins with 10 and adds 2 to each
adds 5, then 2, then 5, and so on. number to arrive at the next; the alternating
50. d. In this simple subtraction with repetition pattern begins with 34 and subtracts 3 each
series, each number is repeated, then 3 is time.
subtracted to give the next number, which is 60. a. This is an alternating repetition series. The
then repeated, and so on. number 32 alternates with a series in which
51. b. Here, there are two alternating patterns, each number decreases by 2.
with every other number following a differ-
ent pattern. The first pattern begins with 13
and adds 2 to each number to arrive at the
next; the alternating pattern begins with 29
and subtracts 3 each time.

102

– ANSWERS –

Set 4 (Page 8) 66. a. In this series, 5 is added to the previous
number; the number 70 is inserted as every
61. b. This is a simple alternating addition and third number.
subtraction series. The ﬁrst series begins 67. d. This is an alternating division and addition
with 8 and adds 3; the second begins with series: First, divide by 2, and then add 8.
43 and subtracts 2. 68. c. This is a simple multiplication series. Each
62. d. In this simple addition with repetition number is 2 times greater than the previous
series, each number in the series repeats number.
itself, and then increases by 12 to arrive at 69. b. This is a multiplication series; each number
the next number. is 3 times the previous number.
63. b. This is a simple subtraction series in which 70. a. In this series, the letters progress by 1; the
a random number, 93, is interpolated as numbers decrease by 3.
every third number. In the subtraction 71. b. In this series, the letters progress by 2, and
series, 10 is subtracted from each number to the numbers increase by 2.
arrive at the next. 72. c. The letters decrease by 1; the numbers are
64. a. Two series alternate here, with every third multiplied by 2.
number following a different pattern. In the 73. d. This is a simple addition series; each num-
main series, 3 is added to each number to ber is 3 more than the previous number.
arrive at the next. In the alternating series, 5 74. c. This is a simple subtraction series; each
is subtracted from each number to arrive at number is 4 less than the previous number.
the next. 75. b. This is an alternating addition and subtrac-
65. d. This series alternates the addition of 4 with tion series. Roman numbers alternate with
the subtraction of 3. Arabic numbers. In the Roman numeral
pattern, each number decreases by 1. In the
Arabic numeral pattern, each number
increases by 1.

103

– ANSWERS –

Set 5 (Page 10) 82. a. In this series, the third letter is repeated as
the first letter of the next segment. The
76. a. This series consists of letters in a reverse middle letter, A, remains static. The third
alphabetical order. letters are in alphabetical order, beginning
77. b. This is an alternating series in alphabetical with R.
order. The middle letters follow the order 83. d. In this series, the letters remain the same:
ABCDE. The first and third letters are DEF. The subscript numbers follow this
alphabetical beginning with J. The third let- series: 1,1,1; 1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,2; 2,2,3.
ter is repeated as a first letter in each subse- 84. c. There are two alphabetical series here. The
quent three-letter segment. first series is with the first letters only:
78. b. Because the letters are the same, concentrate STUVW. The second series involves the
on the number series, which is a simple 2, 3, remaining letters: CD, EF, GH, IJ, KL.
4, 5, 6 series, and follows each letter in 85. a. The middle letters are static, so concentrate
order. on the first and third letters. The series
79. d. The second and forth letters in the series, involves an alphabetical order with a rever-
L and A, are static. The first and third let- sal of the letters. The first letters are in
ters consist of an alphabetical order begin- alphabetical order: F, G, H, I, J. The second
ning with the letter E. and fourth segments are reversals of the
80. c. The first two letters, PQ, are static. The first and third segments. The missing seg-
third letter is in alphabetical order, begin- ment begins with a new letter.
ning with R. The number series is in 86. a. This series consists of a simple alphabetical
descending order beginning with 5. order with the first two letters of all seg-
81. c. The first letters are in alphabetical order ments: B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K. The third
with a letter skipped in between each seg- letter of each segment is a repetition of the
ment: C, E, G, I, K. The second and third first letter.
letters are repeated; they are also in order 87. d. There are three series to look for here. The
with a skipped letter: M, O, Q, S, U. first letters are alphabetical in reverse: Z, Y,
X, W, V. The second letters are in alphabeti-
cal order, beginning with A. The number
series is as follows: 5, 4, 6, 3, 7.

104

– ANSWERS –

Set 6 (Page 11) inside. In the fourth segment, the squares
are above the triangle and circle.
88. b. Look at each segment. In the first segment, 95. a. Look at each segment. You will notice that
the arrows are both pointing to the right. In in each, the figure on the right and the fig-
the second segment, the first arrow is up ure on the left are the same; the figure in
and the second is down. The third segment between is different. To continue this pat-
repeats the first segment. In the fourth seg- tern in the last segment, the diamond on
ment, the arrows are up and then down. the left will be repeated on the right. Choice
Because this is an alternating series, the two a is the only possible answer.
arrows pointing right will be repeated, so 96. b. Each arrow in this continuing series moves
option b is the only possible choice. a few degrees in a clockwise direction.
89. b. Notice that in each segment, the figures are Think of these arrows as the big hand on a
all the same shape, but the one in the middle clock. The first arrow is at noon. The last
is larger than the two on either side. Also, arrow before the blank would be 12:40.
notice that one of the figures is shaded and Choice b, the correct answer, is at 12:45.
that this shading alternates first right and 97. c. Study the pattern carefully. In the first seg-
then left. To continue this pattern in the third ment, two letters face right and the next two
segment, you will look for a square. Choice b face left. The first letter in the second seg-
is correct because this choice will put the ment repeats the last letter of the previous
large square between the two smaller squares, segment. The same is true for the third seg-
with the shading on the right. ment. But the forth segment changes again;
90. c. This is an alternating series. In the first seg- it is the opposite of the first segment, so the
ment, the letter “E” faces right, then down, last two letters must face right.
then right. In the second segment, the letters 98. d. This sequence concerns the number of sides
all face down. To follow this pattern, in the on each figure. In the first segment, the three
fourth segment, the letters must all face up. figures have one side, and then two sides, and
91. c. In this series, the shaded part inside the cir- then three sides. In the second segment, the
cle gets larger and then smaller. number of sides increases and then decreases.
92. d. Look for opposites in this series of figures. In the third segment, the number of sides con-
The first and second segments are opposites tinues to decrease.
of each other. The same is true for the third 99. a. In this series, the figures increase the amount
and fourth segments. of shading by one-fourth and, once a square
93. a. Look carefully at the number of dots in is completely shaded, starts over with an
each domino. The first segment goes from unshaded square. In the second segment, you
five to three to one. The second segment will notice that the figure goes from completely
goes from one to three to five. The third shaded to completely unshaded. This is why
segment repeats the first segment. choice a is the correct choice.
94. c. All four segments use the same figures: two 100. d. This is an alternating series. The first and third
squares, one circle, and one triangle. In the segments are repeated. The second segment is
first segment, the squares are on the outside simply upside down.
of the circle and triangle. In the second seg- 101. d. In each of the segments, the figures alternate
ment, the squares are below the other two. between one-half and one-fourth shaded.
In the third segment, the squares on are the
105

– ANSWERS –

Set 7 (Page 13) 111. a. An index, glossary, and chapter are all parts of
a book. Choice a does not belong because the
102. c. A leopard, cougar, and lion all belong to the cat book is the whole, not a part.
family; an elephant does not. 112. c. The noun, preposition, and adverb are classes
103. b. The couch, table, and chair are pieces of furni- of words that make up a sentence. Punctua-
ture; the rug is not. tion belongs in a sentence, but punctuation is
104. a. The yarn, twine, and cord are all used for tying. not a class of word.
The tape is not used in the same way. 113. d. The cornea, retina, and pupil are all parts of
105. b. The guitar, violin, and cello are stringed instru- the eye.
ments; the flute is a wind instrument. 114. d. Rye, sourdough, and pumpernickel are types of
106. c. Tulip, rose, and daisy are all types of flowers. A bread. A loaf is not a bread type.
bud is not. 115. b. An ounce measures weight; the other choices
107. d. Tire, steering wheel, and engine are all parts of measure length.
a car. 116. a. Freeway, interstate, and expressway are all high-
108. d. Parsley, basil, and dill are types of herbs. May- speed highways; a street is for low-speed traffic.
onnaise is not an herb. 117. b. Dodge, duck, and avoid are all synonyms
109. b. A branch, leaf, and root are all parts of a tree. meaning evade. Flee means to run away from.
The dirt underneath is not a part of the tree. 118. c. Heading, body, and closing are all parts of a let-
110. d. The first three choices are all synonyms. ter; the letter is the whole, not a part.

106

– ANSWERS –

Set 8 (Page 15) 128. c. A peninsula, island, and cape are all landforms;
a bay is a body of water.
119.d. The core, seeds, and pulp are all parts of an 129. c. Seat, rung, and leg are all parts of a chair. Not
apple. A slice would be a piece taken out of an all chairs have cushions.
apple. 130.d. Fair, just, and equitable are all synonyms mean-
120.b. Unique, rare, and exceptional are all synonyms. ing impartial. Favorable means expressing
Beautiful has a different meaning. approval.
121. c. Biology, chemistry, and zoology are all branches 131. c. Defendant, prosecutor, and judge are all per-
of science. Theology is the study of religion. sons involved in a trial. A trial is not a person.
122. a. A circle, oval, and sphere are all circular shapes 132.b. Area, circumference, and quadrilateral are all
with no angles. A triangle is a different kind of terms used in the study of geometry. Variable is
shape with angles and three straight sides. a term generally used in the study of algebra.
123. a. Flourish, prosper, and thrive are all synonyms; 133.b. The mayor, governor, and senator are all per-
excite does not mean the same thing. sons elected to government offices; the lawyer
124.d. Evaluate, assess, and appraise are all synonyms; is not an elected official.
instruct does not mean the same thing. 134.d. Acute, right, and obtuse are geometric terms
125. a. The lobster, crab, and shrimp are all types of describing particular angles. Parallel refers to
crustaceans; an eel is a fish. two lines that never intersect.
126. c. The scythe, knife, and saw are all cutting tools. 135. c. The wing, fin, and rudder are all parts of an
Pliers are tools, but they are not used for cutting. airplane.
127.b. Two, six, and eight are all even numbers; three 136. a. The heart, liver, and stomach are all organs of
is an odd number. the body. The aorta is an artery, not an organ.

