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A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz

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A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz
A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz Digital Instant Download Author(s): Ulla Kirch-Prinz, Peter Prinz ISBN(s): 9781429419253, 1429419253 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 5.06 MB Year: 2002 Language: english
A Complete Guide to Programming in C 1st Edition Ulla Kirch-Prinz
Ulla Kirch-Prinz Peter Prinz A Complete Guide to Programming in C++
World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers 40 Tall Pine Drive Sudbury, MA 01776 978-443-5000 info@jbpub.com www.jbpub.com Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada 2406 Nikanna Road Mississauga, ON L5C 2W6 CANADA Jones and Bartlett Publishers International Barb House, Barb Mews London W6 7PA UK Copyright © 2002 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Cover Image: Stones on shore-line and yellow leaf, Bjorkliden, Sweden, by Peter Lilja Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prinz, Peter. [C++ Lernen und professionell anwenden. English] A complete guide to programming in C++ / Peter Prinz, Ulla Kirch-Prinz; translated by Ian Travis. p. cm. ISBN: 0-7637-1817-3 1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Kirch-Prinz, Ulla. II. Title. QA76.73.C153 P73713 2001 005.13'3—dc21 2001029617 2090 Chief Executive Officer: Clayton Jones Chief Operating Officer: Don W. Jones, Jr. V.P., Managing Editor: Judith H. Hauck V.P., Design and Production: Anne Spencer V.P., Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Therese Bräuer Editor-in-Chief: Michael Stranz Development and Product Manager: Amy Rose Marketing Manager: Nathan Schultz Production Assistant: Tara McCormick Cover Design: Night & Day Design Composition: Northeast Compositors Text Design: Mary McKeon Printing and Binding: Courier Westford Cover printing: John Pow Company, Inc. This book was typeset in QuarkXpress 4.11 on a Macintosh G4. The font families used were Goudy, Gill Sans, Courier, Rubino Serif, and Seven Sans. The first printing was printed on 50 lb. Finch Opaque. Printed in the United States of America 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to our children, Vivi and Jeany
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v This book was written for readers interested in learning the C++ programming language from scratch, and for both novice and advanced C++ programmers wishing to enhance their knowledge of C++. It was our goal from the begin- ning to design this text with the capabilities of serving dual markets, as a text- book for students and as a holistic reference manual for professionals. The C++ language definition is based on the American National Stan- dards Institute ANSI Standard X3J16. This standard also complies with ISO norm 14882, which was ratified by the International Standardization Organi- zation in 1998. The C++ programming language is thus platform-independent in the main with a majority of C++ compilers providing ANSI support. New elements of the C++ language, such as exception handling and templates, are supported by most of the major compilers. Visit the Jones and Bartlett web site at www.jbpub.com for a listing of compilers available for this text. The chapters in this book are organized to guide the reader from elemen- tary language concepts to professional software development, with in-depth coverage of all the C++ language elements en route. The order in which these elements are discussed reflects our goal of helping the reader to create useful programs at every step of the way. preface
Each double-page spread in the book is organized to provide a description of the lan- guage elements on the right-hand page while illustrating them by means of graphics and sample programs on the left-hand page. This type of visual representation offered by each spread will provide students and professionals with an unmatched guide throughout the text. The sample programs were chosen to illustrate a typical application for each lan- guage element. In addition, filter programs and case studies introduce the reader to a wide range of application scenarios. To gain command over a programming language, students need a lot of experience in developing programs. Thus, each chapter includes exercises followed by sample solu- tions, allowing the reader to test and enhance his or her performance and understanding of C++. The appendix provides further useful information, such as binary number representa- tion, pre-processor directives, and operator precedence tables, making this book a well- structured and intelligible reference guide for C++ programmers. In order to test and expand your acquired knowledge, you can download sample pro- grams and solutions to the exercises at: http://completecpp.jbpub.com Content Organization Chapter 1 gives a thorough description of the fundamental characteristics of the object- oriented C++ programming language. In addition, students are introduced to the steps necessary for creating a fully functional C++ program. Many examples are provided to help enforce these steps and to demonstrate the basic structure of a C++ program. Chapter 2 provides a complete introduction to the basic types and objects used by C++ programs. Integral types and constants, fundamental types, and Boolean constants are just a few of the topics discussed. Chapter 3 describes how to declare and call standard functions. This chapter also teaches students to use standard classes, including standard header files. In addition, stu- dents work with string variables for the first time in this chapter. Chapter 4 explains the use of streams for input and output, with a focus on formatting techniques. Formatting flags and manipulators are discussed, as are field width, fill char- acters, and alignment. Chapter 5 introduces operators needed for calculations and selections. Binary, unary, relational, and logical operators are all examined in detail. Chapter 6 describes the statements needed to control the flow of a program. These include loops with while, do-while, and for; selections with if-else, switch, and the condi- tional operator; and jumps with goto, continue, and break. Chapter 7 provides a thorough introduction to the definition of symbolic constants and macros, illustrating their significance and use. Furthermore, a comprehensive exami- nation of standard macros for character handling is included. Chapter 8 introduces implicit type conversions, which are performed in C++ when- ever different arithmetic types occur in expressions. Additionally, the chapter explores an operator for explicit type conversion. vi ■ P R E F A C E
Chapter 9 takes an in-depth look at the standard class string, which is used to repre- sent strings. In addition to defining strings, the chapter looks at the various methods of string manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com- paring, and concatenating strings. Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules are covered, as are passing arguments, the definition of inline functions, overloading functions and default arguments, and the principle of recursion. Chapter 11 gives a thorough explanation of storage classes for objects and functions. Object lifetime and scope are discussed, along with global, static, and auto objects. Namespaces and external and static functions are also included in the discussion. Chapter 12 explains how to define references and pointers and how to use them as parameters and/or return values of functions. In this context, passing by reference and read-only access to arguments are introduced. Chapter 13 provides a complete description of how classes are defined and how instances of classes, or objects, are used. In addition, structs and unions are introduced as examples of special classes. Chapter 14 describes how constructors and destructors are defined to create and destroy objects. Also discussed are how inline methods, access methods, and read-only methods can be used. Furthermore, the chapter explains the pointer this, which is avail- able for all methods, and what you need to pay attention to when passing objects as argu- ments or returning objects. Chapter 15 gives a complete explanation of member objects and how they are initial- ized, and of data members that are created only once for all the objects in a class. In addi- tion, this chapter describes constant members and enumerated types. Chapter 16 takes an in-depth look at how to define and use arrays. Of particular inter- est are one-dimensional and multidimensional arrays, C strings, and class arrays. Chapter 17 describes the relationship between pointers and arrays. This includes pointer arithmetic, pointer versions of functions, pointers as return values and read-only pointers, and pointer arrays. Students learn that operations that use C strings illustrate how to use pointers for efficient programming, and that string access via the command line of an application program is used to illustrate pointer arrays. Chapter 18 explains sequential file access using file streams. Students will develop an understanding of how file streams provide simple and portable file handling techniques. Chapter 19 provides a complete description of the various uses of overloaded opera- tors. Arithmetic operators, comparisons, the subscript operator, and the shift operators for input and output are overloaded to illustrate the appropriate techniques. In addition, the concept of friend functions, which is introduced in this context, is particularly important for overloading operators. Students learn how overloading operators allows them to apply existing operators to objects of class type. Chapter 20 discusses how implicit type conversion occurs in C++ when an expression cannot be compiled directly but can be compiled after applying a conversion rule. The programmer can stipulate how the compiler will perform implicit type conversion for classes by defining conversion constructors and functions. Finally, the chapter discusses ambiguity that occurs due to type conversion and how to avoid it. PREFACE ■ vii
Chapter 21 describes how a program can allocate and release memory dynamically in line with current memory requirements. Dynamic memory allocation is an important fac- tor in many C++ programs, and the following chapters contain several case studies to help students review the subject. Chapter 22 explains how to implement classes containing pointers to dynamically allocated memory. These include your own copy constructor definition and overloading the assignment operator. A class designed to represent arrays of any given length is used as a sample application. Chapter 23 provides a thorough description of how derived classes can be constructed from existing classes by inheritance. In addition to defining derived classes, this chapter discusses how members are redefined, how objects are constructed and destroyed, and how access control to base classes can be realized. Chapter 24 discusses implicit type conversion within class hierarchies, which occurs in the context of assignments and function calls. Explicit type casting in class hierar- chies is also described, paying particular attention to upcasting and downcasting. Chapter 25 gives a complete explanation of how to develop and manage polymorphic classes. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphic class hierarchies is introduced. Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create abstract classes and how you can use abstract classes at a polymorphic interface for derived classes. To illustrate this, an inhomogeneous list, that is, a linked list whose elements can be of vari- ous class types, is implemented. Chapter 27 describes how new classes are created by multiple inheritance and explains their uses. Besides introducing students to the creation and destruction of objects in multiply-derived classes, virtual base classes are depicted to avoid ambiguity in multiple inheritance. Chapter 28 explains how a C++ program uses error-handling techniques to resolve error conditions. In addition to throwing and catching exceptions, the chapter also examines how exception specifications are declared and exception classes are defined. In addition, the use of standard exception classes is discussed. Chapter 29 examines random access to files based on file streams, and options for querying file state. Exception handling for files is discussed as well. The chapter illus- trates how to make objects in polymorphic classes persistent, that is, how to save them in files. The applications introduced in this chapter include simple index files and hash tables. Chapter 30 provides a thorough explanation of the advanced uses of pointers. These include pointers to pointers, functions with a variable number of arguments, and pointers to functions. In addition, an application that defines a class used to represent dynamic matrices is introduced. Chapter 31 describes bitwise operators and how to use bit masks. The applications included demonstrate calculations with parity bits, conversion of lowercase and capital letters, and converting binary numbers. Finally, the definition of bit-fields is introduced. Chapter 32 discusses how to define and use function and class templates. In addition, special options, such as default arguments, specialization, and explicit instantiation, are viii ■ P R E F A C E
