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8051 microcontroller features
- 1. 8051 Microcontroller Features and its Applications 1
- 2. Contents Microcontrollers Applications of microcontrollers Microprocessor vs microcontrollers History of 8051 microcontroller Features of microcontroller Block diagram and pin description of 8051 Registers Memory mapping in 8051 Timers and counters Serial communication Interrupts Applications of 8051 microcontroller 2
- 3. Microcontrollers Microcontrollers are small computing systems on a single chip. A microcontroller will also be referred to as an MCU. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Program memory Random Access Memory (RAM) EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory USARTs, Timer/Counters, ADC, DAC, I/O Ports, CANs, SPIs, etc. Examples : Motorola’s 6811,Intel’s 8051,Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X. CPU RAM ROM A single chip I/O Serial Timer Port Port 3
- 4. Applications of microcontrollers Cell phone Pager Watch Calculator video games Alarm clock Air conditioner TV remote Microwave oven Washing machines An electronic smart weight display system Robotic system An anti-lock braking system monitor 4
- 5. 5
- 7. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller Microprocessor Microcontroller CPU is stand- • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O alone, RAM, and ROM, I/O, timer are timer are all on a single separate chip designer can decide on • fix amount of on-chip the ROM, RAM, I/O ports amount of ROM, RAM • Highly bit addressable and • for applications in which I/O ports. cost, power and space Expansive are critical versatility • single-purpose general-purpose 7
- 8. History of 8051 microcontroller In the year 1980 Intel corporation introduced an 8 bit microcontroller called 8051. It has 4K bytes of ROM,128 Bytes of RAM , a serial port, two 16-bit Timers and 32 I/O pins. CPU can work with 8 bit of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bit can be broken into 8 bit pieces to be processed by the CPU 8
- 9. Important Features of 8051 4K bytes ROM 128 bytes RAM Four 8-bit I/O ports Two 8/16 bit timers Serial port 64K external code memory space 64K data memory space Multiple internal and external interrupt sources 9
- 10. Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller Oscillator 4096 Bytes 128 Bytes Two 16 Bit and timing Program Memory Data Memory Timer/Event (ROM) (RAM) Counters 8051 Internal data bus CPU 64 K Byte Bus Programmable Programmable Expansion I/O Serial Port Full Control Duplex UART Synchronous Shifter subsystem interrupts Control Parallel ports Serial Output External interrupts Address Data Bus Serial Input I/O pins 10
- 11. Pin Description of 8051 The 8051 is a 40 pin device, but out of these 40 pins, 32 are used for I/O. 24 of these are dual purpose, i.e. they can operate as I/O or a control line or as part of address or data bus. 11
- 12. 8051 CPU Registers A (8-bit Accumulator) B (8-bit register for Mul &Div) PSW (8-bit Program Status Word) SP (8-bit Stack Pointer) PC (16-bit Program Counter) DPTR (16-bit Data Pointer) 12
- 14. List of registers contd.. 14
- 15. Memory mapping in 8051 ROM memory map in 8051 family 4k 8k 32k 0000H 0000H 0000H 0FFFH DS5000-32 1FFFH 8051 8752 7FFFH from Atmel from Dallas Corporation Semiconductor 15
- 16. RAM memory space allocation in the 8051 7FH Scratch pad RAM 30H 2FH Bit-Addressable RAM 20H 1FH 18H Register Bank 3 17H Register Bank 2 10H 0FH (Stack) Register Bank 1 08H 07H Register Bank 0 00H 16
- 17. Timers /Counters The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: Timer/Counter 0 Timer/Counter 1 Timer : Used as a time delay generator. Many microcontroller application requires the counting of external events such as frequency, time delay. 17
- 18. Registers Used in Timer/Counter 8051 has two 16-bit Timer registers ,Timer 0 & Timer 1. As 8051 has 8-bit architecture , each Timer register is treated as two 8-bit registers namely TH0, TL0, TH1, TL1. One 8-bit mode register -TMOD. One 8-bit control register-TCON. 18
- 19. Timer Set the initial value of registers Start the timer and then the 8051 counts up. Input from internal system clock (machine cycle) When the registers equal to 0 and the 8051 sets a bit to denote time out 8051 P2 P1 to Set LCD Timer 0 TH0 TL0 19
- 20. Counter Count the number of events • Show the number of events on registers • External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0 • External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1 • External input from Tx input pin. • We use Tx to denote T0 or T1. 8051 TH0 P1 to TL0 LCD P3.4 a switch T0 20
- 21. TMOD Register (MSB) (LSB) GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0 Timer 1 Timer 0 Both Timer 0 &Timer 1 use the same Mode register TMOD. It is an-8-bit register . The lower 4-bits are meant for Timer 0 &the upper 4- bits are meant for Timer 1 It is used similar to any other register of 8051 . 21
- 22. TMod contd…. C/T : Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin). M1,M0 : Used for mode selection. Because the Timers of 8051 can be set in 4-different modes. M1 M0 Mode Operation 0 0 0 13-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx 0 1 1 16-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx 1 0 2 8-bit auto reload THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into TLx each time it overflows. 22