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Set 9 (Page 17) 144. a. Without students, a school cannot exist; there-
fore, students are the essential part of schools.
137.b. The necessary part of a book is its pages; there The other choices may be related, but they are
is no book without pages. Not all books are not essential.
fiction (choice a), and not all books have pic- 145.d. Words are a necessary part of language. Slang is
tures (choice c). Learning (choice d) may or not necessary to language (choice b). Not all
may not take place with a book. languages are written (choice c). Words do not
138.d. A guitar does not exist without strings, so have to be spoken in order to be part of a lan-
strings are an essential part of a guitar. A band guage (choice a).
is not necessary to a guitar (choice a). Guitar 146.b. A desert is an arid tract of land. Not all deserts
playing can be learned without a teacher are flat (choice d). Not all deserts have cacti or
(choice b). Songs are byproducts of a guitar oases (choices a and c).
(choice c). 147. a. Lightning is produced from a discharge of elec-
139. a. All shoes have a sole of some sort. Not all shoes tricity, so electricity is essential. Thunder and
are made of leather (choice b); nor do they all rain are not essential to the production of light-
have laces (choice c). Walking (choice d) is not ning (choices b and d). Brightness may be a
essential to a shoe. byproduct of lightning, but it is not essential
140. c. A person or animal must take in oxygen for (choice c).
respiration to occur. A mouth (choice a) is not 148.b. The essential part of a monopoly is that it
essential because breathing can occur through involves exclusive ownership or control.
the nose. Choices b and d are clearly not essen- 149.d. To harvest something, one must have a crop,
tial and can be ruled out. which is the essential element for this item.
141.b. An election does not exist without voters. The Autumn (choice a) is not the only time crops
election of a president (choice a) is a byproduct. are harvested. There may not be enough of a
Not all elections are held in November (choice crop to stockpile (choice b), and you can har-
c), nor are they nationwide (choice d). vest crops without a tractor (choice c).
142.d. A diploma is awarded at graduation, so gradu- 150. a. A gala indicates a celebration, the necessary
ation is essential to obtaining a diploma. element here. A tuxedo (choice b) is not
Employment may be a byproduct (choice c). A required garb at a gala, nor is an appetizer
principal and a curriculum (choices a and b) (choice c). A gala may be held without the ben-
may play a role in the awarding of some diplo- efit of anyone speaking (choice d).
mas, but they are not essential. 151.d. Pain is suffering or hurt, so choice d is the
143. c. Water is essential for swimming—without essential element. Without hurt, there is no
water, there is no swimming. The other choices pain. A cut (choice a) or a burn (choice b) may
are things that may or may not be present. cause pain, but so do many other types of
injury. A nuisance (choice c) is an annoyance
that may or may not cause pain.

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Set 10 (Page 19) 158.b. An itinerary is a proposed route of a journey. A
map (choice a) is not necessary to have a
152. c. An infirmary is a place that takes care of the planned route. Travel (choice c) is usually the
infirm, sick, or injured. Without patients, there outcome of an itinerary, but not always. A
is no infirmary. Surgery (choice a) may not be guidebook (choice d) may be used to plan the
required for patients. A disease (choice b) is journey but is not essential.
not necessary because the infirmary may only 159. c. An orchestra is a large group of musicians, so
see patients with injuries. A receptionist (choice musicians are essential. Although many orches-
d) would be helpful but not essential. tras have violin sections, violins aren’t essential
153.b. A facsimile must involve an image of some sort. to an orchestra (choice a). Neither a stage
The image or facsimile need not, however, be a (choice b) nor a soloist (choice d) is necessary.
picture (choice a). A mimeograph and a copier 160.d. Knowledge is understanding gained through
machine (choices c and d) are just a two of the experience or study, so learning is the essential
ways that images may be produced, so they do element. A school (choice a) is not necessary for
not qualify as the essential element for this item. learning or knowledge to take place, nor is a
154.b. A domicile is a legal residence, so dwelling is the teacher or a textbook (choices b and c).
essential component for this item. You do not 161.d. A dimension is a measure of spatial content. A
need a tenant (choice a) in the domicile, nor do compass (choice a) and ruler (choice b) may
you need a kitchen (choice c). A house (choice help determine the dimension, but other
d) is just one form of a domicile (which could instruments may also be used, so these are not
also be a tent, hogan, van, camper, motor the essential element here. An inch (choice c) is
home, apartment, dormitory, etc.). only one way to determine a dimension.
155.d. A culture is the behavior pattern of a particu- 162. a. Sustenance is something, especially food, that
lar population, so customs are the essential sustains life or health, so nourishment is the
element. A culture may or may not be civil or essential element. Water and grains (choices b
educated (choices a and b). A culture may be an and c) are components of nourishment, but
agricultural society (choice c), but this is not the other things can be taken in as well. A menu
essential element. (choice d) may present a list of foods, but it is
156. a. A bonus is something given or paid beyond not essential to sustenance.
what is usual or expected, so reward is the 163. c. An ovation is prolonged, enthusiastic applause,
essential element. A bonus may not involve a so applause is necessary to an ovation. An out-
raise in pay or cash (choices b and c), and it may burst (choice a) may take place during an ova-
be received from someone other than an tion; “bravo” (choice b) may or may not be
employer (choice d). uttered; and an encore (choice d) would take
157. c. An antique is something that belongs to, or place after an ovation.
was made in, an earlier period. It may or may 164. a. All vertebrates have a backbone. Reptiles
not be a rarity (choice a), and it does not have (choice b) are vertebrates, but so are many
to be an artifact, an object produced or shaped other animals. Mammals (choice c) are verte-
by human craft (choice b). An antique is old brates, but so are birds and reptiles. All verte-
but does not have to be prehistoric (choice d). brates (choice d) are animals, but not all
animals are vertebrates.

109

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165.b. Provisions imply the general supplies needed, 166.d. A purchase is an acquisition of something. A
so choice b is the essential element. The other purchase may be made by trade (choice a) or
choices are byproducts, but they are not with money (choice b), so those are not essen-
essential. tial elements. A bank (choice c) may or may not
be involved in a purchase.

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Set 11 (Page 21) 174. a. A cage is meant to keep something surrounded,
so enclosure is the essential element. A prisoner
167. a. A dome is a large rounded roof or ceiling, so (choice b) or an animal (choice c) are two
being rounded is essential to a dome. A geo- things that may be kept in cages, among many
desic dome (choice b) is only one type of dome. other things. A zoo (choice d) is only one place
Some, but not all domes, have copper roofs that has cages.
(choice d). Domes are often found on govern- 175.b. A directory is a listing of names or things, so
ment buildings (choice c), but domes exist in choice b is the essential element. A telephone
many other places. (choice a) often has a directory associated with
168.b. A recipe is a list of directions to make some- it, but it is not essential. A computer (choice c)
thing. Recipes may be used to prepare desserts uses a directory format to list ﬁles, but it is not
(choice a), among other things. One does not required. Names (choice d) are often listed in a
need a cookbook (choice c) to have a recipe, directory, but many other things are listed in
and utensils (choice d) may or may not be used directories, so this is not the essential element.
to make a recipe. 176. a. An agreement is necessary to have a contract. A
169.d. A hurricane cannot exist without wind. A beach contract may appear on a document (choice b),
is not essential to a hurricane (choice a). A hur- but it is not required. A contract may be oral as
ricane is a type of cyclone, which rules out well as written, so choice c is not essential. A
choice b. Not all hurricanes cause damage contract can be made without an attorney
(choice c). (choice d).
170. c. Without a signature, there is no autograph. 177.b. A saddle is something one uses to sit on an ani-
Athletes and actors (choices a and b) may sign mal, so it must have a seat (choice b). A saddle
autographs, but they are not essential. An auto- is often used on a horse (choice a), but it may
graph can be signed with something other than be used on other animals. Stirrups (choice c)
a pen (choice d). are often found on a saddle but may not be
171. a. Residents must be present in order to have a used. A horn (choice d) is found on Western
town. A town may be too small to have sky- saddles, but not English saddles, so it is not the
scrapers (choice b). A town may or may not essential element here.
have parks (choice c) and libraries (choice d), 178. a. Something cannot vibrate without creating
so they are not the essential elements. motion, so motion is essential to vibration.
172.d. A wedding results in a joining, or a marriage, so 179.b. The essential part of a cell is its nucleus. Not all
choice d is the essential element. Love (choice cells produce chlorophyll (choice a). Not all
a) usually precedes a wedding, but it is not cells are nerve cells (choice c). All living things,
essential. A wedding may take place anywhere, not just humans (choice d), have cells.
so a church (choice b) is not required. A ring 180. c. Without a ﬁrst-place win, there is no cham-
(choice c) is often used in a wedding, but it is pion, so winning is essential. There may be
not necessary. champions in running, swimming, or speaking,
173. c. A faculty consists of a group of teachers and but there are also champions in many other
cannot exist without them. The faculty may areas.
work in buildings (choice a), but the buildings
aren’t essential. They may use textbooks (choice
b) and attend meetings (choice d), but these
aren’t essential either.
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– ANSWERS –

181.d. A glacier is a large mass of ice and cannot exist
without it. A glacier can move down a moun-
tain, but it can also move across a valley or a
plain, which rules out choice a. Glaciers exist in
all seasons, which rules out choice b. There are
many glaciers in the world today, which rules
out choice c.