discussed. Students learn that templates allow the construction of functions and classes based on types that have not yet been stated. Thus, templates are a powerful tool for automating program code generation. Chapter 33 explains standard class templates used to represent containers for more efficient management of object collections. These include sequences, such as lists and double ended queues; container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues; associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets. In addition to discussing how to manage containers, the chapter also looks at sample applications, such as bitmaps for raster images, and routing techniques. Additional Features Chapter Goals A concise chapter introduction, which contains a description of the chapter’s contents, is presented at the beginning of each chapter. These summaries also provide students with an idea of the key points to look for throughout the chapter. Chapter Exercises Each chapter contains exercises, including programming problems, designed to test students’ knowledge and understanding of the main ideas. The exercises also provide reinforcement for key chapter concepts. Solutions are included to allow students to check their work immediately and correct any possible mistakes. Case Studies Every chapter contains a number of case studies that were designed to introduce the reader to a wide range of application scenarios. Notes This feature provides students with helpful tips and information useful to learning C++. Important concepts and rules are highlighted for additional emphasis and easy access. Hints These are informative suggestions for easier programming. Also included are common mistakes and how to avoid making them. Acknowledgements Our thanks go out to everyone who helped produce this book, particularly to Ian Travis, for his valuable contributions to the development of this book. Alexa Doehring, who reviewed all samples and program listings, and gave many valuable hints from the American perspective. Michael Stranz and Amy Rose at Jones and Bartlett Publishers, who managed the pub- lishing agreement and the production process so smoothly. Our children, Vivi and Jeany, who left us in peace long enough to get things finished! And now all that remains is to wish you, Dear Reader, lots of fun with C++! Ulla Kirch-Prinz Peter Prinz PREFACE ■ ix
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xi Chapter 1 Fundamentals 1 Development and Properties of C++ 2 Object-Oriented Programming 4 Developing a C++ Program 6 A Beginner’s C++ Program 8 Structure of Simple C++ Programs 10 Exercises 12 Solutions 14 Chapter 2 Fundamental Types, Constants, and Variables 15 Fundamental Types 16 Constants 22 Escape Sequences 26 Names 28 Variables 30 The Keywords const and volatile 32 Exercises 34 Solutions 36 contents
Chapter 3 Using Functions and Classes 39 Declaring Functions 40 Function Calls 42 Type void for Functions 44 Header Files 46 Standard Header Files 48 Using Standard Classes 50 Exercises 52 Solutions 54 Chapter 4 Input and Output with Streams 57 Streams 58 Formatting and Manipulators 60 Formatted Output of Integers 62 Formatted Output of Floating-Point Numbers 64 Output in Fields 66 Output of Characters, Strings, and Boolean Values 68 Formatted Input 70 Formatted Input of Numbers 72 Unformatted Input/Output 74 Exercises 76 Solutions 78 Chapter 5 Operators for Fundamental Types 81 Binary Arithmetic Operators 82 Unary Arithmetic Operators 84 Assignments 86 Relational Operators 88 Logical Operators 90 Exercises 92 Solutions 94 Chapter 6 Control Flow 95 The while Statement 96 The for Statement 98 The do-while Statement 102 Selections with if-else 104 Else-if Chains 106 Conditional Expressions 108 Selecting with switch 110 Jumps with break, continue, and goto 112 Exercises 114 Solutions 116 xii ■ C O N T E N T S
Chapter 7 Symbolic Constants and Macros 119 Macros 120 Macros with Parameters 122 Working with the #define Directive 124 Conditional Inclusion 126 Standard Macros for Character Manipulation 128 Redirecting Standard Input and Output 130 Exercises 132 Solutions 134 Chapter 8 Converting Arithmetic Types 139 Implicit Type Conversions 140 Performing Usual Arithmetic Type Conversions 142 Implicit Type Conversions in Assignments 144 More Type Conversions 146 Exercises 148 Solutions 150 Chapter 9 The Standard Class string 153 Defining and Assigning Strings 154 Concatenating Strings 156 Comparing Strings 158 Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160 Searching and Replacing in Strings 162 Accessing Characters in Strings 164 Exercises 166 Solutions 168 Chapter 10 Functions 171 Significance of Functions in C++ 172 Defining Functions 174 Return Value of Functions 176 Passing Arguments 178 Inline Functions 180 Default Arguments 182 Overloading Functions 184 Recursive Functions 186 Exercises 188 Solutions 191 Chapter 11 Storage Classes and Namespaces 197 Storage Classes of Objects 198 The Storage Class extern 200 CONTENTS ■ xiii
The Storage Class static 202 The Specifiers auto and register 204 The Storage Classes of Functions 206 Namespaces 208 The Keyword using 210 Exercises 212 Solutions 216 Chapter 12 References and Pointers 221 Defining References 222 References as Parameters 224 References as Return Value 226 Expressions with Reference Type 228 Defining Pointers 230 The Indirection Operator 232 Pointers as Parameters 234 Exercises 236 Solutions 238 Chapter 13 Defining Classes 243 The Class Concept 244 Defining Classes 246 Defining Methods 248 Defining Objects 250 Using Objects 252 Pointers to Objects 254 Structs 256 Unions 258 Exercise 260 Solution 262 Chapter 14 Methods 265 Constructors 266 Constructor Calls 268 Destructors 270 Inline Methods 272 Access Methods 274 const Objects and Methods 276 Standard Methods 278 this Pointer 280 Passing Objects as Arguments 282 Returning Objects 284 Exercises 286 Solutions 290 xiv ■ C O N T E N T S
Chapter 15 Member Objects and Static Members 297 Member Objects 298 Member Initializers 300 Constant Member Objects 302 Static Data Members 304 Accessing Static Data Members 306 Enumeration 308 Exercises 310 Solutions 314 Chapter 16 Arrays 321 Defining Arrays 322 Initializing Arrays 324 Arrays 326 Class Arrays 328 Multidimensional Arrays 330 Member Arrays 332 Exercises 334 Solutions 338 Chapter 17 Arrays and Pointers 349 Arrays and Pointers (1) 350 Arrays and Pointers (2) 352 Pointer Arithmetic 354 Arrays as Arguments 356 Pointer Versions of Functions 358 Read-Only Pointers 360 Returning Pointers 362 Arrays of Pointers 364 Command Line Arguments 366 Exercises 368 Solutions 372 Chapter 18 Fundamentals of File Input and Output 379 Files 380 File Streams 382 Creating File Streams 384 Open Modes 386 Closing Files 388 Reading and Writing Blocks 390 Object Persistence 392 Exercises 394 Solutions 398 CONTENTS ■ xv
Chapter 19 Overloading Operators 411 Generals 412 Operator Functions (1) 414 Operator Functions (2) 416 Using Overloaded Operators 418 Global Operator Functions 420 Friend Functions 422 Friend Classes 424 Overloading Subscript Operators 426 Overloading Shift-Operators for I/O 428 Exercises 430 Solutions 432 Chapter 20 Type Conversion for Classes 441 Conversion Constructors 442 Conversion Functions 444 Ambiguities of Type Conversions 446 Exercise 448 Solution 450 Chapter 21 Dynamic Memory Allocation 453 The Operator new 454 The Operator delete 456 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Classes 458 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Arrays 460 Application: Linked Lists 462 Representing a Linked List 464 Exercises 466 Solutions 468 Chapter 22 Dynamic Members 477 Members of Varying Length 478 Classes with a Dynamic Member 480 Creating and Destroying Objects 482 Implementing Methods 484 Copy Constructor 486 Assignment 488 Exercises 490 Solutions 492 Chapter 23 Inheritance 499 Concept of Inheritance 500 Derived Classes 502 xvi ■ C O N T E N T S
Members of Derived Classes 504 Member Access 506 Redefining Members 508 Constructing and Destroying Derived Classes 510 Objects of Derived Classes 512 Protected Members 514 Exercises 516 Solutions 520 Chapter 24 Type Conversion in Class Hierarchies 529 Converting to Base Classes 530 Type Conversions and Assignments 532 Converting References and Pointers 534 Explicit Type Conversions 536 Exercises 538 Solutions 540 Chapter 25 Polymorphism 543 Concept of Polymorphism 544 Virtual Methods 546 Destroying Dynamically Allocated Objects 548 Virtual Method Table 550 Dynamic Casts 552 Exercises 554 Solutions 558 Chapter 26 Abstract Classes 565 Pure Virtual Methods 566 Abstract and Concrete Classes 568 Pointers and References to Abstract Classes 570 Virtual Assignment 572 Application: Inhomogeneous Lists 574 Implementing an Inhomogeneous List 576 Exercises 578 Solutions 580 Chapter 27 Multiple Inheritance 587 Multiply-Derived Classes 588 Multiple Indirect Base Classes 590 Virtual Base Classes 592 Constructor Calls 594 Initializing Virtual Base Classes 596 Exercises 598 Solutions 602 CONTENTS ■ xvii
Chapter 28 Exception Handling 607 Traditional Error Handling 608 Exception Handling 610 Exception Handlers 612 Throwing and Catching Exceptions 614 Nesting Exception Handling 616 Defining Your Own Error Classes 618 Standard Exception Classes 620 Exercises 622 Solutions 626 Chapter 29 More About Files 637 Opening a File for Random Access 638 Positioning for Random Access 640 File State 644 Exception Handling for Files 646 Persistence of Polymorphic Objects 648 Application: Index Files 652 Implementing an Index File 654 Exercises 656 Solutions 660 Chapter 30 More About Pointers 681 Pointer to Pointers 682 Variable Number of Arguments 684 Pointers to Functions 688 Complex Declarations 690 Defining Typenames 692 Application: Dynamic Matrices 694 Exercises 696 Solutions 698 Chapter 31 Manipulating Bits 705 Bitwise Operators 706 Bitwise Shift Operators 708 Bit Masks 710 Using Bit Masks 712 Bit-Fields 714 Exercises 716 Solutions 718 Chapter 32 Templates 721 Function and Class Templates 722 Defining Templates 724 xviii ■ C O N T E N T S
Template Instantiation 726 Template Parameters 728 Template Arguments 730 Specialization 732 Default Arguments of Templates 734 Explicit Instantiation 736 Exercises 738 Solutions 742 Chapter 33 Containers 749 Container Types 750 Sequences 752 Iterators 754 Declaring Sequences 756 Inserting in Sequences 758 Accessing Objects 760 Length and Capacity 762 Deleting in Sequences 764 List Operations 766 Associative Containers 768 Sets and Multisets 770 Maps and Multimaps 772 Bitsets 774 Exercise 778 Solution 780 Appendix 783 Binary Numbers 784 Preprocessor Directives 787 Pre-Defined Standard Macros 792 Binding C Functions 793 Operators Overview 795 Operator Precedence Table 797 ASCII Code Table 798 Screen Control Sequences 800 Literature 801 Index 803 CONTENTS ■ xix
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692 H. N., XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, Jb., XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, cf. the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (Mp., pp. 357 f.; Mw., pp. 591–2) and Robert (Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr., XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the Pall Mall Magazine, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand. 693 Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A., 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f. 694 VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance. 695 Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= F. H. G., IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, cf. Hor., Sat., II, 2.11; Suetonius, Octav., 83; Pliny, Ep., III, 1.8; Seneca, de Brev. vit., 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, Les Jeux des Anciens,2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176–199. 696 Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e). 697 Athen., I, 25–26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a). 698 In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. Cf. Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc. 699 Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a). 700 Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); cf., Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: id., on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601. 701 Theophr., Char., V, 9; Pliny, Ep., II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, Vit. Vespas., 20; etc. 702 B. S. A., X, 1903–4, pp. 63 f; cf., XII, 1905–6, p. 387. 703 The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in C. I. G., I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, Die Dorier, 4, 5, § 2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.
