74th constitutional amendment act 1992 and Women Empowerment
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The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 mandated one-third reservation of seats for women in urban local self-government institutions. This marked the first time women were guaranteed representation in local bodies and helped empower them to participate directly in decision-making. It aimed to secure women's active involvement in socio-economic development issues. The Act also extended reservations to women from scheduled castes and tribes, providing the foundation for more women to become leaders at state and national levels.
74th constitutional amendment act 1992 and Women Empowerment
- 1. IMPLEMENTATION OF 74TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT,1992 AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT Amir sohel Roll no: Geo11504
- 2. INTRODUCTION In 1992 74th constitutional amendment act- passed in support of Rajya sobha and Lok shoba, under part XI-A 1st June 1993 bill was successfully practice all over country.
- 3. IT DEALS ON FALLOWING POINT Type of municipalities Structure Reservation of seat Ward committee Duration of work Eligibility criteria Power Source of income Election commission District and municipality planning commission
- 4. FEATURE ▪ Constitution of three types of municipalities: (i) nagar panchayats for areas in transition from rural area to urban area; (ii) municipal council for smaller urban areas; (iii) municipal corporation for larger urban areas. ▪ Composition of municipalities, which will be decided by the legislature of a state having the following features: (i) person to be chosen by direct election; (ii) representation of chairpersons of committees, if any, at ward or other levels in the municipalities; (iii) representation of the persons having special knowledge or experience of municipal administration in municipalities (without voting rights); ▪ Election of chairpersons of a municipality in the manner specified in the state law; ▪ Constitution of committees at ward level or other level or levels within the territorial are of a municipality as may be provided in the state law;
- 5. Reservation of seats in every municipalities- (i) for SC and ST in proportion to their population of which not less than one-third shall be for women; (ii) for women which shall not less than one-third of total number of seats; (iii) in the favour of backward class of citizens if so provided by the legislature of the state; (iv) for SC and ST and women in the office of the chairpersons as may be in the state law; ▪ Fixed tenure of 5 years for the municipality and re-election within six months of end of tenure. if a municipality is dissolved before expiration of its duration , election to be held within a period of six months of its dissolution; ▪ Devolution by the state legislature of powers and responsibilities. Upon the municipalities with respect to preparation of plans for economic development and social justice, and for the implementation of development scheme as may be required to enable them to function as institution of self-government; ▪ Levy of taxes and duties by municipalities, assigning of such taxes and duties to municipalities by state govt. and for making grants-in-aid by the state to the municipalities
- 6. as may be provided in the state law; ▪ A finance commission to review the finances of the municipalities; ▪ Audit of accounts of the municipal corporations by the comptroller and auditor general of india and laying of reports before the legislature of the municipal corporation concerned; ▪ Making of law by a state legislature with respect to elections to the municipalities to be conducted under the superintendence, direction and control of chief electoral officer of the state; ▪ Application of the provisions of the bill to any union territory or part thereof with such modifications may be specified by the president- exempting schedule areas and areas from the application of the provision of the bill; ▪ Disqualifications for membership of a municipality; ▪ Bar of juridiction of courts in matters relating to elections to the municipalities.
- 8. INTRODUCTION Women empowerment literally meanings – rights and freedom to making decision in all sector. India is basically male dominated society where women are deprived and backward, after the making law in 74th amendment of constitution participation of women in decision making mandatory as a result women get their chance to new way to expressed their knowledge and skill.
- 9. ● The 74th constitutional amendment act(CAA),1992 for the first time provided one- third representation to women in urban local self-government institutions; ● Women can play a catalytic role in promoting the causes of social development including women and child development; ● Reservation for women in the local bodies is aimed at securing their active involvement and support in socio-economic development; ● This CAA has laid foundations for the emergence of strong bottom-up women leadership who could climb the ladder to occupy positions of power at state and national level. ● The 74th CAA provided a constitutional status for urban local bodies(ULB) in the country and considered a revolutionary and radical legislation, provided reservation of one- third of the strength of the council to women and also extended the same principle of reservation to women in other categories like SCs, STs apart from general category; ● Also provided one-third reservation for women in the political executives, chairman/mayors of ULBs. This enabled the women to participate in urban local governance in the large numbers than was the case earlier.
- 10. CONCLUSION Firstly the democratic concept is success and participation from grass root level wide. Constitutional acceptance of municipality…. Regular election by Election commission. Reservation lead to equal participation of all level and tribe and deprived society.