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– ANSWERS –

Set 12 (Page 23) 188.b. An actor performs in a play. A musician per-
forms at a concert. Choices a, c, and d are incor-
182.b. Coffee goes into a cup and soup goes into a rect because none is people who perform.
bowl. Choices a and c are incorrect because 189. a. Careful and cautious are synonyms (they mean
they are other utensils. The answer is not choice the same thing). Boastful and arrogant are also
d because the word food is too general. synonyms. The answer is not choice b because
183.d. A gym is a place where people exercise. A humble means the opposite of boastful. The
restaurant is a place where people eat. Food answer is not choice c or d because neither
(choice a) is not the answer because it is some- means the same as boastful.
thing people eat, not a place or location where 190.d. A group of lions is called a pride. A group of
they eat. The answer is not choice b or c because fish swim in a school. Teacher (choice a) and
neither represents a place where people eat. student (choice b) refer to another meaning of
184. c. An oar puts a rowboat into motion. A foot puts the word school. The answer is not choice c
a skateboard into motion. The answer is not because self-respect has no obvious relationship
choice a because running is not an object that to this particular meaning of school.
is put into motion by a foot. Sneaker (choice b) 191. a. Guide and direct are synonyms, and reduce
is incorrect because it is something worn on a and decrease are synonyms. The answer is not
foot. Jumping (choice d) is incorrect because choice b or d because neither means the same
although you do need feet to jump, jumping is as reduce. Choice c is incorrect because increase
not an object that is put into motion by means is the opposite of reduce.
of a foot. 192.b. A yard is a larger measure than an inch (a yard
185.d. A window is made up of panes, and a book is contains 36 inches). A quart is a larger measure
made up of pages. The answer is not choice a than an ounce (a quart contains 32 ounces).
because a novel is a type of book. The answer is Gallon (choice a) is incorrect because it is larger
not choice b because glass has no relationship than a quart. Choices c and d are incorrect
to a book. Choice c is incorrect because a cover because they are not units of measurement.
is only one part of a book; a book is not made 193. c. A lizard is a type of reptile; a daisy is a type of
up of covers. flower. Choices a and b are incorrect because a
186. c. Secretly is the opposite of openly, and silently is petal and a stem are parts of a flower, not types
the opposite of noisily. Choices a and b are of flowers. Choice d is incorrect because an
clearly not the opposites of silently. Choice d alligator is another type of reptile, not a type of
means the same thing as silently. flower.
187.b. An artist makes paintings; a senator makes laws. 194.b. Elated is the opposite of despondent; enlight-
The answer is not choice a because an attorney ened is the opposite of ignorant.
does not make laws and a senator is not an 195.d. A marathon is a long race and hibernation is a
attorney. Choice c is incorrect because a sena- lengthy period of sleep. The answer is not
tor is a politician. Constituents (choice d) is choice a or b because even though a bear and
also incorrect because a senator serves his or her winter are related to hibernation, neither com-
constituents. pletes the analogy. Choice c is incorrect because
sleep and dream are not synonymous.

113

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196. a. If someone has been humiliated, they have been 199. c. A sponge is a porous material. Rubber is an
greatly embarrassed. If someone is terriﬁed, elastic material. Choice a is incorrect because
they are extremely frightened. The answer is rubber would not generally be referred to as
not choice b because an agitated person is not massive. The answer is not choice b because
necessarily frightened. Choices c and d are even though rubber is a solid, its most notice-
incorrect because neither word expresses a state able characteristic is its elasticity. Choice d is
of being frightened. incorrect because rubber has ﬂexibility.
197.d. An odometer is an instrument used to measure 200.d. Candid and indirect refer to opposing traits.
mileage. A compass is an instrument used to Honest and untruthful refer to opposing traits.
determine direction. Choices a, b, and c are The answer is not choice a because frank means
incorrect because none is an instrument. the same thing as candid. Wicked (choice b) is
198. a. An optimist is a person whose outlook is cheer- incorrect because even though it refers to a
ful. A pessimist is a person whose outlook is negative trait, it does not mean the opposite of
gloomy. The answer is not choice b because a honest. Choice c is incorrect because truthful
pessimist does not have to be mean. Choices c and honest mean the same thing.
and d are incorrect because neither adjective 201.d. A pen is a tool used by a poet. A needle is a tool
describes the outlook of a pessimist. used by a tailor. The answer is not choice a, b,
or c because none is a person and therefore
cannot complete the analogy.

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– ANSWERS –

Set 13 (Page 25) 212. c. A trapeze performer is to a clown as swings are
to a sliding board. This relationship shows a
202.d. A can of paint is to a paintbrush as a spool of classification. Trapeze performers and clowns
thread is to a sewing needle. This is a relation- are found at circuses; swings and sliding boards
ship of function. Both show the tool needed to are found on playgrounds.
perform a task. 213. c. Camera is to photograph as teakettle is to a cup
203. a. Grapes are to a pear as cheese is to butter. This of tea. The camera is used to make the photo;
relationship shows the grouping or category to the teakettle is used to make the tea.
which something belongs. Grapes and pears 214.b. Hat and mittens are to desert as snorkel and
are fruit; cheese and butter are both dairy flippers are to snow. This relationship shows an
products. opposition. The hat and mittens are NOT worn
204.d. An oar is to a canoe as a steering wheel is to a in the desert; the snorkel and flippers are NOT
car. This is a functional relationship. The oar worn in the snow.
helps steer the canoe in the way that the steer- 215.d. Car is to horse and buggy as computer is to
ing wheel steers the car. pen and ink. This relationship shows the dif-
205. a. Cup is to bowl as vacuum cleaner is to broom. ference between modern times and times past.
This is another relationship about function. 216. c. Leather boots are to cow as pearl necklace is to
The cup and bowl are both used for eating. oyster. The leather to make the boots comes
The vacuum cleaner and broom are both used from a cow; the pearls to make the necklace
for cleaning. come from oysters.
206.d. Sheep are to sweater as pine trees are to log 217.b. A toddler is to an adult as a caterpillar is to a
cabin. Wool comes from the sheep to make a butterfly. This relationship shows the young
sweater; wood comes from the trees to make the and the adult. The caterpillar is an early stage of
log cabin. the adult butterfly.
207. a. Hand is to ring as head is to cap. A ring is worn 218.b. Towel is to bathtub as chest of drawers is to
on a person’s hand; a cap is worn on a person’s bed. The towel and bathtub are both found in
head. a bathroom; the chest and the bed are both
208. b. A palm tree is to a pine tree as a bathing suit is to found in a bedroom.
a parka. This relationship shows an opposite— 219. a. A snow-capped mountain is to a crocodile as a
warm to cold. Palm trees grow in warm cactus is to a starfish. This relationship shows
climates and pine trees grow in cold climates. an opposition. The crocodile does NOT belong
Bathing suits are worn in warm weather; on the mountain; the starfish does NOT belong
parkas are worn in cold weather. in the desert.
209.d. Batteries are to a flashlight as telephone wires 220. c. A shirt is to a button as a belt is to a belt buckle.
are to a telephone. The batteries provide power A button is used to close a shirt; a belt buckle is
to the flashlight; the wires send power to the used to close a belt.
telephone. 221. c. A penny is to a dollar as a small house is to a
210.d. A fish is to a dragonfly as a chicken is to corn. skyscraper. This relationship shows smaller to
Fish eat insects; chickens eat corn. larger. A penny is much smaller than a dollar;
211. a. A telephone is to a stamped letter as an air- a house is much smaller than a skyscraper.
plane is to a bus. A telephone and letter are
both forms of communication. An airplane
and bus are both forms of transportation.
115

– ANSWERS –

Set 14 (Page 31) 232.b. Closet is to shirt as kitchen cabinets are to cans
of food. The shirt is stored in the closet; the
222.b. Guitar is to horn as hammer is to saw. This food is stored in the cabinets.
relationship is about grouping. The guitar and 233. a. Pyramid is to triangle as cube is to square. This
horn are musical instruments. The hammer relationship shows dimension. The triangle
and saw are carpentry tools. shows one dimension of the pyramid; the
223.d. Tree is to leaf as bird is to feather. This rela- square is one dimension of the cube.
tionship shows part to whole. The leaf is a part 234. c. Toothbrush is to toothpaste as butter knife is to
of the tree; the feather is a part of the bird. butter. This relationship shows function. The
224. c. House is to tent as truck is to wagon. The house toothbrush is used to apply the toothpaste to
is a more sophisticated form of shelter than the teeth; the knife is used to apply butter to bread.
tent; the truck is a more sophisticated mode of 235. c. Fly is to ant as snake is to lizard. The fly and ant
transportation than the wagon. are both insects; the snake and lizard are both
225. c. Scissors is to knife as pitcher is to watering can. reptiles.
This relationship is about function. The scissors 236. a. Sail is to sailboat as pedal is to bicycle. The sail
and knife are both used for cutting. The pitcher makes the sailboat move; the pedal makes the
and watering can are both used for watering. bicycle move.
226.b. A T-shirt is to a pair of shoes as a chest of draw- 237.d. Hose is to firefighter as needle is to nurse. This
ers is to a couch. The relationship shows to relationship shows the tools of the trade. A
which group something belongs. The T-shirt hose is a tool used by a firefighter; a needle is a
and shoes are both articles of clothing; the chest tool used by a nurse.
and couch are both pieces of furniture. 238. c. A U.S. flag is to a fireworks display as a Hal-
227.d. A bookshelf is to a book as a refrigerator is to a loween mask is to a pumpkin. This relationship
carton of milk. The book is placed on a book- shows symbols. The flag and fireworks are sym-
shelf; the milk is placed in a refrigerator. bols of the Fourth of July. The mask and pump-
228.d. A squirrel is to an acorn as a bird is to a worm. kin are symbols of Halloween.
A squirrel eats acorns; a bird eats worms. 239.d. Newspaper is to book as trumpet is to banjo.
229.b. An eye is to a pair of binoculars as a mouth is The newspaper and book are to read; the trum-
to a microphone. This relationship shows mag- pet and banjo are musical instruments to play.
nification. The binoculars help one see farther. 240.b. Dishes are to kitchen sink as car is to hose.
The microphone helps one speak louder. Dishes are cleaned in the sink; the car is cleaned
230. a. Knitting needles are to sweater as a computer is with the hose.
to a report. This relationship shows the tool 241. a. The United States is to the world as a brick is to
needed to make a product. The knitting needles a brick house. This relationship shows part to
are used to create the sweater; the computer is whole. The United States is one part of the
used to write a report. world; the brick is one part of the house.
231.b. Bread is to knife as log is to ax. This relationship
shows function. The knife cuts the bread; the ax
chops the log.