704 Rev. des Ét. gr., XIV, 1901, pp. 445–8. 705 Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt- Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, Die griech. Skulpt.,2 fig. on p. 349 (the Germanicus on p. 348; cf. Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, Griech. Plastik, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and cf. 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270–271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, 83–84. 706 Graef, Aus der Anomia, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the Lemnian Athena and the body to that of the Farnese Anadoumenos of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the Lemnia is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: Mp., p. 57; Mw., pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, Mp., Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, B. M. Coins, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 68. 707 Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day. 708 As shown in the Germanicus copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the Germanicus the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples. 709 Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc. 710 A. J. A., XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215–16 (Caskey); Jb., XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the Hermes of the Boboli gardens, see ibid., figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., Einzelauf., 103–105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., Mp., p. 230, Mw., p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, Kat., no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4–5, p. 5; Mp., p. 290, Mw., 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. 475: Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5. 711 Gaz. d. B.-A., 1911, p. 251.
712 Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 230 and cf. p. 290; Mw., p. 424 and cf. p. 506. 713 See the Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, Polyklet u. seine Schule, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the Doryphoros. 714 Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212–13; later bibliogr. in Klein, Praxitel. Stud., 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: ibid., II, i, 153, 10; A. M., XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see B. M. Sculpt., III, 1785). 715 See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike, with Pls. 1–6. 716 From the Ekphrasis of Christodoros, A. G., II, vv. 297–302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, de Mercurii statua, Thorn, 1860. 717 Pick, Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands, I, Pl. XVI, 25; cf. Froehner, p. 211. 718 Duetschke, IV, no. 151; J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace). 719 E. g., B. M. Bronzes, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, Vat., I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X. 720 B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; Jb., I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., Mp., Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in Mp., pp. 346–7. The head is 11–1/2 inches high (B. M. Sculpt.). 721 Nissen, Pompej. Stud., p. 166.
722 H. N., XXXIV, 18. 723 E. g., one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F. 724 E. g., E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze Mercury in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., Mp., p. 233, fig. 94, and Mw., p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: Mp., p. 232, fig. 93; Mw., p. 427, fig. 63. 725 Mp., p. 231, n. 3. 726 B. M. Bronzes, no. 1217. 727 Mp., pp. 288 f.; Mw., pp. 502 f. 728 Inschr. v. Ol., no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, Mp., p. 288, fig. 123; Mw., p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.), given by the Oxy. Pap. 729 Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., Mp., p. 289, fig. 124; Mw., p. 504, fig. 91. 730 XXIII, 660; cf. Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. Cf. Hesiod, Theog., 346–7. 731 V, 7.10. 732 Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens. 733 Told by many writers: e. g., Apollod., II, 6.2. 734 P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31
f.; Overbeck has added to the list: Griech. Mythol., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391–415. 735 The Choiseul-Gouffier statue: B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. III; Specimens, II, Pl. V; Museum Marbles, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; J. H. S., I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and cf., II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (B. M. Sculpt.). The Apollo-on- the-Omphalos: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 23– 24 and fig.; J. H. S., I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, op. cit., Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, Einzelauf., nos. 849–50; for list of other copies, see A. M., IX, 1884, pp. 239–40. 736 Cf. B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith). 737 See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; A. M., IX, 1884, p. 248. 738 Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; cf. F. W., 219. Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III. Apollon, p. 162, fig. 9. 739 A. M., I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47. 740 Published in J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 278–80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the Choiseul-Gouffier and Omphalos copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 1268. 741 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 211; it shows the krobylos best. 742 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 210. 743 Braun, Vorschule d. Kunstmythol., Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith). 744 Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. 54; discussed in Annali, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio). 745 Cf. Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 859; Beulé, Monnaies d’Athênes, p. 271, quoted in Jb., II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.
746 Jb., II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side. 747 Fuehrer, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268. 748 Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, p. 19. 749 Roscher, Lex., I, p. 456. 750 A. M., IX, 1884, p. 244. 751 Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, l.c.; Murray, I, p. 235; cf. Furtw., l. c., and on the artist, see his article in Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, pp. 160 f. 752 S. Q., nos. 508–526. 753 Furtw., l. c.; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the Alexikakos has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301). 754 Dionys. Halic., de Isocrate Judicium, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); S. Q., 531. 755 Op. cit., especially p. 182. 756 P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 ( = 484, 476, 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207. 757 F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete. 758 Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, pp. 203–7 and fig. 1. 759 The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, III, Apollon, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 859; Stuart Jones, Cat. Mus. Capit., p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, Serie II, 452–4, p. 35. 760 Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see
Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59. 761 Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3–5. The original height was 2.60 meters. 762 Strena Helbigiana, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (l. c. and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., Mw., p. 115, and fig. 21. 763 B. M. Coins, Troas, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, l. c., fig. 4, p. 207. 764 Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 547, 9; other references infra, on p. 152, n. 5. 765 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; cf., Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., pp. 105–6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120). 766 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; infra, pp. 269 f. 767 Cf., Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 18 (Achilleae). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol., Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11. 768 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree- support and Apollo. 769 Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Loewy, op. cit., X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, ibid., IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the Borghese Ares of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, Rép. I, 133, 1–3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, i. e., essentially different from the Polykleitan pose. 770 R. M., XXVII, 1912, p. 37.
771 Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace). 772 Mp., p. 247; Mw., pp. 448–449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C. 773 Amelung, Rev. arch., II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, l. c., p. 237. 774 Both Schreiber, A. M., VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works. 775 P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; cf. V, 8.3–4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, Gr. Gesch.,2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, Olympia, pp. 26 f. 776 With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; cf. the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4. 777 P., V, 8.4. 778 P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 ( = 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570–1. 779 V, 21.10. 780 These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 ( = 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see Bronzen v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 ( = 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505–6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., l. c.), who won in Ol. 172 ( = 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538–9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 ( = 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579–80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 ( = 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609–10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 ( = 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621–2. 781 Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 ( = 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and
Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 ( = 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., Heroicus, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); cf. Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, ad loc. Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, l. c. Frazer, III, p. 625. 782 Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, e. g., Dio Cassius, l. c.; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., e. g., Africanus; cf. Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2. 783 See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag., II, 1845, pp. 392–411. 784 P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes. 785 B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 455–6. 786 On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94. 787 P., VI, 2.1. 788 Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298–299. 789 La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection. 790 See Arndt, l. c. Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, Lex., I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a mélange of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: Gaz. d. B.-A., 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; Têtes, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt. 791 Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.] 792 For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, Villa Ercolan., Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., Mp. p. 234, fig. 95; Mw., p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, Guide, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; Mp., p. 235, fig. 96; Mw., p.
