5g-Air-Interface-pptx.pptx

Rel-14
Rel-15 Rel-16
Rel-13
5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15
Rel-15 Rel-16
5G New Radio
Rel-12
5G includes:
• New Radio
• LTE Advanced Pro evolution
• Next-generation core network
• EPC evolution

Key Performance Comparison Between 4G and 5G
Throughput
100 Mbit/s
100x
Number of
connections
100x
5G
LTE
10 Gbit/s
GAP
1 million
connections/km2
10K
Delay
30-50 ms
30x - 50x
1 ms

New Air Interface Technologies
SCMA
F-OFDM
Polar code
Full duplex
Massive MIMO
Mobile
Internet
IoT
Air
interface
Adaptive
(Full-duplex mode)
Increases the
throughput.
(Spatial multiplexing)
Increases the throughput.
(Channel coding)
Improves reliability and
reduces power consumption.
(Multiple access)
Increases the number of connections.
(Flexible waveform)
Flexibly meets different service
requirements.

F-OFDM: Adaptive Waveform for Air Interface
4G (OFDM): fixed
subcarrier bandwidth of
15 kHz.
5G (F-OFDM): Subcarrier
bandwidth can flexibly
adapt to the packet sizes
of different QoE
applications.
4G
5G
F-OFDM resource allocation
OFDM resource allocation
OFDM F-OFDM
Service adaptation
Fixed subcarrier spacing (SCS)
Fixed cyclic prefix (CP)
Flexible SCS
Flexible CP
High spectral efficiency 10% of guard bandwidth
Minimum guard bandwidth
of one subcarrier

Contents
5G NR Physical Resource
5G NR Channels and Signals on
18B Application
3GPP Protocol Architecture for 5G

1 5G Numerology
2 Time-Domain Resources
3 Frequency-Domain Resources
4 Space-Domain Resources

5G Numerology: refers to SubCarrier Spacing (SCS) and related parameters such as the symbol length and
CP length of the NR system
NR Air Interface Resources Overview
5G
Numerology
Time-
domain
Frequency-
domain
Space-domain
Symbol length
SCS
CP
Slot
1 slot = 14 symbols
Subframe Frame
REG CCE
RB RBG BWP Carrier
1 subframe = 1ms 1 frame = 10ms = 10 subframes
1 RB = 12 subcarriers
Antenna port
QCL
Basic scheduling unit
1 RBG = 2 to 16 RBs 1 BWP = Multiple RB(G)s ≥ 1 BWPs
1 REG = 1 PRB 1 CCE = 6 REGs
Data/control channel scheduling unit
Unchanged
Enhanced
Newly added
SCS determines
the symbol length.
Codeword Layer
NR Vs. LTE

Basic Concepts of Frequency-Domain Resources
 Resource Grid (RG)
– Resource group at the physical layer to define bandwidth
– Frequency domain: available RB resources within the transmission bandwidth
 Resource Element (RE)
– Smallest unit of physical-layer resources
– Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 1 subcarrier
 Resource Block (RB)
– Basic scheduling unit for data channel
– Frequency domain: 12 contiguous subcarriers
 Resource Block Group (RBG)
– Basic scheduling unit for data channel, to reduce control channel overheads
– Frequency domain: {2, 4, 8, 16} RBs
 Resource Element Group (REG)
– Basic unit involved in control channel resource allocation
– Time domain: 1 symbol, frequency domain: 12 subcarriers (1 PRB)
 Control Channel Element (CCE)
– Basic scheduling unit involved in control channel resource allocation
– Frequency domain: 1 CCE = 6 REGs = 6 PRBs
– CCE aggregation level: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
OFDM symbols
One subframe
0

l
RB
sc
RB
N
N

subcarriers
RB
sc
N
subcarriers
Resource element
)
,
( l
k
0

k
1
RB
sc
,
max
RB, 
 N
N
k x

1
2
14 

 
l

,
subframe
symb
N
Resource
block

SCS(SubCarrier Spacing)
Scalable Numerology
Flexibility Example
Case 1 Different spectrum Sub-6 GHz, mmWave
Case 2 Multiple services eMBB, URLLC, mMTC
Case 3 Multiple scenarios Low/high Speed
• Numerologies supported by 3GPP Release 15 (TS 38.211)
• Application scenarios:
µ SCS CP
0 15 kHz Normal
1 30 kHz Normal
2 60 kHz Normal, extended
3 120 kHz Normal
4 240 kHz Normal
3.5 GHz
28 GHz
Coverage
Mobility
Latency
Coverage
Mobility
Latency
good bad
good
bad
good
bad
good bad
good
bad
good
bad
good
bad
Phase Noise
SCS (kHz) 15 30 60 120 240
• 3GPP TS 38.104 (RAN4) defines SCS for different frequency bands.
 SCS for bands below 1GHz: 15 kHz, 30 kHz
 SCS for bands btw 1GHz and 6GHz: 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz
 SCS for band 24GHz to 52.6GHz: 60 kHz, 120 kHz
 In Release 15, 240 kHz for data is not considered.
• Recommended SCS for different frequency bands (eMBB services):