116

– ANSWERS –

Set 15 (Page 37) 250.d. Above the line, the relationship shows a pro-
gression of sources of light. The relationship
242.b. The three above the line are all insects. The below the line shows a progression of types of
hamster and squirrel are rodents, so the correct housing, from smallest to largest. Choice a is
choice is b because the mouse is also a rodent. incorrect because a tent is smaller than a house.
The other three choices are not rodents. Choices b and c are wrong because they are
243. a. In the relationship above the line, the saw and not part of the progression.
the nails are tools a carpenter uses. In the rela- 251. a. The relationship above the line is as follows;
tionship below the line, the stethoscope and apples are a kind of fruit; fruit is sold in a super-
thermometer are tools a pediatrician uses. market. Below the line, the relationship is: a
244. c. A table made of wood could come from an oak novel is a kind of book; books are sold in a
tree. A shirt made of cloth could come from a bookstore.
cotton plant. Choice a looks like a reasonable 252.d. The tadpole is a young frog; frogs are amphib-
answer if you apply the same sentence: “A shirt ians. The lamb is a young sheep; sheep are
made of cloth could come from sewing.” But mammals. Animal (choice a) is incorrect
this is not the same relationship as the one because it is too large a grouping: Animals
above the line. The oak and the cotton are both include insects, birds, mammals, reptiles, and
materials used to make the table and the shirt. amphibians. Choices b and c are incorrect
245.d. The words above the line show a continuum: because they are not part of the progression.
Command is more extreme than rule, and dic- 253.b. Walk, skip, and run represent a continuum of
tate is more extreme than command. Below the movement: Skipping is faster than walking;
line, the continuum is as follows: Sleep is more running is faster than skipping. Below the line,
than doze, and hibernate is more than sleep. the continuum is about throwing: Pitch is faster
The other choices are not related in the than toss; hurl is faster than pitch.
same way. 254. c. The honeybee, angel, and bat all have wings;
246. a. A banquet and a feast are both large meals; a they are capable of flying. The kangaroo, rabbit,
palace and a mansion are both large places of and grasshopper are all capable of hopping.
shelter. 255. a. Above the line, the relationship is as follows: A
247.b. A fence and a wall mark a boundary. A path and daisy is a type of flower, and a flower is a type
an alley mark a passageway. of plant. Below the line, the relationship is as
248. c. The objects above the line are all things used by follows: A bungalow is a type of house, and a
an artist. The objects below the line are all house is a type of building.
things used by a teacher.
249.b. The relationship above the line is that snow on
a mountain creates conditions for skiing. Below
the line, the relationship is that warmth at a lake
creates conditions for swimming.

117

– ANSWERS –

Set 16 (Page 39) 266. e. A binding surrounds a book; a frame surrounds
a picture.
256.b. A petal is a part of a flower; a tire is a part of a 267.b. One explores to discover; one researches to
bicycle. learn.
257.d. A bristle is a part of a brush; a key is a part of a 268. c. Upon harvesting, cotton is gathered into bales;
piano. grain is gathered into shocks.
258. a. A group of fish is a school; a group of wolves is 269. a. Division and section are synonyms; layer and
a pack. tier are synonyms.
259. a. An odometer measures distance; a scale meas- 270. a. Pastoral describes rural areas; metropolitan
ures weight. describes urban areas.
260.d. Siamese is a kind of cat; romaine is a kind of 271.d. A waitress works in a restaurant; a teacher
lettuce. works in a school.
261. e. A pedal propels a bicycle; an oar propels a 272. c. A finch is a type of bird; a Dalmatian is a type
canoe. of dog.
262. c. Pulsate and throb are synonyms, as are exam- 273. e. To drizzle is to rain slowly; to jog is to run
ine and scrutinize. slowly.
263. c. An elephant is a pachyderm; a kangaroo is a 274. c. A skein is a quantity of yarn; a ream is a quan-
marsupial. tity of paper.
264. e. Depressed is an intensification of sad; ex- 275.b. To tailor a suit is to alter it; to edit a manuscript
hausted is an intensification of tired. is to alter it.
265. a. A psychologist treats a neurosis; an ophthal-
mologist treats a cataract.

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– ANSWERS –

Set 17 (Page 41) 286. a. The deltoid is a muscle; the radius is a bone.
287.d. Umbrage and offense are synonyms; elation
276.d. A conductor leads an orchestra; a skipper leads and jubilance are synonyms.
a crew. 288.b. Being erudite is a trait of a professor; being
277. a. Jaundice is an indication of a liver problem; imaginative is a trait of an inventor.
rash is an indication of a skin problem. 289.d. Dependable and capricious are antonyms;
278.b. A cobbler makes and repairs shoes; a contrac- capable and inept are antonyms.
tor builds and repairs buildings. 290. a. A palm (tree) has fronds; a porcupine has quills.
279. e. To be phobic is to be extremely fearful; to be asi- 291. e. A metaphor is a symbol; an analogy is a
nine is to be extremely silly. comparison.
280. c. Obsession is a greater degree of interest; fantasy 292.d. A dirge is a song used at a funeral; a jingle is a
is a greater degree of dream. song used in a commercial.
281.d. Devotion is characteristic of a monk; wander- 293. e. Feral and tame are antonyms; ephemeral and
lust is characteristic of a rover. immortal are antonyms.
282. e. Slapstick results in laughter; horror results in 294. a. A spy acts in a clandestine manner; an account-
fear. ant acts in a meticulous manner.
283.b. Verve and enthusiasm are synonyms; devotion 295. c. Hegemony means dominance; autonomy
and reverence are synonyms. means independence.
284. c. A cacophony is an unpleasant sound; a stench 296. e. An aerie is where an eagle lives; a house is where
is an unpleasant smell. a person lives.
285. a. A conviction results in incarceration; a reduc-
tion results in diminution.

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Set 18 (Page 42) 303. a. Myn means saddle; cabel means horse; cono
means trail; and wir means ride. Therefore,
297. a. Grana means big; melke means tree; pini means cabelwir is the correct answer.
little; hoon means house. Therefore, granahoon 304. c. In this language, the adjective follows the noun.
means big house. From godabim and romzbim, you can deter-
298.b. Leli means yellow; broon means hat; pleka mine that bim means kidney. From romzbim
means flower; froti means garden; mix means and romzbako, you can determine that romz
salad. Therefore, lelipleka means yellow flower. means beans. Therefore, bako means wax.
299.d. From wilkospadi, you can determine that wilko Because the adjective wax must come after the
means bicicyle and spadi means race. Therefore, noun in this language, wasibako is the only
the first part of the word that means racecar choice.
should begin with spadi. That limits your 305.b. Tam means sky; ceno means blue; rax means
choices to b and d. Choice b, spadiwilko, is cheese; apl means star; and mitl means bright.
incorrect because we have already determined So, mitltam means bright sky.
that wilko means bicycle. Therefore, the answer 306.d. Gorbl means fan; flur means belt; pixn means
must be choice d, spadivolo. ceiling; arth means tile; and tusl means roof.
300. a. Dafta means advise; foni is the same as the Therefore, pixnarth is the correct choice.
suffix –ment; imo is the same as the prefix 307.d. Hapl means cloud; lesh means burst; srench
mis–; lokti means conduct. Since the only means pin; och means ball; and resbo means
word in the answer choices that hasn’t been nine. Leshsrench (choice a) doesn’t contain any
defined is krata, it is reasonable to assume of the words needed for cloud nine. We know
that krata means state. Therefore, kratafoni is that och means ball, so that rules out choices b
the only choice that could mean statement. and c. When you combine hapl (cloud) with
301. c. In this language, the adjective follows the noun. resbo (nine), you get the correct answer.
From dionot and blyonot, you can determine 308.d. Migen means cup; lasan means board; poen
that onot means oak. From blyonot and blycrin, means walk; cuop means pull; and dansa means
you can determine that bly means leaf. There- man. The only possible choices, then, are
fore, crin means maple. Because the adjective choices a and d. Choice a can be ruled out
maple comes after the noun, patricrin is the because migen means cup.
only possible choice.
302. c. In this language, the noun appears first and the
adjectives follow. Since agnos means spider and
should appear first, choices a and d can be ruled
out. Choice b can be ruled out because delano
means snake.

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– ANSWERS –

Set 19 (Page 46) 315. a. Jalka means happy; mofti means birthday; hoze
means party; mento means good; and gunn
309. c. Morpir means bird; quat means house; beel means the suffix –ness. We know the answer
means blue; clak means bell. Choice c, which must include the suffix –ness. The only choice
begins with quat, is the only possible option. that uses that suffix is choice a.
310.b. According to this language, slar means jump. 316.d. Mallon means blue; piml means light; tifl means
The suffix –ing is represented by –y. Since berry; and arpan means “rasp” in raspberry.
choice b is the only one that ends in the letter The word piml, which means light, is required
y, this is the only possible option. for the word lighthouse. That rules out choices
311.b. Brift means the root word mili–; the suffix a and c. Arpan in choice b means “rasp,” so that
amint means the same as the English suffix rules out choice b. That leaves choice d the only
–tant; the root word ufton– means occupy; el possible answer.
means the suffix –ied of occupied; and alene 317. a. Gemo means fair; linea means warning; geri
means the suffix –tion. (Because ufton means means report; mitu means card; and gila means
occupy, choices a, c, and d can be easily weather. Thus, gemogila is the correct choice.
ruled out.) 318.d. Apta means first; ose means base; epta means
312. a. Krekin means work; blaf means force; drita second; larta means ball; and buk means park.
means ground; and alti means place. Drita Thus, oselarta means baseball.
means ground, so that rules out choices b and 319. c. In this language, the root word taga, which
d. Choice c isn’t correct because blaf means means care, follows the affix (relf, o–, or fer–).
force. That leaves choice a as the only possible Therefore, in the word aftercare, the root word
answer. and the affix would be reversed in the artificial
313.d. Pleka means fruit; paki means cake; shillen language. The only choice, then, is tagazen,
means walk; treft means butter; and alan means because tagafer would mean less care.
cup. Therefore, alanpaki means cupcake. 320. a. Malga means peach; uper means cobbler; port
314.b. Pesl means basketball; ligen means court; strisi means juice; mogga means apple; and grop
means room; olta means placement; and ganti means jelly. Therefore, moggaport means apple
means test. Because strisi means room, it must juice.
be present in the answer, so that rules out
choice c. Choices a and d are incorrect because
pesl means basketball and olta means place-
ment. That leaves choice b as the only possible
answer.