431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan Herakles: R. M., IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 23. 793 Amelung., Vat., I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 108; Guide, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., Mp., p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); Mw., p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.). 794 Helbig, Guide, no. 242. 795 Helbig, ibid., no. 470; R. M., IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic). 796 It was found in Genzano: B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4–7/8 inches; for references, see infra, p. 169, n. 8. 797 B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1732; Specimens, I, Pl. 57; Museum Marbles, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of B. M. Sculpt. are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, ibid., no. 1726, with the lion- skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, Rép., II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; J. H. S., III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (I. G. B., 361), recalls the description of the pose of the Hermes Epitrapezios made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, Silv., IV, 6; cf. Martial, IX, 44. 798 B. M. Bronz., nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc. 799 B. M. Bronz., Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212. 800 Friedrichs, Kleinere Kunst, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., Mw., p. 525, n. 2. 801 III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears. 802 See Furtw., Mp., pp. 234 and 236; Mw., pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed supra, p. 95. 803 P., V, 8.4. 804 P., V, 15.5. 805 P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι). 806 P., II, 34.10.
807 Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, Isthm., I, 16 f.; Pyth., V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, Isthm., I, 25. 808 Iliad and Od., ll. cc.; Simonides, frag. 8 (P. l. G., III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., Argon., II, 1 f. 809 Apoll. Rhod., op. cit., I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2–3 and 34; Pindar, Pyth., XI, 61–2; Nem., X, 49–50; Isthm., V, 32–3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092–4. 810 R. M., XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations). 811 I. G. A., 37. 812 B. M. Bronz., no. 3207; C. I. G. G. S., III, 1, 649; Rev. arch., Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil., VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor. 813 I. G. A., 43 a (p. 173). 814 Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446. 815 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 780; Museum Marbles, II, Pl. 11; cf. a similar relief, no. 781. The relief ibid., III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006. 816 Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f. 817 This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur, Handausgabe3, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see. 818 Discussed infra in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f. 819 VIII, 40.1. 820 See infra, Ch. VII, pp. 327–8.
821 We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: J. H. S., X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560–546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, 1909; cf. F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; B. M. Sculpt., I, pp. 82–3, with references; etc. 822 See Richardson, pp. 39 f. 823 Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 11–12 and fig.; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, op. cit., p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers. 824 In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; A. M., III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, Hbk., p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133. 825 Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 9–10 (1.27 m. high); Annali, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, op. cit., p. 148, no. 26; B. C. H., V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, Hbk., p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 11. 826 Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, Hbk., p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX. 827 Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, B. C. H., XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig.
134; Gardner, Hbk., p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 1. 828 Furtw.-Wolters, Beschreib. d. Glypt.,2 pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, Hbk., p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.- Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. I, pp. 3 f; Mon. d. I., IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle). 829 Left: torso found in 1885: B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, ibid., Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12–13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); cf. II, 1, 18, 4 and 5. 830 See Holleaux, B. C. H., XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue. 831 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XLI; Annali, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height. 832 See Holleaux, B. C. H., X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and cf. Vischer, Kleine Schriften, II. pp. 302 f. 833 B. B., no. 76. 834 See Holleaux, in B. C. H., XI, 1887, p. 178. 835 From the inscription on its thigh. 836 In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189–190; Kabbadias, Arch. Eph., 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.
837 See Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., text to Pl. I, p. 4. 838 Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school. 839 Statue A: Fouilles de Delphes, IV, Pl. I; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, Hbk., p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer- Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): Fouilles de Delphes, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: Gaz. B.-A., III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444–6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, l. c., pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); cf. A. J. A., 1895, p. 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 77, 6 and 7. 840 VI, 10.5; the epigram reads: Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων. Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 ( = 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 ( = 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169. 841 P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 ( = 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62. 842 Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151. 843 Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144–6. 844 They won in boxing in Ol. 59 ( = 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 ( = 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, l. c., wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia. 845 He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 ( = 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55. 846 He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86–90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 ( = 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols.
28–31 ( = 668–656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type. 847 VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 ( = 536–516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122. 848 Vit. Apoll. Tyan., IV, 28. 849 VI, 14.6–7. 850 Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, de olympionicis apud Philostratum, p. 7, Matz, de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide, p. 33, and Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, H. N., VII, 19, says of Milo: Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in Var. Hist., II, 24 and de Nat. anim., VI, 55. 851 Cf. Philostr., l. c., ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω. 852 Op. cit., p. 31. 853 Cf. P., VIII, 46.3. 854 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 75. 855 For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: B. M. Bronz., no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. Cf. Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention. 856 II, 2, pp. 601–2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos). 857 H. N., XXXIV, 59. 858 Anachar., 9; cf. A. G., IX, 357. 859 No. 38; cf. for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view). 860 B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot- Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268–9,
and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle). 861 It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle). 862 This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle). 863 In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms. 864 He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 ( = 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 ( = 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310. 865 He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: Inschr. v. Ol., 177; cf. Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, cf. Reisch, p. 41. 866 The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: Inschr. v. Ol., 631 = I. G. B., 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see Inschr. v. Ol., 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see I. G. B., p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, Hbk., p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, Hbk., pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f. 867 For Myron, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., 379–80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: e. g., by Robert, Arch. Maerchen, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, Polyklet u. s. Sch., 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; cf. II, p. 143; cf. Springer- Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, l. c., and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in I. G. B., no. 30) as this
intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: cf. 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible. 868 To be mentioned infra, p. III and note 2. 869 Dio Chrysost., de Hom. et Socr., 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, Class. Rev., 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου. 870 Mp., pp. 53 and 196; Mw., pp. 80–81, and 380. 871 Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived circa 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the Chronica of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: Aus Kydathen (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, Philolog. Untersuchungen, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the floruit of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 ( = 423–429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros. 872 Op. cit., pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, l. c., Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, l. c., had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the Herakles remains obscure. 873 P., IV, 33.2. 874 P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148. 875 P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134. 876 P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above. 877 A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer- Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158–159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is
seen also in the small bronze pictured in B. S. A., III, 1896–7, Pl. X, 1. 878 P., VII, 24.4. See B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and cf. 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16–17; Svoronos, Journ. int. d’arch. num., II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11. 879 Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152–153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, Hbk., p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 1; cf. Frost, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (Arch. Eph., 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler). 880 B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., Mp., p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); Mw., p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle). 881 Listed by Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, id., Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias. 882 B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1846; Guide, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; Annali, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 217, fig. 92; Mw., p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see I. G. B., no. 374. 883 The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as Orestes and Elektra: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, Hbk., p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, Rép., I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples Orestes and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by
Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; cf. Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, p. 25, n. 3. 884 E. g., the so-called group of Orestes and Pylades in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, Rép., I, 161, 2 (= Mercury and Vulcan). 885 Kalkmann, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 152, believes it was vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters (i. e., Hagelaïdas) selbst: on pp. 146–7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas. 886 E. g., the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1314; Guide, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, Die Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. I; Schreiber, Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, Rép., I, 506, 6. 887 V, 10.8. 888 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16. 889 See Brunn, pp. 236–7 and 244–5. 890 Loeschke (Dorpaterprogr., 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in A. M., III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (J. H. S., X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of Hera at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (Mp., p. 90, n. 3; Mw., p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the Hera is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (Jb., V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on
the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (A. A., 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (A. M., XXIX, 1904, pp. 208–211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back. 891 See Baum., pp. 1104 KK. 892 P. 243. 893 A. Z., XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f. 894 No. 135. 895 Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr., pp. 67 f. 896 A. M., VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike. 897 A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 44–95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable). 898 A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 374–5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. R. M., II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others. 899 I, pp. 460–1. 900 I, p. 330 (= Elean). 901 For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, Jb., III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and ibid., IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114–137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc. 902 Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462–3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., A. M., XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle). 903 Mp., p. 53; Mw., p. 80; 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 140–1 and 148.
904 The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, A. M., V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, Arch. Eph., 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374–5, figs. 191–2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87–8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, A. A., 1889, p. 147, Mw., pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, A. M., XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C. 905 The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126–127. 906 Furtwaengler, 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 132 and 150; Mp., p. 19; Dickins, p. 265. 907 It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, Au Musée, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer- Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size. 908 Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, Hbk., p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and Au Musée, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 151; Perrot- Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; Arch. Eph., III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size. 909 Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas. 910 Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed infra in Ch. IV, pp. 220–1. 911 See supra, p. 105 and n. 3. 912 On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61–2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and cf. p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493. 913 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, e. g., P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.
914 Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Inschr. v. Ol., 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); I. G. B., 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369. 915 H. N., XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot- groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896–7. 916 Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: I. G. B., 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7. 917 Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; Inschr. v. Ol., 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 ( = 448–400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39. 918 H. N., XXXIV, 49. 919 P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268. 920 P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, O. S., pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 ( = 388–368 B. C.). 921 Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; Inschr. v. Ol., 164; I. G. B., 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: Mp., pp. 224–5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, Strena Helbigiana, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the Oxy. Pap. 922 P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; I. G. B., 475; Inschr. v. Ol., 318; etc.