2 Time-Domain Resources: CP, Symbol, Slot, Frame Structure
1 Numerology

 Frame and subframe length: Tf and Tsf
– Tf = 10 ms (frame length)
– Tsf = 1 ms (subframe length)
 Time units for the NR system: Ts and Tc
– Tc = 0.509 ns: sampling interval for the SCS of 480 kHz
– Ts = 32.552 ns: sampling interval for the SCS of 15 kHz
– K = 64: auxiliary parameter
Time Units for the Physical Layer

 CP length for different SCS values:
 CP function:
– To eliminate inter-channel interference (ICI) caused by multipath
propagation.
Cyclic Prefix (CP)
Parameter
µ
SCS
(kHz)
CP
(µs)
0 15 TCP: 5.2 µs for l = 0 or 7; 4.69 µs for others
2 60
TCP: 1.69 µs for l = 0 or 28; 1.17 µs for others
Extended TCP: 4.17 µs





























2
7
and
0
prefix,
cyclic
normal
2
144
2
7
or
0
prefix,
cyclic
normal
16
2
144
prefix
cyclic
extended
2
512
,
CP
l
l
l
l
N l
c
cp
cp T
N
T 

One OFDM symbol
time
Attitude
Symbol N Symbol N+1
S
ymbol P
eriod T(s)
T(g)
S
ymbol P
eriod T(s)
Bit P
eriod T(b)
Cyclic P
refix
 NR CP design principle:
– Same overhead as that in LTE, ensuring aligned symbols btw different
SCS values and the reference numerology (15 kHz).

Relationship btw SCS and Symbol Length
 SCS and Symbol length/ CP length /Slot length
Parameter/Numerology (µ) 0 1 2 3 4
SCS (kHz):
SCS = 15 x 2^(µ)
15 30 60 120 240
OFDM symbol for data duration (us):
T_data = 1/SCS
66.67 33.33 16.67 8.33 4.17
CP Duration (µs):
T_cp = 144/2048*T_data
4.69 2.34 1.17 0.59 0.29
OFDM symbol duration(µs):
T_symbol = T_data + T_cp
71.35 35.68 17.84 8.92 4.46
Slot Length (ms):
T_slot = 1/2^(µ)
1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625
CP data …
T_slot = 1ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
15
kHz
T_symbol
…
T_slot = 0.5ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
30
kHz
T_symbol
…
T_slot = 0.125 ms (14 symbols)
SCS
=
60
kHz
T_symbol

Frame Structure Architecture
SCS
(kHz)
Slot Configuration (Normal CP)
Number of
Symbols/Slot
Number of
Slots/Subframe
Number of Slots
/Frame
15 14 1 10
30 14 2 20
60 14 4 40
120 14 8 80
240 14 16 160
480 14 32 320
 Frame length: 10ms
– SFN range: 0 to 1023
 Subframe length: 1ms
– Subframe index per system frame: 0 to 9
 Slot length: 14 symbols
Slot Configuration (Extended CP)
60 12 4 40
 Frame structure architecture:
– Example: SCS = 30 kHz/120 kHz

Slot Format and Type
 Slot structure (section 4.3.2 in 3GPP TS 38.211)
– Downlink, denoted as D, for downlink transmission
– Flexible, denoted as X, for flexibly usage.
– Uplink, denoted as U, for uplink transmission
 Compared with LTE slot format, NR features:
– Flexibility: symbol-level uplink/downlink adaptation in NR while subframe-level in LTE
– Diversity: More kinds of uplink/downlink configurations are supported in NR to cope with more scenarios and service types.
X
– Type 3: flexible-only slot
D X X U D X U D X U D X U
D X U
Type4-1 Type4-2 Type4-3 Type4-4 Type4-5
– Type 4: mixed slot
– Type 2: UL-only slot
U
D
 Main slot types
– Type 1: DL-only slot