121

– ANSWERS –

Set 20 (Page 48) 328.b. After getting some good news, Jeremy and a
few friends casually get together for a drink
321.b. Valerie signed a legally binding document that after work, thereby having an informal gather-
requires her to pay a monthly rent for her apart- ing. Choices a and c describe more formal types
ment and she has failed to do this for the last of gatherings. Choice d describes a chance or
three months. Therefore, she has violated her coincidental kind of meeting.
apartment lease. 329. a. The fact that Jared is in scoring position due to
322. a. Jake damaged Leslie’s camera while it was in his his blooper indicates that he has hit the ball
possession and he has agreed to compensate and is now a base runner; therefore, he has
Leslie for the cost of the repair. legally completed his time at bat. Choices b
323.d. This is the only situation in which someone and c both describe situations in which a strike
makes an assumption that is not based on con- is called, but they do not state that the batter has
clusive evidence. Choices a and c reflect situa- been put out or that he is now a base runner.
tions in which assumptions are made based on Choice d describes a situation in which the bat-
evidence. In choice b, Mary is not assuming ter, Mario, is still at the plate waiting for the
anything to be true. She is simply wishing that next pitch.
she’d made a different decision. 330. c. Although choices a and c both describe sus-
324.d. Choices a, b, and c do not describe situations pensions, only choice c describes a suspension
in which a product is guaranteed. Only choice that is the result of one of the two scenarios
d reflects a situation in which a seller attests to given in the definition of a five-day suspension
the quality of a product by giving the buyer a (physical assault or destructing or defacing
promise or assurance about its quality. school property). Therefore, we can assume
325. c. Malcolm is the only person returning to a social that Franny’s suspension, which is the result of
system that he has been away from for an spray painting school property, will be a five-
extended period of time. day suspension. Since the definition doesn’t
326.b. The realtor is using a clear exaggeration when provide any information about suspensions for
she states that a house which is eleven blocks cheating, we can assume that Lillian’s suspen-
away from the ocean is prime waterfront sion does not fall into the five-day suspension
property. category.
327. c. Although the ski instructors at Top of the Peak 331.d. This is the only choice that indicates that an
Ski School do work seasonally, choice a does additional period of play is taking place to
not describe anyone applying for seasonal determine the winner of a game that ended in
employment. In choice b, the statement that a tie.
Matthew likes to work outdoors tells us noth- 332.b. Simone’s mother has taken legal steps to allow
ing about seasonal employment or someone another person to act on her behalf. Therefore,
applying for it. And although choice d describes this is the only choice that indicates that a
a business with seasonal hours, it does not power of attorney has been established.
describe a person applying for seasonal work. 333.d. Jeffrey’s recent behavior is clearly inconsistent
Choice c, on the other hand, very specifically and irregular.
depicts a person, Lucinda, who is applying for
a job as a summer waitress at a beach resort,
which is dependent upon a particular season of
the year.
122

– ANSWERS –

334. a. Although choice d also mentions a writer who
has died, it does not state that one of the writer’s
books was published after her death, only that
she received an award. Choice a states that
Richard wasn’t around to see the early reviews
of his novel, therefore implying that Richard
died before the book was published. The other
two options depict living writers.

123

– ANSWERS –

Set 21 (Page 52) to be around. This is the only option that meets
both of Mark’s requirements.
335.b. Seeing four girls surrounding another girl, 340. c. This is the only option that would encourage
while in possession of her backpack, is the most people to think of the bakery as a shop they
suspicious of the incidents described. would visit regularly and not just on special
336.b. The situation described indicates that Dr. occasions.
Miller’s practice presents some specific chal- 341. a. The four women seem to agree that the plate
lenges, namely that it is a busy environment starts out with the letter J. Three of them agree
with a child clientele. There is also some indi- that the plate ends with 12L. Three of them
cation that even highly recommended, experi- think that the second letter is X, and a different
enced hygienists might not be cut out for Dr. three think that the third letter is K. The plate
Miller’s office. There is nothing to suggest that description that has all of these common ele-
Marilyn (choice a) or James (choice c) would be ments is a.
a good fit for Dr. Miller’s practice. Kathy (choice 342. a. All of the men agree that the first three numbers
d) has experience and she is also interested in are 995. Three of them agree that the fourth
working with children. However, the fact that number is 9. Three agree that the fifth number
she hopes to become a preschool teacher in the is 2. Three agree that the sixth number is 6;
not-too-distant future indicates that she might three others agree that the seventh number is
not be the kind of committed, long-term also 6. Choice a is the best choice because it is
employee that Dr. Miller needs. Lindy (choice made up of the numbers that most of the men
b), with her hands-on experience working with agree they saw.
children as well as a degree from a prestigious 343.d. Step 4 clearly states that the human resources
dental hygiene program, is the most attractive representative should issue the new employee a
candidate for the position based on the situa- temporary identification card.
tion described. 344. c. Step 2 of the guidelines states that the realtor
337. c. The Treehouse Collection is the only package should get background information about the
that can thrive in shady locations. Choice a client’s current living circumstances. Ms. Russo
requires a Northeastern climate. Choices b and failed to do this.
d require bright sunlight. 345.b. Actresses #2 and #3 possess most of the
338.d. Since Eileen’s husband does not enjoy fancy required traits. They both have red hair and
restaurants, choices a and c can be ruled out. brown eyes, are average-sized, and are in their
Choice b, although casual, doesn’t sound as forties. Actress #1 is very tall and is only in her
though it would be the kind of special and mid-twenties. She also has an olive complexion.
memorable evening that Eileen is looking for. Actress #4 is of very slight build and is in her
Choice d, which is owned by a former baseball early thirties. She also has blue eyes.
star and is described as “charming” and “rem- 346. c. The solicitor described as #2 has a shaved head
iniscent of a baseball clubhouse,” sounds perfect and is much taller and heavier than the solici-
for Eileen’s husband, who is described as a base- tors described as #1 and #3. Therefore, choices
ball fan and a man with simple tastes. a and d, which include #2, can be ruled out.
339.b. This option is both near the center of town and Solicitors #1, #3, and #4 have such similar
in a location (near a school and an ice cream descriptions that the correct answer is clearly
store) where children and their parents are sure choice c.

124

– ANSWERS –

Set 22 (Page 57) 352.d. The first sentence makes this statement true.
There is no support for choice a. The passage
347. c. Since Erin’s parents think a dog would not be tells us that the spa vacation is more expensive
happy in an apartment, we can reasonably con- than the island beach resort vacation, but that
clude that the family lives in an apartment. We doesn’t necessarily mean that the spa is over-
do not know if Erin’s parents dislike dogs priced; therefore, choice b cannot be supported.
(choice a) or if Erin dislikes birds (choice b). And even though the paragraph says that the
There is no support for choice d. couple was relieved to find a room on short
348.d. It is reasonable to conclude that Mike likes notice, there is no information to support
singing and dancing because he looks forward choice c, which says that it is usually necessary
to doing these things at music camp. There is to book at the spa at least six months in
no information that supports any of the other advance.
three choices. 353.b. Since the seahorse populations have declined as
349. c. Given the information presented, the only a result of fishing, their populations will
statement that could be considered true is that increase if seahorse fishing is banned. There is
the fruit should not be eaten because it is poi- no support for any of the other choices.
sonous. There is no support that taxol is poi- 354. a. The fact that Vincent and Thomas live on the
sonous or that taxol has cured anyone (choices same street indicates that they live in the same
a and b). There is no support for choice d. neighborhood. There is no support for any of
350. a. Because Mr. Sanchez spends many hours dur- the other choices.
ing the weekend working in his vegetable gar- 355.d. If Georgia is older than Marsha and Bart is
den, it is reasonable to suggest that he enjoys older than Georgia, then Marsha has to be the
this work. There is no information to suggest youngest of the three. Choice b is clearly wrong
that he does not like classical music. Although because Bart is the oldest. There is no infor-
Mrs. Sanchez likes to cook, there is nothing mation in the paragraph to support either
that indicates she cooks vegetables (choice c). choice a or choice c.
Mrs. Sanchez likes to read, but there is no infor- 356. c. If there were seven shows left and five were
mation regarding the types of books she reads sitcoms, this means that only two of the shows
(choice d). could possibly be dramas. Choices a and b may
351.b. The passage tells us that Tim’s commute didn't be true, but there is no evidence to indicate
bother him because he was always able to sit this as fact. The fact that all of the sitcoms
down and comfortably read or do paperwork. remained does not necessarily mean that view-
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that Tim’s ers prefer sitcoms (choice d).
commute has become less comfortable since 357. c. Since the paragraph states that Marlee is the
the schedule change, because it is very crowded younger cousin, Sara must be older than
and he can no longer find a seat. There is no Marlee. There is no information to support the
information given that supports choices a, c, other choices.
and d.

125

– ANSWERS –

Set 23 (Page 60) 364. a. According to the first two statements, Fido
weighs the most and Boomer weighs the least.
358.b. Because the first two statements are true, Eric is 365. c. Although all of the trees in the park are flow-
the youngest of the three, so the third statement ering trees, it cannot be determined by the
must be false. information given whether all dogwoods are
359. c. Because the first two sentences are true, both flowering trees.
Josh and Darren saw more movies than 366. a. Since the Gaslight Commons costs more than
Stephen. However, it is uncertain as to whether the Riverdale Manor and the Livingston Gate
Darren saw more movies than Josh. costs more than the Gaslight Commons, it is
360. c. The first two statements give information true that the Livingston Gate costs the most.
about Zoe’s tulips and pansies. Information 367. a. From the first two statements, you know that
about any other kinds of flowers cannot be the Kingston Mall has the most stores, so the
determined. Kingston Mall would have more stores than
361. a. Because the first two statements are true, rasp- the Four Corners Mall.
berries are the most expensive of the three. 368.b. We know from the first two statements that
362. a. If no wall-to-wall carpeting is pink and all the Lily runs fastest. Therefore, the third statement
offices have wall-to-wall carpeting, none of the must be false.
offices has pink wall-to-wall carpeting.
363.b. From the first two statements, we know that of
the three classes, Class A has the highest enroll-
ment, so the third statement must be false.