923 Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; cf. Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f. 924 P., VI, 9.1, f. 925 Antipatros of Sidon, in A. Pl. (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, Arch. Maerch., pp. 95 ff. 926 Longpérier, Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, Les bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The Apollo Philesios, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, Gesch. d. Altertums,2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., l. c., and cf. I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: Griech. Kunstmyth., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 22 f.; cf. Gesch. d. gr. Pl., I, pp. 234 f. 927 H. N., XXXIV, 75; cf. Jex-Blake ad loc., p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the Apollo at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1. 928 P. Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15– 16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153–155; cf. B. Head, Historia Nummorum2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, Apollon, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; B. M. Gems, no. 720; etc. 929 L. c. 930 B. M. Bronzes, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); Specimens, Pl. 12; Annali, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and Apollon, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, Milet et le golfe Latmique, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, Hbk. of Greek Archæology, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, Lex., I, 1, p. 451;
Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle). 931 R. M., II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in A. Z., XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height. 932 Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84–91, and Pl. 7. 933 The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, Études d’archéologie et d’art, p. 164; etc. 934 On the style of Kanachos and the Apollo, see also Kekulé, Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1904, I, pp. 786–801; O. Mueller, Kleine Schriften, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc. 935 P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and cf. P., X, 9.10.
936 P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277. 937 P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; cf. Hyde, p. 34. 938 Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. 98: P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, O. S., pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f. 939 P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105. 940 Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; Inschr. v. Ol., 167; I. G. B., no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; I. G. B., to no. 95. 941 Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; Inschr. v. Ol., 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6–7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a. 942 Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407. 943 P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: I. G. B., 97; C. I. G. G. S., I, 2472); cf. Schmidt, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 197–8, no. 58; cf. Brunn, p. 418.
944 P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424. 945 H. N., XXXIV, 51; cf. XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The Tyche is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, Jb., XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; cf. Amelung, Fuehrer d. Florenz, nos. 261–2; and P. Gardner, J. H. S., IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532–3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, l. c., gives three other sculptors of the same name; cf. I. G. B., nos. 143 and 244–9; Homolle, B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f. 946 Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415. 947 P., V, 25.12–13. 948 P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles). 949 P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found in situ east of the temple of Zeus: Ergebn. v. Ol., Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B. 950 P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 ( = 476–468 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88. 951 P., VI, 9.4–5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; Inschr. v. Ol., 143. 952 Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 ( = 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1–3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 ( = 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 ( = 480 and 476 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196. 953 For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see infra, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4. 954 Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.
955 P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. 956 P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. 957 Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XV; Arch. Eph., 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, Têtes, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526–7, figs. 271–2; E. A. Gardner, J. H. S., VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle). 958 Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, Annali, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, R. M., II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal Apollo of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the Zeus found at Olympia (Bronz. v. Ol., Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan. 959 Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305. 960 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; cf. also Collignon, I, p. 302. 961 Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc. 962 Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 226, Pls. 50–51; cf. also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214–15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, Aeginetische Beitraege, and D. Mackenzie, in B. S. A., XV, 1908–09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78–83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.
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  • 7. Ulla Kirch-Prinz Peter Prinz A Complete Guide to Programming in C++
  • 8. World Headquarters Jones and Bartlett Publishers 40 Tall Pine Drive Sudbury, MA 01776 978-443-5000 [email protected] www.jbpub.com Jones and Bartlett Publishers Canada 2406 Nikanna Road Mississauga, ON L5C 2W6 CANADA Jones and Bartlett Publishers International Barb House, Barb Mews London W6 7PA UK Copyright © 2002 by Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Cover Image: Stones on shore-line and yellow leaf, Bjorkliden, Sweden, by Peter Lilja Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Prinz, Peter. [C++ Lernen und professionell anwenden. English] A complete guide to programming in C++ / Peter Prinz, Ulla Kirch-Prinz; translated by Ian Travis. p. cm. ISBN: 0-7637-1817-3 1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Kirch-Prinz, Ulla. II. Title. QA76.73.C153 P73713 2001 005.13'3—dc21 2001029617 2090 Chief Executive Officer: Clayton Jones Chief Operating Officer: Don W. Jones, Jr. V.P., Managing Editor: Judith H. Hauck V.P., Design and Production: Anne Spencer V.P., Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Therese Bräuer Editor-in-Chief: Michael Stranz Development and Product Manager: Amy Rose Marketing Manager: Nathan Schultz Production Assistant: Tara McCormick Cover Design: Night & Day Design Composition: Northeast Compositors Text Design: Mary McKeon Printing and Binding: Courier Westford Cover printing: John Pow Company, Inc. This book was typeset in QuarkXpress 4.11 on a Macintosh G4. The font families used were Goudy, Gill Sans, Courier, Rubino Serif, and Seven Sans. The first printing was printed on 50 lb. Finch Opaque. Printed in the United States of America 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
  • 9. Dedicated to our children, Vivi and Jeany
  • 11. v This book was written for readers interested in learning the C++ programming language from scratch, and for both novice and advanced C++ programmers wishing to enhance their knowledge of C++. It was our goal from the begin- ning to design this text with the capabilities of serving dual markets, as a text- book for students and as a holistic reference manual for professionals. The C++ language definition is based on the American National Stan- dards Institute ANSI Standard X3J16. This standard also complies with ISO norm 14882, which was ratified by the International Standardization Organi- zation in 1998. The C++ programming language is thus platform-independent in the main with a majority of C++ compilers providing ANSI support. New elements of the C++ language, such as exception handling and templates, are supported by most of the major compilers. Visit the Jones and Bartlett web site at www.jbpub.com for a listing of compilers available for this text. The chapters in this book are organized to guide the reader from elemen- tary language concepts to professional software development, with in-depth coverage of all the C++ language elements en route. The order in which these elements are discussed reflects our goal of helping the reader to create useful programs at every step of the way. preface
  • 12. Each double-page spread in the book is organized to provide a description of the lan- guage elements on the right-hand page while illustrating them by means of graphics and sample programs on the left-hand page. This type of visual representation offered by each spread will provide students and professionals with an unmatched guide throughout the text. The sample programs were chosen to illustrate a typical application for each lan- guage element. In addition, filter programs and case studies introduce the reader to a wide range of application scenarios. To gain command over a programming language, students need a lot of experience in developing programs. Thus, each chapter includes exercises followed by sample solu- tions, allowing the reader to test and enhance his or her performance and understanding of C++. The appendix provides further useful information, such as binary number representa- tion, pre-processor directives, and operator precedence tables, making this book a well- structured and intelligible reference guide for C++ programmers. In order to test and expand your acquired knowledge, you can download sample pro- grams and solutions to the exercises at: http://completecpp.jbpub.com Content Organization Chapter 1 gives a thorough description of the fundamental characteristics of the object- oriented C++ programming language. In addition, students are introduced to the steps necessary for creating a fully functional C++ program. Many examples are provided to help enforce these steps and to demonstrate the basic structure of a C++ program. Chapter 2 provides a complete introduction to the basic types and objects used by C++ programs. Integral types and constants, fundamental types, and Boolean constants are just a few of the topics discussed. Chapter 3 describes how to declare and call standard functions. This chapter also teaches students to use standard classes, including standard header files. In addition, stu- dents work with string variables for the first time in this chapter. Chapter 4 explains the use of streams for input and output, with a focus on formatting techniques. Formatting flags and manipulators are discussed, as are field width, fill char- acters, and alignment. Chapter 5 introduces operators needed for calculations and selections. Binary, unary, relational, and logical operators are all examined in detail. Chapter 6 describes the statements needed to control the flow of a program. These include loops with while, do-while, and for; selections with if-else, switch, and the condi- tional operator; and jumps with goto, continue, and break. Chapter 7 provides a thorough introduction to the definition of symbolic constants and macros, illustrating their significance and use. Furthermore, a comprehensive exami- nation of standard macros for character handling is included. Chapter 8 introduces implicit type conversions, which are performed in C++ when- ever different arithmetic types occur in expressions. Additionally, the chapter explores an operator for explicit type conversion. vi ■ P R E F A C E