 The self-contained type is not defined in 3GPP
specifications.
 The “self-contained” discussed in the industry and
literature are featured as:
– One slot contains uplink part, downlink part, and GP.
– Downlink self-contained slot includes downlink data and
corresponding HARQ feedback.
– Uplink self-contained slot includes uplink scheduling
information and uplink data.
Self-contained Slots
D U
UL control or SRS
ACK/NACK
D U
DL control
UL grant
 Self-contained design objectives
– Faster downlink HARQ feedback and uplink data scheduling:
reduced RTT
– Shorter SRS transmission period: to cope with fast channel
changes for improved MIMO performance
 Problems in application
– The small GP limits cell coverage.
– High requirements on UE hardware processing
– Frequent uplink/downlink switching increases the GP overhead.
– In the downlink, only the retransmission delay is reduced.
• E2E delay depends on many factors, including the core network and air
interface.
• The delay on the air interface side is also limited by the uplink/downlink
frame configuration, and the processing delay on the gNodeB and UE.
Downlink data processing time:
Part of the GP needs to be reserved for
demodulating downlink data and
generating ACK/NACK feedback.
D U
Air interface round-trip delay

UL/DL Slot Configuration
 Configuration (section 11.1 in 3GPP TS 38.213)
– Layer 1: semi-static configuration through cell-specific RRC signaling
– Layer 2: semi-static configuration through UE-specific RRC signaling
– Layer 3: dynamic configuration through UE-group SFI
– Layer 4: dynamic configuration through UE-specific DCI
 Main characteristics: hierarchical configuration or
separate configuration of each layer
– Different from LTE, the NR system supports UE-specific
configuration, which delivers high flexibility and high resource
utilization
– Support for symbol-level dynamic TDD
D D D
X D
X D
X D
U
D
X X D
X D
X
D
X X D
X D
X
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
D D D
D D
X
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
D D D
D
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
1. Cell-specific RRC configuration
2. UE-specific RRC configuration
3. SFI
4. DCI
 Hierarchical configuration
 Separate layer configuration
D
D D D
D
D
D D
U
D D D
U
D
Cell-specific RRC configuration/SFI
D

 Single-period configuration
 Dual-period configuration
Cell-specific Semi-static Configuration
X: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x1: full DL slots y1: full UL slots
x2: DL symbols
y2: UL symbols
 Cell-specific RRC signaling parameters
– Parameter: SIB1
– UL-DL-configuration-common: {X, x1, x2, y1, y2}
– UL-DL-configuration-common-Set2: {Y, x3, x4, y3, y4}
– X/Y: assignment period
– {0.5, 0.625, 1, 1.25, 2, 2.5, 5, 10} ms
– 0.625 ms is used only when the SCS is 120 kHz. 1.25 ms is used
when the SCS is 60 kHz or larger. 2.5 ms is used when the SCS is 30
kHz or larger.
– A single period or two periods can be configured.
– x1/x3: number of downlink-only slots
– {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period}
– y1/y3: number of uplink-only slots
– {0,1,…, number of slots in the assignment period}
– x2/x4: number of downlink symbols in X type following
downlink-only slots
– {0,1,…,13}
– y2/y4: number of uplink symbols in X type in front of
uplink-only slots
– {0,1,…,13}
D D
D
D D
U
D D D
D
U
D D
D
X: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x1 y1
x2
y2
D D
D
D D
U
D D D
D
U
D D
U
Y: DL/UL assignment periodicity
x3 y3
x4
y4

1 Numerology
3 Frequency-Domain Resources: RB, RBG, REG, CCE, BWP

3GPP-defined 5G Frequency Ranges and Bands
 Frequency range (MHz)
 3GPP TS 38.101-2 defines 2 NR frequency ranges: FR1 and
FR2. FR1 is often called sub-6 GHz while FR2 is often
referred to as millimeter wave.
 5G frequency band
 3GPP TS 38.101 mainly defines NR frequency bands.
 NR and LTE have some frequency bands in same but the
frequencies are represented in different ways.
450 MHz 6000 MHz 24.25 GHz 52.6 GHz
Frequency Range 1 (FR1) Frequency Range 2 (FR2)
Source: 3GPP TS 38.101
Frequency
range