126

– ANSWERS –

Set 24 (Page 62) 374.b. Because the first two statements are true,
Rebecca’s house is also northeast of the Shop
369. a. From the first statement, we know that bran and Save Grocery, which means that the third
cereal has more fiber than both oat cereal and statement is false.
corn cereal. From the second statement, we 375. a. Joe is younger than Kathy and older than Mark,
know that rice cereal has less fiber than both so Mark must be younger than Kathy.
corn and wheat cereals. Therefore, rice cereal 376. c. We know only that long-tailed Gangles have
has the least amount of fiber. spots. We cannot know for certain if long-tailed
370. c. We only know that Jasmine weighs more than Gangles also have short hair.
Jason. There is no way to tell whether Jasmine 377. c. The first two statements indicate that Battery
also weighs more than Jenna. Y lasts the least amount of time, but it cannot
371. c. We know from the first two statements that be determined if Battery Z lasts longer than
Tuesday had the highest temperature, but we Battery X.
cannot know whether Monday’s temperature 378.b. Given the information in the first two state-
was higher than Tuesday’s. ments, Bryant is sitting in front of both Jerome
372.b. Spot is bigger than King, and Ralph is bigger and Martina, so the third statement must be
than Spot. Therefore, King must be smaller false.
than Ralph. 379.b. Because the first two statements are true, Pen-
373. a. There are fewer oranges than either apples or field is west of Centerville and southwest of
lemons, so the statement is true. Middletown. Therefore, the third statement is
false.

127

– ANSWERS –

Set 25 (Page 64) 385.b. The ﬁrst two statements indicate there are more
yellow jelly beans than red and green.
380. c. Both the car and the train are quicker than the 386. c. Cloudy days are the most windy, but there is
bus, but there is no way to make a comparison not enough information to compare the wind
between the train and the car. on the foggy days with the wind on the sunny
381. a. We know that there are Signots with buttons, or days.
Lamels, and that there are yellow Signots, which 387. a. Of the three, the drugstore has the best selection
have no buttons. Therefore, Lamels do not have of postcards.
buttons and cannot be yellow. 388.b. This is the order of the cars from left to right:
382. a. The market is one block west of the hotel. The minivan, pickup, sedan, sport utility vehicle.
drugstore is two blocks west of the hotel, so 389. a. To the extent that a toothpick is useful, it has
the drugstore is west of the market. value.
383. c. There is not enough information to verify the
third statement.
384.b. Rulers are the most expensive item.

128

– ANSWERS –

Set 26 (Page 66) 396. a. Since Maui is an island and islands are sur-
rounded by water, Maui must be surrounded by
390. a. Since one-half of the four children are girls, water. There is not enough information to sup-
two must be boys. It is not clear which children port statements II and III.
have blue or brown eyes. 397. c. If all drink mixes are beverages and some bev-
391.d. All baseball caps have brims, since baseball caps erages are red, then some drink mixes are red
are hats (Fact 3) and all hats have brims (statement I). Since all beverages are drinkable
(Fact 1). This rules out statement III—but it and all drink mixes are beverages, then all red
doesn’t follow that all caps, a category that may drink mixes must be drinkable (statement III).
include caps that are not baseball caps, have Statement II can be ruled out.
brims (statement I). Statement II cannot be 398.d. There is no information in the facts to support
conﬁrmed, either, since it is possible, given the statements I or II. Statement III is clearly wrong
information, that all baseball caps are black. because, according to Fact 1, no frames cost
392.b. The ﬁrst statement cannot be true because only less than $35.
female birds lay eggs. Statement II is true 399.b. Since some pens don’t write, some writing
because hens are chickens and chickens are utensils don’t write (statement I). Since there
birds. Statement III is also true because if only are blue pens and since pens are writing uten-
some chickens are hens, then some must not sils, some writing utensils are blue (statement
be hens. II). There is not enough information to support
393.d. None of the three statements is supported by statement III.
the known facts. 400. c. If Mary always tells the truth, then both Ann
394. c. Statements I and II are not supported by the and Mary have cats (statements I and II), and
facts. Statement III is true because if all story- Ann is lying (statement III).
books have pictures and only some have words, 401.b. Statement II is the only true statement. Since all
then some storybooks have both words and dogs like to run, then the ones who like to swim
pictures. also like to run. There is no support for state-
395. d. There is not enough information to support any ment I or statement III.
of the statements. Robert is known to have a
minvan, but it is not known which of his vehi-
cles is red. Robert may have a pickup or sport
utility vehicle, so the second statement cannot
be supported. There is no way to know if
Robert’s favorite color is red (statement III).

129

– ANSWERS –

Set 27 (Page 69) 408.b. Tall, thin, and middle-aged are the elements of
the description repeated most often and are
402.d. After all the switches were made, Max is directly therefore the most likely to be accurate.
behind the dog, James is alongside the dog on 409.b. Beth won the biggest prize, described as a
the left, Ruby is alongside the dog on the right, higher medal than Jamie’s, which we’ve been
and Rachel is behind Max. told was a silver medal. Roberta and Michele
403.b. Nurse Kemp has worked more shifts in a row both won bronze medals, which are lower rank-
than Nurse Calvin; therefore, Kemp has worked ing medals than silver. Beth is also described as
more than eight shifts. The number of Kemp’s having competed more times than Roberta—
shifts plus the number of Rogers’s shifts (five) who has competed seven times. Jamie is
cannot equal fifteen or more, the number of described as having competed fewer times than
Miller’s shifts. Therefore, Kemp has worked Roberta, and Michele has competed three
nine shifts in a row (5 + 9 = 14). times. Therefore, Beth has competed more
404. c. If Randy is two months older than Greg, then times than the others and has won the biggest
Ned is three months older than Greg and one prize to date.
month older than Randy. Kent is younger than 410. c. After all the switching was done, Jenkins was
both Randy and Ned. Ned is the oldest. directly behind the receiver. Calvin and Burton
405. c. After all the switches were made, Shawn is in had fallen. Zeller remained in the rear.
front of the house. Ross is in the alley behind 411.d. Alexis is farther away than Frances, who is five
the house, Michael is on the north side, and Jed miles away, and closer than Samantha, who is
is on the south. seven miles away.
406.d. After all the switches were made, Mr. Kirk 412. a. Baxter should be assigned to study with Carter.
worked on Tuesday. Mr. Carter worked on Baxter cannot be assigned with Adam, because
Monday, Ms. Johnson on Wednesday, and Ms. they have already been together for seven class
Falk on Thursday. periods. If Baxter is assigned to work with Den-
407. a. Mr. Temple has the most seniority, but he does nis, that would leave Adam with Carter, but
not want the job. Next in line is Mr. Rhodes, Carter does not want to work with Adam.
who has more seniority than Ms. West or Ms. 413. a. If George is sitting at Henry’s left, George’s seat
Brody. is 252. The next seat to the left, then, is 251.

130

– ANSWERS –

Set 28 (Page 72) 421. e. Since Shout is doing the most business and Trek
the second most, they should remain in the
414.d. The total of the three programs (2 million + 0.5 two largest theaters. Also, the theater never
million + 3 million) is 5.5 million. That leaves shows a foreign film in the largest theater. The-
1.5 million (7 million – 5.5 million), and the aters 3 and 4 must show the movies that are
only single program needing that amount is rated G and PG, so the movies that are there
the senate office building remodeling. must stay there. The most logical choice is to
415.b. The only two programs that total 1.5 million put Mist in theater 5 and Fly in theater 6.
dollars are the harbor improvements and 422. a. “Honey” and “Sittin’ on the Dock of the Bay”
school music program. are either 3 and 4 or 4 and 3. The Rascals appear
416. a. The total cost of the school music program and on the list right after Otis Redding, who cannot
national radio is $1 million, the amount left be #3 (or he would be followed by Bobby
after the international airport and agricultural Goldsboro), so “Honey” is #3 and “Sittin’ on
subsidies are funded. the Dock of the Bay” is #4; therefore, choices c
417. c. J will only work in episodes in which M is work- and e are incorrect. The Rascals are #5 (because
ing and there are no restrictions on O’s sched- they are right after Otis Redding), and Cream
ule. However, N will not work with K, so M appears right after them, so choice d is incor-
must appear and O may appear. rect. Since Cream has song #6, it cannot be
418.d. K will not work with N, so choices c and e are “Hey Jude,” so choice b is incorrect.
incorrect. M can only work every other week, so 423.d. In the previous question, it was determined
choice a is incorrect. Since M is not working, that #3 is “Honey,” #4 is “Sittin’ on the Dock of
J will not work, so choice b is incorrect. the Bay,” #5 is “People Got to Be Free,” and #6
419.b. Only choice b contains no more than two is “Sunshine of Your Love.” Since the #1 song is
R-rated movies (Shout and Mist), at least one G not “Love Is Blue,” #1 is “Hey Jude,” and #2 is
and one PG (Fly, Abra Cadabra, and Jealousy), “Love Is Blue.”
and only one foreign film (Mist).
420. c. The first showing of Trek will be over at 10:00.
Then, the employees will need 20 minutes to
clean the theater, which is 10:20. Since the
movies always start on the quarter hour, the
second showing of Trek will be 10:30.