  • 13. Chapter 9 takes an in-depth look at the standard class string, which is used to repre- sent strings. In addition to defining strings, the chapter looks at the various methods of string manipulation. These include inserting and erasing, searching and replacing, com- paring, and concatenating strings. Chapter 10 describes how to write functions of your own. The basic rules are covered, as are passing arguments, the definition of inline functions, overloading functions and default arguments, and the principle of recursion. Chapter 11 gives a thorough explanation of storage classes for objects and functions. Object lifetime and scope are discussed, along with global, static, and auto objects. Namespaces and external and static functions are also included in the discussion. Chapter 12 explains how to define references and pointers and how to use them as parameters and/or return values of functions. In this context, passing by reference and read-only access to arguments are introduced. Chapter 13 provides a complete description of how classes are defined and how instances of classes, or objects, are used. In addition, structs and unions are introduced as examples of special classes. Chapter 14 describes how constructors and destructors are defined to create and destroy objects. Also discussed are how inline methods, access methods, and read-only methods can be used. Furthermore, the chapter explains the pointer this, which is avail- able for all methods, and what you need to pay attention to when passing objects as argu- ments or returning objects. Chapter 15 gives a complete explanation of member objects and how they are initial- ized, and of data members that are created only once for all the objects in a class. In addi- tion, this chapter describes constant members and enumerated types. Chapter 16 takes an in-depth look at how to define and use arrays. Of particular inter- est are one-dimensional and multidimensional arrays, C strings, and class arrays. Chapter 17 describes the relationship between pointers and arrays. This includes pointer arithmetic, pointer versions of functions, pointers as return values and read-only pointers, and pointer arrays. Students learn that operations that use C strings illustrate how to use pointers for efficient programming, and that string access via the command line of an application program is used to illustrate pointer arrays. Chapter 18 explains sequential file access using file streams. Students will develop an understanding of how file streams provide simple and portable file handling techniques. Chapter 19 provides a complete description of the various uses of overloaded opera- tors. Arithmetic operators, comparisons, the subscript operator, and the shift operators for input and output are overloaded to illustrate the appropriate techniques. In addition, the concept of friend functions, which is introduced in this context, is particularly important for overloading operators. Students learn how overloading operators allows them to apply existing operators to objects of class type. Chapter 20 discusses how implicit type conversion occurs in C++ when an expression cannot be compiled directly but can be compiled after applying a conversion rule. The programmer can stipulate how the compiler will perform implicit type conversion for classes by defining conversion constructors and functions. Finally, the chapter discusses ambiguity that occurs due to type conversion and how to avoid it. PREFACE ■ vii
  • 14. Chapter 21 describes how a program can allocate and release memory dynamically in line with current memory requirements. Dynamic memory allocation is an important fac- tor in many C++ programs, and the following chapters contain several case studies to help students review the subject. Chapter 22 explains how to implement classes containing pointers to dynamically allocated memory. These include your own copy constructor definition and overloading the assignment operator. A class designed to represent arrays of any given length is used as a sample application. Chapter 23 provides a thorough description of how derived classes can be constructed from existing classes by inheritance. In addition to defining derived classes, this chapter discusses how members are redefined, how objects are constructed and destroyed, and how access control to base classes can be realized. Chapter 24 discusses implicit type conversion within class hierarchies, which occurs in the context of assignments and function calls. Explicit type casting in class hierar- chies is also described, paying particular attention to upcasting and downcasting. Chapter 25 gives a complete explanation of how to develop and manage polymorphic classes. In addition to defining virtual functions, dynamic downcasting in polymorphic class hierarchies is introduced. Chapter 26 describes how defining pure virtual methods can create abstract classes and how you can use abstract classes at a polymorphic interface for derived classes. To illustrate this, an inhomogeneous list, that is, a linked list whose elements can be of vari- ous class types, is implemented. Chapter 27 describes how new classes are created by multiple inheritance and explains their uses. Besides introducing students to the creation and destruction of objects in multiply-derived classes, virtual base classes are depicted to avoid ambiguity in multiple inheritance. Chapter 28 explains how a C++ program uses error-handling techniques to resolve error conditions. In addition to throwing and catching exceptions, the chapter also examines how exception specifications are declared and exception classes are defined. In addition, the use of standard exception classes is discussed. Chapter 29 examines random access to files based on file streams, and options for querying file state. Exception handling for files is discussed as well. The chapter illus- trates how to make objects in polymorphic classes persistent, that is, how to save them in files. The applications introduced in this chapter include simple index files and hash tables. Chapter 30 provides a thorough explanation of the advanced uses of pointers. These include pointers to pointers, functions with a variable number of arguments, and pointers to functions. In addition, an application that defines a class used to represent dynamic matrices is introduced. Chapter 31 describes bitwise operators and how to use bit masks. The applications included demonstrate calculations with parity bits, conversion of lowercase and capital letters, and converting binary numbers. Finally, the definition of bit-fields is introduced. Chapter 32 discusses how to define and use function and class templates. In addition, special options, such as default arguments, specialization, and explicit instantiation, are viii ■ P R E F A C E
  • 15. discussed. Students learn that templates allow the construction of functions and classes based on types that have not yet been stated. Thus, templates are a powerful tool for automating program code generation. Chapter 33 explains standard class templates used to represent containers for more efficient management of object collections. These include sequences, such as lists and double ended queues; container adapters, such as stacks, queues, and priority queues; associative containers, such as sets and maps; and bitsets. In addition to discussing how to manage containers, the chapter also looks at sample applications, such as bitmaps for raster images, and routing techniques. Additional Features Chapter Goals A concise chapter introduction, which contains a description of the chapter’s contents, is presented at the beginning of each chapter. These summaries also provide students with an idea of the key points to look for throughout the chapter. Chapter Exercises Each chapter contains exercises, including programming problems, designed to test students’ knowledge and understanding of the main ideas. The exercises also provide reinforcement for key chapter concepts. Solutions are included to allow students to check their work immediately and correct any possible mistakes. Case Studies Every chapter contains a number of case studies that were designed to introduce the reader to a wide range of application scenarios. Notes This feature provides students with helpful tips and information useful to learning C++. Important concepts and rules are highlighted for additional emphasis and easy access. Hints These are informative suggestions for easier programming. Also included are common mistakes and how to avoid making them. Acknowledgements Our thanks go out to everyone who helped produce this book, particularly to Ian Travis, for his valuable contributions to the development of this book. Alexa Doehring, who reviewed all samples and program listings, and gave many valuable hints from the American perspective. Michael Stranz and Amy Rose at Jones and Bartlett Publishers, who managed the pub- lishing agreement and the production process so smoothly. Our children, Vivi and Jeany, who left us in peace long enough to get things finished! And now all that remains is to wish you, Dear Reader, lots of fun with C++! Ulla Kirch-Prinz Peter Prinz PREFACE ■ ix
  • 17. xi Chapter 1 Fundamentals 1 Development and Properties of C++ 2 Object-Oriented Programming 4 Developing a C++ Program 6 A Beginner’s C++ Program 8 Structure of Simple C++ Programs 10 Exercises 12 Solutions 14 Chapter 2 Fundamental Types, Constants, and Variables 15 Fundamental Types 16 Constants 22 Escape Sequences 26 Names 28 Variables 30 The Keywords const and volatile 32 Exercises 34 Solutions 36 contents
  • 18. Chapter 3 Using Functions and Classes 39 Declaring Functions 40 Function Calls 42 Type void for Functions 44 Header Files 46 Standard Header Files 48 Using Standard Classes 50 Exercises 52 Solutions 54 Chapter 4 Input and Output with Streams 57 Streams 58 Formatting and Manipulators 60 Formatted Output of Integers 62 Formatted Output of Floating-Point Numbers 64 Output in Fields 66 Output of Characters, Strings, and Boolean Values 68 Formatted Input 70 Formatted Input of Numbers 72 Unformatted Input/Output 74 Exercises 76 Solutions 78 Chapter 5 Operators for Fundamental Types 81 Binary Arithmetic Operators 82 Unary Arithmetic Operators 84 Assignments 86 Relational Operators 88 Logical Operators 90 Exercises 92 Solutions 94 Chapter 6 Control Flow 95 The while Statement 96 The for Statement 98 The do-while Statement 102 Selections with if-else 104 Else-if Chains 106 Conditional Expressions 108 Selecting with switch 110 Jumps with break, continue, and goto 112 Exercises 114 Solutions 116 xii ■ C O N T E N T S
  • 19. Chapter 7 Symbolic Constants and Macros 119 Macros 120 Macros with Parameters 122 Working with the #define Directive 124 Conditional Inclusion 126 Standard Macros for Character Manipulation 128 Redirecting Standard Input and Output 130 Exercises 132 Solutions 134 Chapter 8 Converting Arithmetic Types 139 Implicit Type Conversions 140 Performing Usual Arithmetic Type Conversions 142 Implicit Type Conversions in Assignments 144 More Type Conversions 146 Exercises 148 Solutions 150 Chapter 9 The Standard Class string 153 Defining and Assigning Strings 154 Concatenating Strings 156 Comparing Strings 158 Inserting and Erasing in Strings 160 Searching and Replacing in Strings 162 Accessing Characters in Strings 164 Exercises 166 Solutions 168 Chapter 10 Functions 171 Significance of Functions in C++ 172 Defining Functions 174 Return Value of Functions 176 Passing Arguments 178 Inline Functions 180 Default Arguments 182 Overloading Functions 184 Recursive Functions 186 Exercises 188 Solutions 191 Chapter 11 Storage Classes and Namespaces 197 Storage Classes of Objects 198 The Storage Class extern 200 CONTENTS ■ xiii
  • 20. The Storage Class static 202 The Specifiers auto and register 204 The Storage Classes of Functions 206 Namespaces 208 The Keyword using 210 Exercises 212 Solutions 216 Chapter 12 References and Pointers 221 Defining References 222 References as Parameters 224 References as Return Value 226 Expressions with Reference Type 228 Defining Pointers 230 The Indirection Operator 232 Pointers as Parameters 234 Exercises 236 Solutions 238 Chapter 13 Defining Classes 243 The Class Concept 244 Defining Classes 246 Defining Methods 248 Defining Objects 250 Using Objects 252 Pointers to Objects 254 Structs 256 Unions 258 Exercise 260 Solution 262 Chapter 14 Methods 265 Constructors 266 Constructor Calls 268 Destructors 270 Inline Methods 272 Access Methods 274 const Objects and Methods 276 Standard Methods 278 this Pointer 280 Passing Objects as Arguments 282 Returning Objects 284 Exercises 286 Solutions 290 xiv ■ C O N T E N T S