- 23. Gate Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping. GATE=0 Internal control The start and stop of the timer are controlled by way of software. GATE=1 External control The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by software and an external source. Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT pin is high and the TR control pin is set (TR). 23
- 24. TCON Register Timer control register TMOD is a 8-bit register which is bit addressable and in which Upper nibble is for timer/counter, lower nibble is for interrupts 24
- 25. Tcon contd… TR (Timer run control bit) • TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1. • TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off. TR=0 : off (stop) TR=1 : on (start) TF (timer flag, control flag) • TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1. • TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from FFFFH, the TF is set to 1. TF=0 : not reach TF=1: reach If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR. 25
- 27. RxD and TxD pins in the 8051 The 8051 has two pins for transferring and receiving data by serial communication. These two pins are part of the Port3(P3.0 &P3.1) These pins are TTL compatible and hence they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible Max232 chip is one such line driver in use. Serial communication is controlled by an 8-bit register called SCON register, it is a bit addressable register. 27
- 28. SCON (Serial control) register 28
- 29. SM0 , SM1 These two bits of SCON register determine the framing of data by specifying the number of bits per character and start bit and stop bits. There are 4 serial modes. SM0 SM1 0 0 Serial Mode 0 0 1 Serial Mode 1, 8 bit data, 1 stop bit, 1 start bit 1 0 Serial Mode 2 1 1 Serial Mode 3 29
- 30. REN, TI, RI REN (Receive Enable) also referred as SCON.4. When it is high, it allows the 8051 to receive data on the RxD pin. So to receive and transfer data REN must be set to 1. When REN=0,the receiver is disabled. 30
- 31. TI,RI Contd… TI (Transmit interrupt) It is the D1 bit of SCON register. When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit character, it raises the TI flag to indicate that it is ready to transfer another byte. The TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit. RI (Receive interrupt) It is the D0 bit of the SCON register. When the 8051 receives data serially ,via RxD, it gets rid of the start and stop bits and places the byte in the SBUF register. Then it raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte has been received and should be picked up before it is lost. RI is raised halfway through the stop bit. 31
- 32. Interrupt Sources 8051 has 6 sources of interrupts • Reset • Timer 0 overflow • Timer 1 overflow • External Interrupt 0 • External Interrupt 1 • Serial Port events (buffer full, buffer empty, etc) 32
- 33. Interrupt Enable Register • Upon reset all Interrupts are disabled and do not respond to the Microcontroller • These interrupts must be enabled by software in order for the Microcontroller to respond to them. • This is done by an 8-bit register called Interrupt Enable Register (IE). 33
- 34. EA : Global enable/disable. --- : Undefined. ET2 : Enable Timer 2 interrupt. ES : Enable Serial port interrupt. ET1 : Enable Timer 1 interrupt. EX1 : Enable External 1 interrupt. ET0 : Enable Timer 0 interrupt. EX0 : Enable External 0 interrupt. 34
- 35. Interrupt Priorities If two interrupt sources interrupt at the same time ,the interrupt with the highest PRIORITY gets serviced first. All interrupts have a power on default priority order. 1. External interrupt 0 (INT0) 2. Timer interrupt0 (TF0) 3. External interrupt 1 (INT1) 4. Timer interrupt1 (TF1) 5. Serial communication (RI+TI) Priority can also be set to “high” or “low” by IP reg. 35
- 36. Interrupt Priorities (IP) Register --- --- PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0 IP.7: reserved IP.6: reserved IP.5: Timer 2 interrupt priority bit (8052 only) IP.4: Serial port interrupt priority bit IP.3: Timer 1 interrupt priority bit IP.2: External interrupt 1 priority bit IP.1: Timer 0 interrupt priority bit IP.0: External interrupt 0 priority bit 36
- 37. Interrupt inside an interrupt --- --- PT2 PS PT1 PX1 PT0 PX0 • A high-priority interrupt can interrupt a low-priority interrupt • All interrupt are latched internally • Low-priority interrupt wait until 8051 has finished servicing the high-priority interrupt 37
- 38. Applications of 8051 microcontroller • Embedded system • Industrial • Computer networking • Power input to the 8051 is very simple and straight forward. • 8051 could be used in low-power applications. 38
- 39. Applications cont’d • The 8051 has been in use in a wide number of devices, mainly because it is easy to integrate into a project or build a device around. • Energy Management: Efficient metering systems help in controlling energy usage in homes and industrial applications. These metering systems are made capable by incorporating microcontrollers. 39
- 40. Applications cont’d Touch screens: A high number of microcontroller providers incorporate touch-sensing capabilities in their designs. Portable electronics such as cell phones, media players and gaming devices are examples of microcontroller-based touch screens. Automobiles: The 8051 finds wide acceptance in providing automobile solutions. They are widely used in hybrid vehicles to manage engine variants. 40 Functions such as cruise control and anti-brake system have been made more efficient with the use of
- 41. Applications cont’d Medical Devices: Portable medical devices such as blood pressure and glucose monitors use microcontrollers will to display data, thus providing higher reliability in providing medical results. 41
- 42. Thank you 42