RB Location Index and Indication
 The BWP is introduced in the NR system, which
causes differences in the RB location index and
indication from LTE.
 Related concepts (section 4.4 of 3GPP TS 38.211)
– RG.
– BWP: new concept introduced. It refers to some RBs in the
transmission bandwidth and is configured by the gNodeB.
– Point A: basic reference point of the RG
– Defined for the uplink, downlink, PCell, SCell, and SUL
separately
– Point A = Reference Location + Offset
– For details about the reference location and offset for different
reference points, see the figure on the right.
– Common RB (CRB): index in the RG
– The start point is aligned with Point A.
– Physical RB (PRB): index in the BWP
– The start point is aligned with the BWP start point.
– The relationship between PRB and CRB is as follows:
Point A Reference Location Offset
PCell DL
(TDD/FDD)
UEs perform blind detection to obtain this
information from SSB.
UEs are informed of this
information through the
RMSI.
PCell UL (TDD) Same as Point A for the PCell downlink
PCell UL (FDD)
Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN
UEs are informed of this information
through the RMSI (SIB1).
SCell DL/UL Frequency-domain location of the ARFCN
UEs are informed of this information
through the SCell configuration message.
UEs are informed of this
information through RRC
signaling.
SUL
0 1 2 3 … 0 1 2 3 …
BWP
Offset
Reference
Location
Point A
0
0
CRB Index in RG
PRB Index in BWP
RG
Freq.
start
BWP,
PRB
CRB i
N
n
n 


 Definition and characteristics
– The BWP is a new concept introduced in the NR system. It is a set of contiguous bandwidth resources allocated by the gNodeB to UEs.
Its configuration is mandatory for 5G service access.
– It is a UE-level concept (BWP configurations vary with UEs). All channel resources allocated to UEs or to be scheduled are within the
BWP range.
 Application scenarios
– Scenario#1: UEs with a small bandwidth access a large-bandwidth network.
– Scenario#2: UEs switch between small and large BWPs to save battery power.
– Scenario#3: The numerology is unique for each BWP and service-specific.
BWP Definition and Application Scenarios
Numerology
1
BWP1
Carrier Bandwidth
#3
Numerology 2
BWP 2
BWP
BWP Bandwidth
Carrier Bandwidth
#1
BWP 2
#2
BWP 1
Carrier Bandwidth

BWP Types
• Initial BWP: used in the initial access phase
• Dedicated BWP: configured for UEs in RRC_CONNECTED mode.
-- According to 3GPP specifications, a maximum of 4 dedicated BWPs can be configured for a UE.
• Active BWP: one of the dedicated BWPs activated by a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode.
-- According to 3GPP specifications, a UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode can activate only 1 dedicated BWP at a given time.
• Default BWP: one of the dedicated BWPs used by the UE in RRC_CONNECTED mode after the BWP inactivity timer expires.
Carrier Bandwidth
Initial BWP
Carrier Bandwidth
UE1 Active BWP
Random Access Procedure RRC Connected Procedure
Carrier Bandwidth
default
Default
UE1
Dedicated
BWPs
UE1 UE2
Default
UE2
Dedicated
BWPs
UE2 Active BWP UE2 Active BWP
UE1 Active BWP
UE2 BWP inactivity
timer
PDCCH indicating downlink assignment
UE2 switches to the default
BWP.
Active
Active
Switch

NR-ARFCN Calculation
Frequency range ΔFGlobal FREF-Offs [MHz] NREF-Offs Range of NREF
0 – 3000 MHz 5 kHz 0 MHz 0 0 – 599999
3000 – 24250 MHz 15 kHz 3000 MHz 600000 600000 – 2016666
24250 – 100000 MHz 60 kHz 24250 MHz 2016667 2016667 – 3279167
• ΔFRaster is the channel raster granularity, which may be equal to or larger than ΔFGlobal.
-- The channel raster for each operating band is recommended as below (Section 4.3.1.3 in TR38.817-01)
Bands
FR1 FR2
Sub2.4G 2.6G~6G 24.25G~52.6G
Channel raster 100kHz 15kHz 60kHz
• The relation between the NR-ARFCN NREF and the RF reference frequency FREF in MHz for the downlink and uplink
is given by the following equation:
FREF = FREF-Offs + ΔFraster (NREF – NREF-Offs)
where FREF-Offs and NRef-Offs are given in below (Table 5.4.2.1-1 in 3GPP TS 38.104), and ΔFGlobal could be used as ΔFraster

1 Numerology
4 Space-Domain Resources: Layer, Antenna Port, QCL

Codeword and Antenna Ports
 Basic concepts
– Codeword
– Upper-layer service data on which channel coding applies.
– Codewords uniquely identify data flow. By transmitting different
data, MIMO implements spatial multiplexing.
– The number of codewords depends on the rank of the channel
matrix.
– Layer
– Used to define mapping relationship btw codewords and transmit
antenna.
– Antenna port
– Antennas ports are defined based on reference signals.
Number of codewords ≤ Number of layers ≤ Number of antenna ports
 Protocol-defined number of codewords
– 1 to 4 layers: 1 codeword
– 5 to 8 layers: 2 codewords
 Protocol-defined maximum number of layers
– For DL/User: 8@SU; 4@MU
– For UL/User: 4@SU or MU
 Protocol-defined number of antenna ports
Channel/Signal Maximum Number of Ports
UL
PUSCH with DMRS 8 or 12
PUCCH 1
PRACH 1
SRS 4
DL
PDSCH with DMRS 8 or 12
PDCCH 1
CSI-RS 32
SSB 1
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Antenna
Port
mapper
RE mapper
RE mapper
OFDM signal
generation
OFDM signal
generation
Codewords Layers Antenna ports