  • 21. Chapter 15 Member Objects and Static Members 297 Member Objects 298 Member Initializers 300 Constant Member Objects 302 Static Data Members 304 Accessing Static Data Members 306 Enumeration 308 Exercises 310 Solutions 314 Chapter 16 Arrays 321 Defining Arrays 322 Initializing Arrays 324 Arrays 326 Class Arrays 328 Multidimensional Arrays 330 Member Arrays 332 Exercises 334 Solutions 338 Chapter 17 Arrays and Pointers 349 Arrays and Pointers (1) 350 Arrays and Pointers (2) 352 Pointer Arithmetic 354 Arrays as Arguments 356 Pointer Versions of Functions 358 Read-Only Pointers 360 Returning Pointers 362 Arrays of Pointers 364 Command Line Arguments 366 Exercises 368 Solutions 372 Chapter 18 Fundamentals of File Input and Output 379 Files 380 File Streams 382 Creating File Streams 384 Open Modes 386 Closing Files 388 Reading and Writing Blocks 390 Object Persistence 392 Exercises 394 Solutions 398 CONTENTS ■ xv
  • 22. Chapter 19 Overloading Operators 411 Generals 412 Operator Functions (1) 414 Operator Functions (2) 416 Using Overloaded Operators 418 Global Operator Functions 420 Friend Functions 422 Friend Classes 424 Overloading Subscript Operators 426 Overloading Shift-Operators for I/O 428 Exercises 430 Solutions 432 Chapter 20 Type Conversion for Classes 441 Conversion Constructors 442 Conversion Functions 444 Ambiguities of Type Conversions 446 Exercise 448 Solution 450 Chapter 21 Dynamic Memory Allocation 453 The Operator new 454 The Operator delete 456 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Classes 458 Dynamic Storage Allocation for Arrays 460 Application: Linked Lists 462 Representing a Linked List 464 Exercises 466 Solutions 468 Chapter 22 Dynamic Members 477 Members of Varying Length 478 Classes with a Dynamic Member 480 Creating and Destroying Objects 482 Implementing Methods 484 Copy Constructor 486 Assignment 488 Exercises 490 Solutions 492 Chapter 23 Inheritance 499 Concept of Inheritance 500 Derived Classes 502 xvi ■ C O N T E N T S
  • 23. Members of Derived Classes 504 Member Access 506 Redefining Members 508 Constructing and Destroying Derived Classes 510 Objects of Derived Classes 512 Protected Members 514 Exercises 516 Solutions 520 Chapter 24 Type Conversion in Class Hierarchies 529 Converting to Base Classes 530 Type Conversions and Assignments 532 Converting References and Pointers 534 Explicit Type Conversions 536 Exercises 538 Solutions 540 Chapter 25 Polymorphism 543 Concept of Polymorphism 544 Virtual Methods 546 Destroying Dynamically Allocated Objects 548 Virtual Method Table 550 Dynamic Casts 552 Exercises 554 Solutions 558 Chapter 26 Abstract Classes 565 Pure Virtual Methods 566 Abstract and Concrete Classes 568 Pointers and References to Abstract Classes 570 Virtual Assignment 572 Application: Inhomogeneous Lists 574 Implementing an Inhomogeneous List 576 Exercises 578 Solutions 580 Chapter 27 Multiple Inheritance 587 Multiply-Derived Classes 588 Multiple Indirect Base Classes 590 Virtual Base Classes 592 Constructor Calls 594 Initializing Virtual Base Classes 596 Exercises 598 Solutions 602 CONTENTS ■ xvii
  • 24. Chapter 28 Exception Handling 607 Traditional Error Handling 608 Exception Handling 610 Exception Handlers 612 Throwing and Catching Exceptions 614 Nesting Exception Handling 616 Defining Your Own Error Classes 618 Standard Exception Classes 620 Exercises 622 Solutions 626 Chapter 29 More About Files 637 Opening a File for Random Access 638 Positioning for Random Access 640 File State 644 Exception Handling for Files 646 Persistence of Polymorphic Objects 648 Application: Index Files 652 Implementing an Index File 654 Exercises 656 Solutions 660 Chapter 30 More About Pointers 681 Pointer to Pointers 682 Variable Number of Arguments 684 Pointers to Functions 688 Complex Declarations 690 Defining Typenames 692 Application: Dynamic Matrices 694 Exercises 696 Solutions 698 Chapter 31 Manipulating Bits 705 Bitwise Operators 706 Bitwise Shift Operators 708 Bit Masks 710 Using Bit Masks 712 Bit-Fields 714 Exercises 716 Solutions 718 Chapter 32 Templates 721 Function and Class Templates 722 Defining Templates 724 xviii ■ C O N T E N T S
  • 25. Template Instantiation 726 Template Parameters 728 Template Arguments 730 Specialization 732 Default Arguments of Templates 734 Explicit Instantiation 736 Exercises 738 Solutions 742 Chapter 33 Containers 749 Container Types 750 Sequences 752 Iterators 754 Declaring Sequences 756 Inserting in Sequences 758 Accessing Objects 760 Length and Capacity 762 Deleting in Sequences 764 List Operations 766 Associative Containers 768 Sets and Multisets 770 Maps and Multimaps 772 Bitsets 774 Exercise 778 Solution 780 Appendix 783 Binary Numbers 784 Preprocessor Directives 787 Pre-Defined Standard Macros 792 Binding C Functions 793 Operators Overview 795 Operator Precedence Table 797 ASCII Code Table 798 Screen Control Sequences 800 Literature 801 Index 803 CONTENTS ■ xix
  • 26. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
  • 27. 692 H. N., XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, Jb., XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, cf. the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (Mp., pp. 357 f.; Mw., pp. 591–2) and Robert (Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr., XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the Pall Mall Magazine, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand. 693 Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A., 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f. 694 VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance. 695 Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= F. H. G., IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, cf. Hor., Sat., II, 2.11; Suetonius, Octav., 83; Pliny, Ep., III, 1.8; Seneca, de Brev. vit., 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, Les Jeux des Anciens,2 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176–199. 696 Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e). 697 Athen., I, 25–26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a). 698 In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. Cf. Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc. 699 Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a). 700 Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); cf., Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: id., on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601. 701 Theophr., Char., V, 9; Pliny, Ep., II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, Vit. Vespas., 20; etc. 702 B. S. A., X, 1903–4, pp. 63 f; cf., XII, 1905–6, p. 387. 703 The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in C. I. G., I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, Die Dorier, 4, 5, § 2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.
  • 28. 704 Rev. des Ét. gr., XIV, 1901, pp. 445–8. 705 Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt- Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, Die griech. Skulpt.,2 fig. on p. 349 (the Germanicus on p. 348; cf. Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, Griech. Plastik, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and cf. 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270–271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, 83–84. 706 Graef, Aus der Anomia, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the Lemnian Athena and the body to that of the Farnese Anadoumenos of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the Lemnia is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: Mp., p. 57; Mw., pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, Mp., Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, B. M. Coins, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 68. 707 Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day. 708 As shown in the Germanicus copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the Germanicus the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples. 709 Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc. 710 A. J. A., XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215–16 (Caskey); Jb., XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the Hermes of the Boboli gardens, see ibid., figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., Einzelauf., 103–105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., Mp., p. 230, Mw., p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, Kat., no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4–5, p. 5; Mp., p. 290, Mw., 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. 475: Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5. 711 Gaz. d. B.-A., 1911, p. 251.
  • 29. 712 Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 230 and cf. p. 290; Mw., p. 424 and cf. p. 506. 713 See the Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, Polyklet u. seine Schule, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the Doryphoros. 714 Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212–13; later bibliogr. in Klein, Praxitel. Stud., 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.2, 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: ibid., II, i, 153, 10; A. M., XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see B. M. Sculpt., III, 1785). 715 See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike, with Pls. 1–6. 716 From the Ekphrasis of Christodoros, A. G., II, vv. 297–302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, de Mercurii statua, Thorn, 1860. 717 Pick, Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands, I, Pl. XVI, 25; cf. Froehner, p. 211. 718 Duetschke, IV, no. 151; J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace). 719 E. g., B. M. Bronzes, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, Vat., I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X. 720 B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; Jb., I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., Mp., Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in Mp., pp. 346–7. The head is 11–1/2 inches high (B. M. Sculpt.). 721 Nissen, Pompej. Stud., p. 166.
  • 30. 722 H. N., XXXIV, 18. 723 E. g., one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F. 724 E. g., E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze Mercury in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., Mp., p. 233, fig. 94, and Mw., p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: Mp., p. 232, fig. 93; Mw., p. 427, fig. 63. 725 Mp., p. 231, n. 3. 726 B. M. Bronzes, no. 1217. 727 Mp., pp. 288 f.; Mw., pp. 502 f. 728 Inschr. v. Ol., no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, Mp., p. 288, fig. 123; Mw., p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.), given by the Oxy. Pap. 729 Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., Mp., p. 289, fig. 124; Mw., p. 504, fig. 91. 730 XXIII, 660; cf. Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. Cf. Hesiod, Theog., 346–7. 731 V, 7.10. 732 Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens. 733 Told by many writers: e. g., Apollod., II, 6.2. 734 P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31
  • 31. f.; Overbeck has added to the list: Griech. Mythol., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391–415. 735 The Choiseul-Gouffier statue: B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. III; Specimens, II, Pl. V; Museum Marbles, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; J. H. S., I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and cf., II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (B. M. Sculpt.). The Apollo-on- the-Omphalos: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 23– 24 and fig.; J. H. S., I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, op. cit., Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, Einzelauf., nos. 849–50; for list of other copies, see A. M., IX, 1884, pp. 239–40. 736 Cf. B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith). 737 See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; A. M., IX, 1884, p. 248. 738 Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; cf. F. W., 219. Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III. Apollon, p. 162, fig. 9. 739 A. M., I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47. 740 Published in J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 278–80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the Choiseul-Gouffier and Omphalos copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 1268. 741 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 211; it shows the krobylos best. 742 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 210. 743 Braun, Vorschule d. Kunstmythol., Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith). 744 Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. 54; discussed in Annali, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio). 745 Cf. Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 859; Beulé, Monnaies d’Athênes, p. 271, quoted in Jb., II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.