131

– ANSWERS –

Set 29 (Page 76) 425. e. Ulysses cannot be a doctor, because that is
Rachel. Quentin is an accountant, Thomas
Here’s a quick illustration of how to work “logic game” must be a photographer, and Sarah is a florist.
puzzles, using the situation in questions 424 and 425 as That leaves chef for Ulysses. We also know the
an example. chef must be a man, because neither of the
First, read the paragraph. Then, construct a dia- women is dressed as a spoon.
gram or table like the one below. Write down the letters 426.d. The person who ordered the vegetable burger
that represent the names of the people at the party. cannot be sitting in chairs 1 or 6, because she is
Next, add any other information that is given. You sitting between two people. She also cannot be
know that Quentin is an accountant and Sarah is a sitting in chairs 3 or 4, because those customers
florist; you know which objects represent their type of did not order sandwiches. Since she is not sit-
work. You also know that Thomas is dressed as a cam- ting in chair 2, she must be in chair 5.
era, so he must be the photographer. 427. c. The customer who ordered soup must be in
chair 3 or 4, where the non-sandwich orders go.
The other non-sandwich order is fried eggs,
Q accountant pencil
and that person is sitting next to the customer
R in chair 5 (who ordered the vegetable burger),
so the fried eggs go to chair 4 and the soup to
S florist flower
chair 3.
T photographer camera 428.b. The orders that go to chairs 3, 4, 5, and 6 are
already determined, so the ham sandwich must
U
go to chair 1 or 2. The customer who ordered
the hamburger is not sitting next to the person
Since none of the men is a doctor, Rachel must be who ordered the soup in chair 3, so the ham-
the doctor. That leaves Ulysses, who must be the chef. burger must go to chair 1 and the ham sand-
Once you’ve filled in your diagram and made the wich to chair 2.
deductions, answering the questions is the easy part. 429. a. The person who ordered potato salad cannot be
in chair 1 or 6, since he is sitting between two
people. The person who ordered fried eggs
Q accountant pencil
ordered hash browns and is sitting in chair 4.
R doctor thermometer The person who ordered potato salad is on one
S florist flower
side of chair 4, either 3 or 5. He cannot be in
chair 5 and still be next to both the hash browns
T photographer camera and the cole slaw, so he must be in chair 3,
U chef spoon which is where the soup was ordered.
430. c. If the potato salad is with the soup and the
424.b. See the table above. The thermometer cos- hash browns are with the fried eggs, then the
tume logically would be worn by the doctor. cole slaw must be with the ham sandwich, in
According to the information, none of the chairs 2, 3, and 4. The lettuce salad is with the
men is a doctor. Also, Sarah is a florist, so vegetable burger in chair 5. The onion rings
Rachel must be the doctor wearing the ther- belong to the cheeseburger in chair 6, leaving
mometer costume. the french fries for the hamburger in chair 1.

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– ANSWERS –

431. a. The vice president’s car cannot be red, because 433. e. Cheryl cannot be the secretary, since she’s the
that is the CEO’s car, which is in the first space. CEO, nor can Enid, because she drives a green
Nor can it be purple, because that is the trea- car, and the secretary drives a yellow car.
surer’s car, which is in the last space, or yellow, David’s, the purple car, is in the last space. Alice
because that is the secretary’s. The president’s is the secretary, because her car is parked next
car must be blue, because it is parked between to David’s, which is where the secretary’s car is
a red car (in the first space) and a green car, parked.
which must be the vice president’s.
432. c. The CEO drives a red car and parks in the first
space. Enid drives a green car; Bert’s car is not
in the first space; David’s is not in the first space,
but the last. Alice’s car is parked next to David’s,
so Cheryl is the CEO.

133

– ANSWERS –

Set 30 (Page 79) 439. e. The only ﬂowers unassigned are iris and daisies.
Liz is allergic to daisies, so she is getting the iris.
434.d. The Whippets cannot be in Jersey, Hudson, or 440. e. The city that got the least rain is in the desert.
Fulton, since they have beaten those teams. The New Town is in the mountains. Last Stand got
Antelopes are in Groton, so the Whippets are more rain than Olliopolis, so it cannot be the
in Ivy. city with the least rain; also, Mile City cannot be
435. e. The Panthers cannot be in Ivy or Groton, the city with the least rain. Olliopolis got 44
because the Whippets and Antelopes are there. inches of rain. Therefore, Polberg is in the
Fulton has beaten the Panthers, so they cannot desert and got 12 inches of rain.
be in Fulton. Fulton has also beaten the Kan- 441. a. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain. Last Stand got
garoos, so the only town left for the Kangaroos more rain than that, so it got 65 inches, which
is Jersey. That leaves Hudson for the Panthers. is the most.
436.b. Every team and town is matched up, except 442.b. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, Last Stand got
Fulton and the Gazelles, so the Gazelles must be 65, and Polberg got 12. New Town is in the
in Fulton. mountains, and the city in the mountains got
437. a. Kevin is allergic to daisies and iris; he’s not get- 32 inches of rain. Therefore, Mile City got 27.
ting gladioli because it’s not his housewarming. 443. c. Olliopolis got 44 inches of rain, so it is not in
The roses are going to Jenny, leaving the car- the desert or the forest. The city in the moun-
nations for Kevin. tains got 32 inches of rain; the coast 27. There-
438.d. Jenny is getting roses and Kevin is getting car- fore, Olliopolis is in a valley.
nations. Neither Liz nor Inez would be getting
a housewarming present. Michael is getting
gladioli.

134

– ANSWERS –

Set 31 (Page 81) 449. c. Dusting must be done on Tuesday, Wednes-
day, or Thursday. However, the mopping is
444.d. The moderator sits in seat #3. It cannot, then, done on Thursday, and Terry does his task on
be Gary or Jarrod or Lane, who sit next to the Wednesday. Therefore, Sally does the dusting
moderator. Heloise is not the moderator; there- on Tuesday.
fore, the moderator is Kate. 450.d. Terry does not dust, mop, do laundry, or vac-
445. a. Jarrod cannot sit in seat #3 because he is not the uum. Therefore, Terry does the sweeping on
moderator. Nor can he sit in seat #2 or #4, Wednesday.
because he does not sit next to the moderator. 451.b. Dusting is on Tuesday, sweeping is on Wednes-
Heloise cannot sit on an end, nor in seat #3 or day, mopping is on Thursday, and laundry is on
#4, so she is in seat #2, between the moderator Friday. Therefore, the vacuuming is done on
(Kate) and Jarrod, who must be in seat #1. Monday.
446. e. Jarrod sits in seat #1 and is not the moderator; 452. e. Vernon does not vacuum, dust, or sweep.
nor is he the pilot or the attorney. The attorney Randy does the vacuuming, Sally does the dust-
sits in seat #4 and cannot sit next to the explorer. ing, Terry does the sweeping—leaving laundry
Therefore, the pilot, Lane, is in seat #5, and the and mopping for Uma and Vernon. Uma does
explorer must be in seat #1, Jarrod’s seat. not do laundry; therefore, she must mop, and
447.b. Jarrod is the explorer, Lane is the pilot, Kate is Vernon does the laundry.
the moderator, and Gary is the attorney. 453.d. Uma does the mopping, which is done on
Heloise must be the writer. Thursday.
448.d. Zinnia plants tomatoes each year, so choice e is
incorrect. Each year, she plants either carrots or
cabbage, but not both. She will plant cabbage in
the second year, so she will plant carrots in the
first. She never plants carrots and peppers
together, so the ﬁrst year is tomatoes, carrots,
beans and the second is tomatoes, cabbage,
peppers.

135

– ANSWERS –

Set 32 (Page 83) 458. a. The paragraph clearly states that there are two
differing opinions with regard to the use of cal-
454.d. By stating that fitness walking does not require culators in the classroom. Although some peo-
a commute to a health club, the author stresses ple may believe that choice b is true, the
the convenience of this form of exercise. The paragraph does not indicate this. Choice c has
paragraph also states that fitness walking will no relation to the paragraph. Choice d makes
result in a good workout. Choice a is incorrect logical sense, but the paragraph says nothing
because no comparison to weight lifting is about cost. Choice e is an opinion that is not
made. Choice b may seem like a logical answer, given in the paragraph.
but the paragraph only refers to people who are 459. e. This is clearly the best answer because the para-
fitness walkers, so for others, a health club graph directly states that warm weather affects
might be a good investment. Choice c is not in consumers’ inclination to spend. It furthers
the passage. Although choice e seems logical, states that the sales of single-family homes was
the paragraph does not indicate that the wrong at an all-time high. There is no support for
shoes will produce major injuries. choice a or c. Choice b is wrong because even
455. e. This answer is implied by the statement that though there were high sales for a particular
redistribution is needed so that people in February, this does not mean that sales are not
emerging nations can have proper medical care. higher in other months. Choice d presents a
Choices a, b, and c are not mentioned in the misleading figure of 4 million. The paragraph
passage. Choice d is also incorrect—the passage states that the record of 4.75 million was at an
indicates that the distribution of medicine, not annual, not a monthly, rate.
its production, is inadequate. 460.b. The last sentence in the paragraph clearly gives
456.b. This answer is clearly stated in the first sen- support for the idea that the interest in Shake-
tence of the paragraph. There is no support in speare is due to the development of his charac-
the passage for choices a, d, or e. As for choice ters. Choice a is incorrect because the writer
c, although mediation is mentioned, the state- never makes this type of comparison. Choice c
ment does not indicate that victims should be is wrong because even though scholars are
the mediators. mentioned in the paragraph, there is no indi-
457. c. This choice is supported as the best answer cation that the scholars are compiling the
because the paragraph indicates that low-fat anthology. Choice d is wrong because there is
ice cream was once an unpopular item, but no support to show that most New Yorkers are
now, because consumers are more health con- interested in this work. There is no support for
scious and because there is a wider array of choice e either.
tasty low-fat foods, low-fat ice cream is a prof-
itable item for ice cream store owners. There is
no indication that choices a, b, d, or e are true
based on the information given.