Quasi-Colocation (QCL)
 Definition:
– Two antenna ports are quasi co-located if the properties of the
channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed
can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the
other antenna port is conveyed.
– The channel properties include delay spread, Doppler spread,
Doppler shift, average gain, average delay (existing in the LTE),
and spatial Rx parameter (added in NR).
 Type
– QCL-TypeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay,
delay spread}
– QCL-TypeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}
– QCL-TypeC: {average delay, Doppler shift}
– QCL-TypeD: {Spatial Rx parameter}
 Application scenarios
– RRM management: such as type C
– Obtaining channel evaluation information: such as type A, and
type B
– Assisting UEs in beamforming (forming a spatial filter and beam
indication): such as type D
 QCL configuration
– The QCL linkage between RSs is configured through
high-layer signaling.
– QCL linkage before RRC:
– QCL linkage after RRC:
Source RS Target RS
QCL type
SSB
PDSCH DMRS
PDCCH DMRS
SSB
PDSCH DMRS
PDCCH DMRS
TRS
CSI-RS for CSI
Type C, Type C+Type D
Type A
Type A+Type D
Type A/Type B
Type D
Type A+Type D
CSI-RS for BM
Type C+Type D Type D

Contents
5G NR Channels and Signals
on 18B Application

1 Overview
2 Application on 18B
5G NR Channels and
Signals on 18B Application

NR Physical Channels and Signals Overview
Downlink
Physical
Channel
PBCH
PDCCH
PDSCH
Physical
Signal
DMRS
PTRS
CSI-RS
PSS/SSS
Uplink
Physical
Channel
PRACH
PUCCH
PUSCH
Physical
Signal
DMRS
SRS
PTRS
Downlink Physical Channel/Signal Functions
SS Used for time-frequency synchronization and cell search.
PBCH Carries system information to be broadcast.
PDCCH
Transmits control signaling, such as signaling for uplink and downlink scheduling
and power control.
PDSCH Carries downlink user data.
DMRS Used for downlink data demodulation and time-frequency synchronization.
PTRS Tracks and compensates downlink phase noise.
CSI-RS
Used for downlink channel measurement, beam management, RRM/RLM
measurement, and refined time-frequency tracking.
Uplink Physical Channel/Signal Function
PRACH Carries random access request information.
PUCCH
Transmits L1/L2 control signaling, such as signaling for HARQ feedback, CQI
feedback, and scheduling request indicator.
PUSCH Carries uplink user data.
DMRS Used for uplink data demodulation and time-frequency synchronization.
PTRS Tracks and compensates uplink phase noise.
SRS
Used for uplink channel measurement, time-frequency synchronization, and beam
management.

Application of NR Physical Channels
 Physical channels involved in cell search
– PSS/SSS -> PBCH -> PDCCH -> PDSCH
 Physical channels involved in random access
– PRACH -> PDCCH -> PDSCH -> PUSCH
 Physical channels involved in downlink data
transmission
– PDCCH -> PDSCH -> PUCCH/PUSCH
 Physical channels involved in uplink data
transmission
– PUCCH -> PDCCH -> PUSCH -> PDCCH
gNodeB
UE
PSS/SSS MIB
(PBCH)
RMSI
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
...
Preamble
(PRACH)
RAR
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
Msg3
(PUSCH)
Msg4
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
HARQ excluded from
RAR
HARQ included
in Msg4
Cell search Random access
gNodeB
UE
CSI-RS
... Data
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
Data
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
Downlink data transmission
CSI
(PUCCH/
PUSCH)
ACK/NACK
(PUCCH/
PUSCH) ... Paging
(PDCCH,
PDSCH)
gNodeB
UE
SRS
... UL Grant
(PDCCH)
ACK/NACK
(PDCCH)
Uplink data transmission
SR
(PUCCH)
BSR/Data
(PUSCH)
BSR/Data
(PUSCH)

