7 problem solving with loops

Mar 20, 201212 likes27,234 views

The document discusses different types of loop structures used in problem solving with loops, including while/while-end loops, repeat/until loops, and automatic counter loops. It also covers topics like incrementing, accumulating, nested loops, indicators, and recursion. Flowcharts and algorithms are provided as examples to illustrate the various loop structures.

Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

The Loop Logic Structure
A third logic structure for designing decisions is the
loop structure. The loop logic structure is the repeating
structure.

Types of Loop Structures

@ WHILE / WHILE-END
@ REPEAT / UNTIL
@ AUTOMATIC COUNTER LOOP

Incrementing
The task of incrementing, or counting, is done by
adding a constant, such as 1 or 2, to the value of a
variable. To write the instruction to increment a
variable, you use an assignment statement. For
example:

COUNTER = COUNTER + 1 or C = C+ 1
Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Accumulating
Another task that a program must often perform is
accumulating, or summing a group of numbers. The
process of accumulating is similar to incrementing,
except a variable instead of a constant is added to
another variable, which holds the value of the sum or
total. The instruction for accumulating is the
following :

SUM = SUM + VARIABLE
PRODUCT = PRODUCT * NUMBER

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

WHILE / WHILE - END
The first of the three types of loop structures is the
WHILE/WHILE-END structure. This type of loop tells
the computer that while the condition is TRUE, repeat
all instructions between the WHILE and the WHILE-
END. The form of the algorithm is the following:

WHILE <CONDITION(S)>
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTION
.
.
.
WHILE-END

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Flowchart Diagram of WHILE/WHILE-END

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Decision Equivalent to WHILE/WHILE-END

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Problem : Create the algorithm and the flowchart to
find the average age of all the students in a class.

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Repeat/Until
The second type of loop structure is the REPEAT/UNTIL
structure. This type of loop tells the computer to
repeat the set of instructions between the REPEAT and
the until, until a condition is TRUE. The format of the
REPEAT/UNTIL algorithm is the following:

Repeat
Instruction
Instruction
.
.
.
Until <condition(s)>

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Flowchart Diagram of REPEAT/UNTIL

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Decision Equivalent to REPEAT/UNTIL

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Automatic – Counter Loop
The third type of loop structure is the automatic-
counter loop. This type of loop increments or
decrements a variable each time the loop is repeated.
The form of the algorithm for the automatic counter-
loop is the following :

LOOP:COUNTER = BEGIN TO END STEP S
INSTRUCTION
INSTRUCTION
.
.
.
LOOP-END: COUNTER

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Decision Equivalent to Automatic-Counter Loop

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Nested Loops
Loops can be nested like decisions can. Each loop must
be nested inside the loop just outside it. The general
rules regarding loops, such as where the condition is
processed and how indentation and brackets are used,
hold true for nested loops as well as single loops.

The inner loops do not have to be the same types of
loop structures as the outer loops; that is, a WHILE/
WHILE-END may be nested inside a REPEAT/UNTIL loop,
or vice versa.

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Nested Loops

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Indicators
Indicators – are logical variables that a programmer
sets within a program to change the processing path
or to control when the processing of a loop should end.

They are sometimes called flags, switches, or trip
values.

Recursion
Another type of loop structure is recursion. Recursion
occurs when a module or a function calls itself.

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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Data Structures and Algorithms

Problem Solving
with Loops

Problem Solving with Loops *Property of STI
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The document provides troubleshooting tips for common laptop issues including a battery that is not charging properly, the laptop not turning on, strange images on the screen, a blank screen, the laptop repeatedly turning on and off, noise issues, keys not working, liquid spills, touchpad issues, unresponsive USB ports, and more. It describes the problem symptoms and potential causes such as a failed battery, loose connections, graphics card failures, memory issues, motherboard problems, fan or hard drive noise, and liquid damage. Solutions include replacing batteries, cables, fans, keyboards, cleaning dust buildup, and updating drivers.

6 laptop basicsRheigh Henley Calderon

Laptops are portable personal computers that differ from desktops in size, weight, battery life and price. There are several types of laptops including desktop replacements that are powerful but bulky, all-purpose laptops, ultraportables that are thin and light, and netbooks that are ideal for basic tasks. Laptop components include the motherboard, CPU, memory, expansion cards, power supply, battery, display, storage drives, ports and cooling system. Some common upgrades include replacing or adding memory, storage, and wireless cards. Typical problems include screen or keyboard issues, failing batteries, cable or motherboard failures, and overheating.