136

– ANSWERS –

461. c. A change in employee social values over the 463. e. The support for choice e is in the third sentence
past ten years is implied in the whole para- “. . . we should make school uniforms manda-
graph, but particularly in the ﬁrst sentence. tory.” There is no evidence provided to sup-
Choice a is incorrect because the loyalty of the port choices a, b, and d. And although we know
managers to their corporations is never dis- that teachers and administrators are spending
cussed. There is no support for choice b. In some of their time enforcing dress code, the
choice d, perhaps career advancement is less paragraph does not quantify how much of their
important than it once was, but the paragraph time is spent that way, so there is no support for
does not indicate that advancement is unim- choice c.
portant to managers. Choice e is an opinion
that is not supported.
462.b. The support for choice b is given in the second
sentence of the paragraph. Generation Xers like
to work independently, which means they are
self-directed. No support is given for either
choice a or choice c. Choice d is not related to
the paragraph. Although the paragraph men-
tions that Generation Xers like to be challenged,
it does not say they like to challenge their
bosses’ attitudes; therefore, choice e can be
ruled out.

137

– ANSWERS –

Set 33 (Page 86) ing math is dangerous. Words are not men-
tioned in the passage, which rules out choice b.
464.d. This answer is implied by the whole paragraph. Choice d is a contradiction to the information
The author stresses the need to read critically by in the passage. There is no support for choice c.
performing thoughtful and careful operations 469.d. The last sentence states that new technologies
on the text. Choice a is incorrect because the are reported daily, and this implies that new
author never says that reading is dull. Choices technologies are being constantly developed.
b, c, and e are not supported by the paragraph. There is no support for choice a. With regard to
465. a. The support for this choice is in the second choice b, stone tools were first used two and a
sentence, which states that in some countries, half million years ago, but they were not nec-
toxic insecticides are still legal. Choice b is essarily in use all that time. Choice c is clearly
incorrect because even though polar regions wrong since the paragraph states when stone
are mentioned in the paragraph, there is no tools first came into use. Although some may
support for the idea that warmer regions are agree that choice e is true, the author of the
not just as affected. There is no support for paragraph does not give support for this
choice c. Choice d can be ruled out because opinion.
there is nothing to indicate that DDT and 470. a. The support for this choice is in the last sen-
toxaphene are the most toxic. Choice e is tence, which states that major public health
illogical. campaigns that increase awareness and pro-
466. a. The second and third sentence combine to give pose lifestyle changes are important in our fight
support to choice a. The statement stresses that against obesity. Choice b can be ruled out
there must be a judge’s approval (i.e., legal because although the paragraph states that obe-
authorization) before a search can be con- sity can lead to diabetes, it doesn’t tell us that it
ducted. Choices b and d are wrong because it is is the leading cause of this disease. Choices c
not enough for the police to have direct evi- and e might sound reasonable and true, but
dence or a reasonable belief—a judge must they are not supported in the paragraph. And
authorize the search for it to be legal. Choices although we are told that obesity has been con-
c and e are not mentioned in the passage. nected to asthma, this fact is not quantified in
467. e. The paragraph focuses on the idea that the jury any way, so choice d is also not supported by the
system is different from what it was in colonial information given.
times. There is no support given for choices a, 471. b. This answer is clearly supported in the second
b, and c. Choice d is incorrect because, even sentence. Nothing in the paragraph suggests
though jurors in colonial times were expected that it is a crime not to give a Miranda warning,
to investigate and ask questions, this does not so choice a is incorrect. Choice c is also wrong
necessarily mean that they were more informed because police may interrogate as long as a
than today’s jurors. warning is given. There is no support given for
468. e. This answer is clearly stated in the last sentence either choice d or e.
of the paragraph. Choice a can be ruled out
because there is no support to show that study-

138

– ANSWERS –

472. c. The last sentence gives direct support for this 473.b. The second sentence points out that people
response. Although children might be better should examine what they want from a ﬁtness
protected from the sun than adults, the para- routine before signing up for a new exercise
graph does not speciﬁcally cite statistics about class. There is no evidence to support choice a.
children, so we can’t know for sure, ruling out Choice c might sound reasonable due to the fact
choice a. There is no evidence provided in the that the paragraph tells us that yoga has become
paragraph to support choices b and d. Choice very popular, but this statement is not sup-
e is incorrect since the last sentence tells us that ported by the information provided in the
warnings about the sun’s dangers are frequent. paragraph. Choices d and e are also not sup-
ported since the paragraph doesn’t tell us
whether yoga is good for both body and mind
or what people think about it.

139

– ANSWERS –

Set 34 (Page 90) 479. c. The fact that the Pyramid scheme is set up by
a con artist suggests that the honest people who
474.d. The final sentence of the paragraph supports invest have been fooled. Choices a and b are
choice d. The other choices are not supported contradicted in the passage. The paragraph says
by the passage. Choice c may seem correct at that the Pyramid scheme originated in the
first, but the paragraph states that the new ini- 1920s, but does not say it had its heyday then;
tiatives are simple and inexpensive, not major. thus, choice d is incorrect. Choice e is a fact, but
Choice e might seem to represent a truth, but it is not mentioned in the passage.
vegetarian options are not discussed in this 480. a. This is expressed in the first sentence. Choices
paragraph. b, d, and e are not supported by the passage.
475.d. The author of this statement suggests that doc- Choice c is incorrect because the paragraph
tors are less independent. The author stresses states that some Reality TV stars manage to
that many doctors have lost authority. There is parlay their fifteen minutes of fame into
no support for the opinion that doctors resent celebrity.
the healthcare managers, however—which 481. c. The statement that it is difficult to create an
rules out choice a. The doctors’ training is never accurate profile of a contemporary knitter
mentioned (choice b). Doctors may care about comes immediately after a discussion about
their patients (choice c), but this information is how different today’s knitters are from one
not part of the paragraph. Choice e is not another and from knitters of the past. Choices
mentioned. a and d are not supported by the paragraph.
476. e. The second sentence states that threading a Although the paragraph does discuss knitting
needle involves motor skill. The other choices done in group settings, it does not specifically
are not in the paragraph. say that more of today’s knitting is done in
477. a. The paragraph states that Mars once had a thick groups; therefore, choice b is incorrect. Young
atmosphere, but that it was stripped away. The people may be turning to knitting in record
other choices, true or not, cannot be found in numbers, but again, that statement is not ver-
the passage. ified by the information provided in the para-
478. a. The last sentence provides direct support for graph, so choice e must be ruled out as well.
choice a. The author never suggests that any
trees should be cut down or thinned out, which
eliminates choices b and c. Choice d contradicts
the author’s opinion. The author suggests that
old growth forests have less debris, which rules
out choice e.

140

– ANSWERS –

Set 35 (Page 93) 485. c. If most people learn English within a short
period of time, making English the official lan-
482.b. If it is more expensive to run a medical practice guage is unnecessary.
in a large city than a small town, it would make 486.d. The speaker maintains that to burn a flag is an
sense for doctors to charge more in large cities. act of freedom of speech, which is among the
Choices a, c, and e are incorrect because the things the flag represents.
information in these statements is extraneous 487. a. If an action is not included under freedom
to the author’s argument. Choice d is wrong of speech, the speaker’s main argument is
because it supports, rather than refutes, the incorrect.
author’s argument. 488.b. This is the best choice because it relates to a sit-
483. e. The passage states that “doctors in large cities uation where a proposed law would actually
make more money than doctors in small towns violate the part of the Constitution it is
or rural areas.” The speaker then assumes that intended to protect.
if doctors all charge the same, they will all earn
the same, but if doctors in large cities see more
patients, they will still earn more money.
484. a. The argument is based on the idea that the gov-
ernment spends a great deal of money trans-
lating documents into different languages.
Choices b and e make the argument somewhat
weaker. Choice c offers no support for the argu-
ment. Choice d may offer some support, but
choice a makes the argument much stronger.

141

– ANSWERS –

Set 36 (Page 95) 493. e. This evidence would back up the speaker’s con-
tention that young students should learn the
489. a. Because the speaker is arguing that multiple basics before learning computers. Choices a
guests should be allowed when fewer members and d, which are both about cost, would have
are present, the purpose of the rule is to make no effect on the argument. Choices b and c are
sure members are not crowded by the presence too vague.
of guests. There is no support for choices b, c, 494. a. If computers enhance the learning of arith-
or d. Choice e is attractive, but it is not the best metic and reading, the speaker’s argument is
choice because there is no way the club could not as strong.
control which members would be at the club at 495.b. The speaker refers to the safety of children
any one time. because most people are concerned about that.
490. c. Joint pain caused by physical activity and that The speaker does not make a comparison
caused by arthritis may not respond the same (choice a). Choice c can be ruled out because
way to medication. the speaker does not give a speciﬁc number.
491. e. This would indicate that the conditions of the Choices d and e are incorrect because the
football players and the speaker’s mother are speaker doesn’t give an account of any speciﬁc
similar. child, nor does he or she use any method of
492. c. The speaker uses analogies to compare crawling attack.
with learning arithmetic and reading and to 496. e. Since the speaker is basing the argument on
compare walking with using a computer. The the safety of children, if there were only a few
speaker is making the point that, in both cases, accidents and none involved children, the
a child needs to learn one before learning the argument is weaker.
other.

142

– ANSWERS –

Set 37 (Page 97) 500. c. Quinn discusses the fairness of changing the
law and raising the age at which one can receive
497.b. Lars provides information that supports a driver’s license. Emotion (choice b) may be
Frances’s more general statements. Both agree involved, but the argument relies on the fairness
that schools should spend money on educating issue.
children, not on providing breakfast. Choices a, 501. e. Dakota discusses the actualities of increased
d, and e are incorrect because they all imply traffic and the decline in the teaching of driv-
that Frances and Lars are arguing in opposition ers’ education. She doesn’t use statistics (choice
to each other. Choice c can be ruled out because a). Her argument is not emotion-filled, which
Lars’s position does not give any outcomes. rules out choice b. She doesn’t mention fairness
498.d. Both speakers rely on the fact that schools do (choice c) and doesn’t tell stories about specific
not traditionally have the responsibility for pro- situations (choice d).
viding students with breakfast.
499.d. The speakers support their arguments in dif-
ferent ways, but both are concerned with
whether sixteen-year-olds should continue to
be allowed to receive drivers’ licenses.

143

501 challenging logic and reasoning problems

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