Time-Frequency Domain Distribution
 Schedulable and configurable resources through flexible physical channel and signal design.
GP
BWP
PDCCH DMRS for PDSCH PDSCH SSB CSI-RS UL (SRS) PUSCH PUCCH DMRS for PUSCH PRACH

2 Application on 18B Application
1 Overview
5G NR Channels and
Signals on 18B Application

The Basic Functions of NR Air Interface
• Channel Mapping and Comparison with 4G
Broadcast
information
Paging
Information
User control plane
information
User data plane
information
BCCH PCCH DCCH
CCCH
DTCH
BCH PCH DL/UL
SCH
PBCH PDCCH&PDSCH/
PUCCH&PUSCH/PRACH
Content is
classified
Transmission
rule is defined
 Information
Function
SS
SSB
DM-RS
DM-RS
DM-RS
Physical
resource is
specified
 Logical
Channel
 Transport
Channel
 Physical
Channel

Physical Resource Definition
Time Domain
Frequency domain
Concept Explanation
SCS 15/30/60/120k
RB 1RB = 12 SCs
RBG 1 RBG = 2/4/8/16 RBs
RG (Grid) Cell bandwidth, 273 RB@100M with
30kHz SCS
Point A Basic reference point for positioning RB in RG
CRB Index in RG (based on Point A）
BWP The part of UE working bandwidth in RG
offset Relation btw CRB and PRB
PRB Index in BWP
CORESET the physical resource for PDCCH
Frame
SubFrame SubFrame SubFrame
……
Slot Slot Slot
……
Sym
bol
Sym
bol
Sym
bol
……
Sym
bol
1,2,4,8
14x
UL/DL/Self-Contain:
1:3:1
D/X/U in self-contain:
10:2:2

Initial BWP and CORESET
 Initial DL BWP configuration
– The initial BWP equals the frequency-domain location and bandwidth of RMSI CORESET.
– The frequency-domain location of the initial BWP is determined by the SSB location and the bandwidth of RMSI
CORESET, and is sent to UEs through the MIB and SIB1.
UEs obtain the SSB
frequency-domain location
through SI (MIB).
UEs read SI to obtain the
frequency offset and
CORESET bandwidth.
The frequency-domain location
and bandwidth of RMSI
CORESET are determined.
Frequency
Time
SSB
CORESET
PDSCH
Frequency offset
Initial DL BWP
The frequency offset is defined as the
frequency difference from the lowest
PRB of RMSI to the lowest PRB of
SS/PBCH block.
UEs obtain information about
the frequency-domain location
and bandwidth of the initial BWP.
 Procedure for UEs to determine the downlink initial BWP

PSS/SSS: Introduction
 Main functions
– Used by a UE for downlink synchronization,
– Used for obtaining cell IDs.
 Resource allocation
– A SS occupies 1 symbol in the time domain and 127 REs in the
frequency domain.
 Differences with LTE
– SS in NR can be flexibly configured in any position on the
carrier and do not need to be positioned at the center
frequency.
– Subcarrier spacings for the PSS/SSS vary with operating
frequency bands and are specified by 3GPP.
PSS SSS
Carrier
center
Flexible SS/PBCH
position
Initial
BWP
 Different from LTE with 504 PCIs,
NR physical cell IDs are numbered
from 0 to 1007 and divided into 3
groups, with each group containing
336 cell IDs.

Transmission of SSB
• The PSS/SSS and the PBCH are combined as an SSB block in 5G to allow for massive MIMO.
 SSB configuration varies with SCS
-- SSB block position within the slot
-- Slot numbers for SSB blocks with different
subcarrier spacings and different beams
Beam 7
Beam 0 Beam 1 …
…
 SSB transmission in 18B
-- Broadcast information is scheduled every 80ms
-- PBCH is transmitted every 20ms with 8 beams each time
 To fasten UL sync. in larger bandwith in NR, sync. rasters
with 900 kHz, 1.44 MHz, and 17.28 MHz are defined.