5 pc maintenanceRheigh Henley Calderon

PC maintenance involves activities to keep computers running properly such as cleaning, backups, disk maintenance, and software updates. It includes preventive maintenance to avoid problems and corrective maintenance to fix existing issues. Regular maintenance saves money and time by preventing problems and safeguarding data. Common maintenance tasks include cleaning interior and exterior components, backing up important files, disk maintenance like defragmenting, and updating software and virus definitions.

4 pc repairRheigh Henley Calderon

PC repair involves restoring damaged or broken computers to working order. Effective troubleshooting requires being in the right mental state to identify problems quickly. General techniques include understanding the root cause, eliminating potential causes methodically, and using diagnostic tools. Specific components that may need repair include the motherboard, processor, memory, storage drives, ports, and operating system. Experience is important for effective PC repair and troubleshooting.

3 pc upgradeRheigh Henley Calderon

This document discusses considerations for upgrading computer hardware and software components. It covers whether an upgrade is needed or worth it based on compatibility, risks of issues, and whether current versions are still supported. Key factors to evaluate include new features, performance improvements, bug fixes in updates, and avoiding early upgrades to allow time for major problems to be addressed.

2 pc assemblyRheigh Henley Calderon

1 hardware fundamentalsRheigh Henley Calderon

This document provides an overview of the key components of a personal computer, including the CPU, RAM, motherboard, power supply, storage devices, and input/output devices. It also describes common internal and external busses that connect these components. Finally, it explains the differences between common networking devices like hubs, bridges, switches, and routers in terms of their layer of operation, addressing, and use cases.

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1. Cyber crimes involve any illegal activities that use computers and networks. Common cyber crimes include hacking, malware distribution, software piracy, cybersex, fraud, and identity theft. 2. Hacking is the unauthorized access of computer systems or networks. Hackers may access systems to steal information, cause damage, or protest weaknesses. Malware like viruses and worms can be used to infect other computers. 3. Software piracy is the illegal copying or distribution of copyrighted software. It reduces profits for developers and poses security risks. Other cyber crimes like cybersex, pornography, and fraud also use computers to enable or facilitate illegal activities.

7 computer ethicsRheigh Henley Calderon

6 professional ethicsRheigh Henley Calderon

Codes of ethics establish standards of conduct for professionals. They aim to balance responsibilities to individuals, society, and the profession. Several codes were presented, outlining ethical principles like serving public interests, maintaining integrity and competence, respecting privacy and intellectual property, and avoiding conflicts of interest or unlawful activities. Upholding codes helps enhance professions and build public trust.

5 business ethicsRheigh Henley Calderon

Business ethics refers to the standards of conduct and moral values that govern decisions made in the business environment. This includes balancing profitability with social responsibility. Business ethics considers how companies treat stakeholders like shareholders, employees, customers, and the community. It also examines ethical issues in employer-employee relations, competition, compensation, and respecting the rights of others. Upholding strong business ethics leads to benefits like greater trust, cost savings, loyalty, and attracting top talent.

4 human relationRheigh Henley Calderon

2 moralityRheigh Henley Calderon

Morality refers to the quality of human acts that leads us to call some acts good and some bad. It is based on proper behavior and manners. The foundation of morality includes man, other human beings, and God. Man is defined as a rational animal composed of a body, soul, and spirit. Morality also considers the act itself, the motive, and circumstances like who, what, when, where, with whom, and why. There are elicited acts that come from the will and command acts that are carried out under will's control. Actions are classified as moral, immoral, or amoral based on their conformity to moral norms. Issues of morality include abortion, contraception, divorce, euthan

3 rights and dutiesRheigh Henley Calderon

1 general ethicsRheigh Henley Calderon

This document provides an overview of general ethics, including: 1. The major branches of ethics - meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics, descriptive ethics, and moral psychology. 2. The principles of ethics, including personal ethics (concern for others, respect, trustworthiness), global ethics (justice, environmental stewardship), and professional ethics (honesty, integrity, transparency). 3. A discussion of how ethical principles serve as guidelines rather than absolute rules, as they can conflict in practice depending on circumstances.

4 introduction to programming structureRheigh Henley Calderon

2 beginning problem solving concepts for the computerRheigh Henley Calderon

1 introduction to problem solving and programmingRheigh Henley Calderon

9 technical supportRheigh Henley Calderon

8 customer serviceRheigh Henley Calderon

7 laptop repairRheigh Henley Calderon

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5 pc maintenanceRheigh Henley Calderon

4 pc repairRheigh Henley Calderon

3 pc upgradeRheigh Henley Calderon

2 pc assemblyRheigh Henley Calderon

1 hardware fundamentalsRheigh Henley Calderon

8 cyber crimesRheigh Henley Calderon

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6 professional ethicsRheigh Henley Calderon

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