8 chapter psy_cognitive process_problem solving
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Cognitive processes involve how people obtain, transform, store, and use knowledge. This includes attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognition is the intellectual process of obtaining, transforming, storing, and using information. Problem-solving involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems with the goal of overcoming obstacles. The steps in problem-solving are: identifying the problem; defining the problem; forming a strategy; organizing information; allocating resources; monitoring progress; and evaluating results.
8 chapter psy_cognitive process_problem solving
- 1. COGNITIVE PROCESS • Cognitive processes are processes that involve knowledge and how people use their knowledge. They include matters such as attention, memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems and making decisions.
- 2. CONGNITION Cognition is the intellectual( فکری،ځیرک/عاقل ) process through which information is obtained, transformed, stored and used.
- 3. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing and solving problems. The ultimate goal of problem-solving is to overcome obstacles and find a solution that best resolves the issue. THE STEPS IN PROBLEM-SOLVING 1. Identifying the Problem Identifying the problem is not always as simple as it sounds. In some cases, people might mistakenly identify the wrong source of a problem, which will make attempts to solve it inefficient or even useless.
- 4. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING 2. Defining the Problem After the problem has been identified, it is important to fully define the problem so that it can be solved. 3. Forming a Strategy The next step is to develop a strategy to solve the problem. The approach used will vary depending upon the situation and the individual's unique preferences. 4. Organizing Information Before finding a solution, we need to first organize the available information. What do we know about the problem? What do we not know? The more information that is available, the better prepared we will be to come up with an accurate solution.
- 5. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING 5. Allocating Resources Of course, we don't always have unlimited money, time and other resources to solve a problem. Before you begin to solve a problem, you need to determine how high priority it is. If it is an important problem, it is probably worth allocating more resources to solving it. If it is a fairly unimportant problem, then you do not want to spend too much of your available resources into coming up with a solution 6. Monitoring Progress Effective problem-solvers tend to monitor their progress as they work towards a solution. If they are not making good progress toward reaching their goal, they will reevaluate their approach or look for new strategies
- 6. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING 7. Evaluating the Results After a solution has been reached, it is important to evaluate the results to determine if it is the best possible solution to the problem. This evaluation might be immediate, such as checking the results of a math problem to ensure the answer is correct, or it can be delayed, such as evaluating the success of a therapy program after several months of treatment.
- 7. ASSIGNMENT WITH PRESENTATION Job satisfaction & employee performance_________Page___62 onwards Performance appraisal & reward system Function Benefits Reward system Types of reward programs Psychology applied to business Business & industrial psychology What is business and industrial psychology Business aspects Industrial (organizational) aspects Organizational citizenship Human factors Organizational behavior And psychological skills needed by managers