PDCCH&PDSCH Working Mechanism
1 slot
PDSCH
1 CCE = 6 REG = 1 RB
1
RB
CCE: User scheduling granularity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 CCE
2 CCEs
4 CCEs
8 CCEs
CCE
 CCE allocation (aggregation level)
According to different encoding rates, a gNodeB can
aggregate 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs to constitute a PDCCH
for UE blind detection
 RNTIs used by DCIs
– P-RNTI (paging message)
– SI-RNTI (system message)
– RA-RNTI (RAR)
– Temporary C-RNTI (Msg3/Msg4)
– C-RNTI (UE uplink and downlink
data)
– SFI-RNTI (slot format)
– INT-RNTI (resource pre-emption)
– TPC-PUSCH-RNTI (PUSCH
power control command)
– TPC-PUCCH-RNTI (PUCCH
power control command)
– TPC-SRS-RNTI (SRS power
control command)
PDCCH
 18B supports maximum 2 layers spatial multiplexing of PDCCH

DMRS for PDSCH Introduction
 DMRS category: Different in low-speed and high-speed
scenarios
– Front Loaded (FL) DMRS: Occupies 1 to 2 symbols
– Additional (Add) DMRS: Occupies 1 to 3 symbols, used in high-speed
scenarios for anti- Doppler spread.
 DMRS type: Different DMRS types allow different maximum
numbers of ports.
– Type1: Single-symbol: 4, dual-symbol: 8
– Type2: Single-symbol: 6, dual-symbol: 12
 DMRS time-frequency mapping position
– Mapping type A: Staring from the 3rd or 4th symbol in the slot.
– Mapping type B: Staring from the 1st symbol on the scheduled
PDSCH.
FL DMRS
Add DMRS
Type2, dual-symbol
Slot
k l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
SCn11
SCn10
SCn9
SCn8
SCn7
SCn6
SCn5
SCn4
SCn3
SCn2
SCn1
SCn0
1000/1001/1004/1005
1002/1003/1006/1007
1000/1001/1006/1007
1002/1003/1008/1009
1004/1005/1010/1011
Slot
k l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
SCn11
SCn10
SCn9
SCn8
SCn7
SCn6
SCn5
SCn4
SCn3
SCn2
SCn1
SCn0
Type1, dual-symbol
Slot
k l 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
SCn11
SCn10
SCn9
SCn8
SCn7
SCn6
SCn5
SCn4
SCn3
SCn2
SCn1
SCn0

CSI-RS: Main Functions
 The main functions and types of the CSI-RS are as follows:
 Design principles and features of the CSI-RS:
– Sparsity: The density of the time and frequency domains is low and the domain resource consumption is low. The maximum
number of ports is 32.
– Sequence generation and cell ID decoupling: The scrambling code ID is configured by higher layer parameters. UCNC is
supported.
– Flexible resource configuration: UE-specific configurations for time-frequency resources are supported.
Function Description
Channel quality
measurement
CSI obtaining
Used for channel state information (CSI) measurement. The UE reports the following content:
CQI, PMI, rank indicator (RI), layer Indicator (LI)
Beam management
Used for beam measurement. The UE reports the following content:
L1-RSRP and CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI)
RLM/RRM
measurement
Used for radio link monitoring (RLM) and radio resource management (handover). The UE
reports the following content: L1-RSRP
Time-frequency offset tracing (TRS) Used for precise time-frequency offset tracing.

CSI-RS: Pattern
– The row 1 pattern is used only for TRS.
– The row 2–18 patterns can be used for CSI measurement.
– The CSI-RS used for beam management can only use patterns of 1 port and 2 ports (row 2–3).
1 port
2 ports
4 ports
8 ports
12 ports
16 ports
24 ports
32 ports
CSI-IM
Pattern 0
CSI-IM
Pattern 1
CDM type indicates the number of ports that can be multiplexed by each colored resource.
1 1 3 No CDM
2 1 1, 0.5 No CDM
3 2 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2
4 4 1 FD-CDM 2
5 4 1 FD-CDM 2
6 8 1 FD-CDM 2
7 8 1 FD-CDM 2
8 8 1
CDM 4
(FD 2, TD 2)
9 12 1 FD-CDM 2
10 12 1
CDM 4
(FD 2, TD 2)
11 16 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2
12 16 1, 0.5
CDM 4
(FD 2, TD 2)
13 24 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2
14 24 1, 0.5
CDM 4
(FD 2, TD 2)
15 24 1, 0.5
CDM 8
(FD 2, TD 4)
16 32 1, 0.5 FD-CDM 2
17 32 1, 0.5
CDM 4
(FD 2, TD 2)
18 32 1, 0.5
CDM 8
(FD 2, TD 4)
Row Ports Density CDM Type

Overhead Estimation (average to per DL slot)
SS Block
For sync and MIB and beam
sweeping
20.4%
CSI-RS (Channel State
Information RS)
For DL channel measurement
PDCCH
Control channel for DL grant and
UL grant
RMSI (remaining minimum
system information)
System information transmitted in
PDSCH
DMRS (Demodulation RS) For data coherent demodulation
TRS (Tracking RS) For doppler shift tracking
GP at Self-contained slot
For TDD system DL/UL
conversion
3.6% (2
symbols)
UL at Self-contained slot For UL transmission
3.6% (2
symbols)
DL effective RE ratio calculation
Total RB number 273
OFDM symbol number per slot 14
SCS number per RB 12
Total REs Per slot
(Includes overhead)
45864
Effective REs per DL slot 33200
DL Effective RE ratio 72.4%
DL Effective RE ratio (excludes UL at Self-contained slot) 76%
18B DL User Peak Throughput@3.5GHz 100MHz TDD
 DL Peak throughput = 33200 * 8 (256QAM) * 0.92 * 8 / 0.0005 * 0.8 (DL/(UL+DL))* 90% ≈ 2.8G
• DL Peak throughput =
• Effective REs per DL slot × Bits for modulation order × Coding rate × Layers/ Slot length (s) × DL ratio × (1-BLER)

2 Waveforms Supported in PUSCH
Waveform Modulation mode Codeword Number of Layers RB Resource Allocation PAPR Application Scenario
CP-OFDM
QPSK, 16QAM,
64QAM, 256QAM
1 1–4
Contiguous/
non-contiguous
High At/near the cell center
DFT-S-OFDM
π /2-BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM,
256QAM
1 1 Contiguous Low
At the cell edge
(achieving gain by using a low PAPR)
 Waveform: Unlike PDSCH, PUSCH supports 2 waveforms.
– CP-OFDM: a multi-carrier waveform that supports MU-MIMO.
– DFT-S-OFDM: a single-carrier waveform that supports only SU-MIMO and improves the coverage performance.
 Physical layer procedures
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Transform
precoder
Resource
element mapper
SC-FDMA
signal gen.
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
mapper
Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper
Precoding
Resource Element
mapper
Resource Element
mapper
OFDM signal
generation
OFDM signal
generation
Codewords Layers Antenna ports
CP-OFDM
DFT-S-OFDM

Contents
5G NR Channels and Signals
on 18B Application

3 Main TSGs (Technical Specification Group)
Project Co-ordination Group (PCG)
TSG RAN
Radio Access Network
TSG SA
Service & Systems Aspects
TSG CT
Core Network & Terminals
RAN WG1
Radio Layer 1 spec
SA WG1
Services
CT WG1
MM/CC/SM (lu)
RAN WG2
Radio Layer 2 spec
Radio Layer 3 RR spec
SA WG2
Architecture
CT WG3
Interworking with external networks
RAN WG3
lub spec, lur spec, lu spec UTRAN O&M
requirements (transmission interfaces)
SA WG3
Security
CT WG4
MAP/GTP/BCH/SS
RAN WG4
Radio Performance Protocol aspects
SA WG4
Codec
CT WG6
Smart Card Application Aspects
RAN WG5
Mobile Terminal Conformance Testing
SA WG5
Telecom Management
RAN WG6
Legacy RAN radio and protocol
SA WG6
Mission-critical applications
TSGs are responsible for
3GPP standard finalization.

TSG SA Protocol Architecture
• TR：Technical Report
• TS：Technical Specification
SA WG1
TR 22.891：Study on New Services and Markets Technology
Enablers （New service study）
TR 22.861：FS_SMARTER - massive Internet of Things
（Massive IoT）
TR 22.862：Feasibility study on new services and markets
technology enablers for critical communications; Stage 1
（Critical Communication）
technology enablers for enhanced mobile broadband; Stage 1（eMBB）
technology enablers for network operation; Stage 1（Network
operation）
TS 22.261：Service requirements for next generation new services
and markets
SA WG2
TR 23.799：Study on
Architecture for Next
Generation System
SA WG3
TR 33.899：
Study on the
security aspects of
the next generation
system
TS 23.501：System
architecture for the 5G system
TS 23.502：Procedure for
the 5G system

Protocol Study Suggestion
 TR22.861
 TR22.862
SA1 TR22.891
 TS38.401
RAN3 TR38.801
 RAN1 TR38.802
 TS38.2XX (7TSs)
RP TR38.912
5G
Requirement
5G
Network
5G NR
RP TR38.913
 TR22.863
 TR22.864
 TS23.501
 TS23.502
SA2 TR23.799
 TS38.41X (5TSs)
 TS38.42X (6TSs)
 TS38.47X (6TSs)
New
service and
market
technology
Scenario and
requirement
Network
architecture
RAN
interface
Air
interface
technology
(L1)
 RAN2 TR38.804
 TS38.3XX (7TSs)
 TS37.324
 TS37.340
Air
interface
technology
(L2/L3)

5g-Air-Interface-pptx.pptx

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