  • 32. 746 Jb., II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side. 747 Fuehrer, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268. 748 Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, p. 19. 749 Roscher, Lex., I, p. 456. 750 A. M., IX, 1884, p. 244. 751 Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, l.c.; Murray, I, p. 235; cf. Furtw., l. c., and on the artist, see his article in Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, pp. 160 f. 752 S. Q., nos. 508–526. 753 Furtw., l. c.; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the Alexikakos has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301). 754 Dionys. Halic., de Isocrate Judicium, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); S. Q., 531. 755 Op. cit., especially p. 182. 756 P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 ( = 484, 476, 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207. 757 F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete. 758 Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, pp. 203–7 and fig. 1. 759 The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, III, Apollon, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 859; Stuart Jones, Cat. Mus. Capit., p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, Serie II, 452–4, p. 35. 760 Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see
  • 33. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59. 761 Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3–5. The original height was 2.60 meters. 762 Strena Helbigiana, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (l. c. and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., Mw., p. 115, and fig. 21. 763 B. M. Coins, Troas, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, l. c., fig. 4, p. 207. 764 Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 547, 9; other references infra, on p. 152, n. 5. 765 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; cf., Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., pp. 105–6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120). 766 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; infra, pp. 269 f. 767 Cf., Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 18 (Achilleae). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol., Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11. 768 Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree- support and Apollo. 769 Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Loewy, op. cit., X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, ibid., IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the Borghese Ares of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, Rép. I, 133, 1–3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, i. e., essentially different from the Polykleitan pose. 770 R. M., XXVII, 1912, p. 37.
  • 34. 771 Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace). 772 Mp., p. 247; Mw., pp. 448–449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C. 773 Amelung, Rev. arch., II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, l. c., p. 237. 774 Both Schreiber, A. M., VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works. 775 P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; cf. V, 8.3–4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, Gr. Gesch.,2 I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, Olympia, pp. 26 f. 776 With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; cf. the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4. 777 P., V, 8.4. 778 P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 ( = 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570–1. 779 V, 21.10. 780 These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 ( = 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see Bronzen v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 ( = 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505–6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., l. c.), who won in Ol. 172 ( = 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538–9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 ( = 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579–80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 ( = 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609–10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 ( = 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621–2. 781 Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 ( = 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and
  • 35. Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 ( = 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., Heroicus, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); cf. Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, ad loc. Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, l. c. Frazer, III, p. 625. 782 Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, e. g., Dio Cassius, l. c.; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., e. g., Africanus; cf. Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2. 783 See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag., II, 1845, pp. 392–411. 784 P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes. 785 B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 455–6. 786 On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94. 787 P., VI, 2.1. 788 Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298–299. 789 La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection. 790 See Arndt, l. c. Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, Lex., I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a mélange of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: Gaz. d. B.-A., 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; Têtes, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt. 791 Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.] 792 For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, Villa Ercolan., Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., Mp. p. 234, fig. 95; Mw., p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, Guide, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; Mp., p. 235, fig. 96; Mw., p.
  • 36. 431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan Herakles: R. M., IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 23. 793 Amelung., Vat., I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 108; Guide, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., Mp., p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); Mw., p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.). 794 Helbig, Guide, no. 242. 795 Helbig, ibid., no. 470; R. M., IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic). 796 It was found in Genzano: B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4–7/8 inches; for references, see infra, p. 169, n. 8. 797 B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1732; Specimens, I, Pl. 57; Museum Marbles, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of B. M. Sculpt. are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, ibid., no. 1726, with the lion- skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, Rép., II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; J. H. S., III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (I. G. B., 361), recalls the description of the pose of the Hermes Epitrapezios made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, Silv., IV, 6; cf. Martial, IX, 44. 798 B. M. Bronz., nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc. 799 B. M. Bronz., Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212. 800 Friedrichs, Kleinere Kunst, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., Mw., p. 525, n. 2. 801 III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears. 802 See Furtw., Mp., pp. 234 and 236; Mw., pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed supra, p. 95. 803 P., V, 8.4. 804 P., V, 15.5. 805 P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι). 806 P., II, 34.10.
  • 37. 807 Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, Isthm., I, 16 f.; Pyth., V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, Isthm., I, 25. 808 Iliad and Od., ll. cc.; Simonides, frag. 8 (P. l. G., III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., Argon., II, 1 f. 809 Apoll. Rhod., op. cit., I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2–3 and 34; Pindar, Pyth., XI, 61–2; Nem., X, 49–50; Isthm., V, 32–3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092–4. 810 R. M., XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations). 811 I. G. A., 37. 812 B. M. Bronz., no. 3207; C. I. G. G. S., III, 1, 649; Rev. arch., Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil., VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor. 813 I. G. A., 43 a (p. 173). 814 Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446. 815 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 780; Museum Marbles, II, Pl. 11; cf. a similar relief, no. 781. The relief ibid., III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006. 816 Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f. 817 This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur, Handausgabe3, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see. 818 Discussed infra in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f. 819 VIII, 40.1. 820 See infra, Ch. VII, pp. 327–8.
  • 38. 821 We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: J. H. S., X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560–546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, 1909; cf. F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; B. M. Sculpt., I, pp. 82–3, with references; etc. 822 See Richardson, pp. 39 f. 823 Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 11–12 and fig.; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, op. cit., p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers. 824 In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; A. M., III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, Hbk., p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133. 825 Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 9–10 (1.27 m. high); Annali, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, op. cit., p. 148, no. 26; B. C. H., V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, Hbk., p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 11. 826 Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, Hbk., p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX. 827 Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, B. C. H., XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig.
  • 39. 134; Gardner, Hbk., p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 1. 828 Furtw.-Wolters, Beschreib. d. Glypt.,2 pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, Hbk., p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.- Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. I, pp. 3 f; Mon. d. I., IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle). 829 Left: torso found in 1885: B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, ibid., Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12–13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); cf. II, 1, 18, 4 and 5. 830 See Holleaux, B. C. H., XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue. 831 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XLI; Annali, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height. 832 See Holleaux, B. C. H., X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and cf. Vischer, Kleine Schriften, II. pp. 302 f. 833 B. B., no. 76. 834 See Holleaux, in B. C. H., XI, 1887, p. 178. 835 From the inscription on its thigh. 836 In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189–190; Kabbadias, Arch. Eph., 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.
  • 40. 837 See Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., text to Pl. I, p. 4. 838 Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school. 839 Statue A: Fouilles de Delphes, IV, Pl. I; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, Hbk., p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer- Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): Fouilles de Delphes, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: Gaz. B.-A., III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444–6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, l. c., pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); cf. A. J. A., 1895, p. 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 77, 6 and 7. 840 VI, 10.5; the epigram reads: Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων. Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 ( = 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 ( = 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169. 841 P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 ( = 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62. 842 Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151. 843 Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144–6. 844 They won in boxing in Ol. 59 ( = 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 ( = 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, l. c., wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia. 845 He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 ( = 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55. 846 He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86–90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 ( = 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols.
  • 41. 28–31 ( = 668–656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type. 847 VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 ( = 536–516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122. 848 Vit. Apoll. Tyan., IV, 28. 849 VI, 14.6–7. 850 Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, de olympionicis apud Philostratum, p. 7, Matz, de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide, p. 33, and Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, H. N., VII, 19, says of Milo: Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in Var. Hist., II, 24 and de Nat. anim., VI, 55. 851 Cf. Philostr., l. c., ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω. 852 Op. cit., p. 31. 853 Cf. P., VIII, 46.3. 854 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 75. 855 For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: B. M. Bronz., no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. Cf. Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention. 856 II, 2, pp. 601–2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos). 857 H. N., XXXIV, 59. 858 Anachar., 9; cf. A. G., IX, 357. 859 No. 38; cf. for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view). 860 B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot- Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268–9,
  • 42. and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle). 861 It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle). 862 This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle). 863 In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms. 864 He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 ( = 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 ( = 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310. 865 He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: Inschr. v. Ol., 177; cf. Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, cf. Reisch, p. 41. 866 The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: Inschr. v. Ol., 631 = I. G. B., 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see Inschr. v. Ol., 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see I. G. B., p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, Hbk., p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, Hbk., pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f. 867 For Myron, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., 379–80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: e. g., by Robert, Arch. Maerchen, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, Polyklet u. s. Sch., 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; cf. II, p. 143; cf. Springer- Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, l. c., and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in I. G. B., no. 30) as this
  • 43. intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: cf. 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible. 868 To be mentioned infra, p. III and note 2. 869 Dio Chrysost., de Hom. et Socr., 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, Class. Rev., 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου. 870 Mp., pp. 53 and 196; Mw., pp. 80–81, and 380. 871 Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived circa 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the Chronica of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: Aus Kydathen (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, Philolog. Untersuchungen, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the floruit of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 ( = 423–429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros. 872 Op. cit., pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, l. c., Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, l. c., had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the Herakles remains obscure. 873 P., IV, 33.2. 874 P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148. 875 P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134. 876 P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above. 877 A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer- Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158–159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is
  • 44. seen also in the small bronze pictured in B. S. A., III, 1896–7, Pl. X, 1. 878 P., VII, 24.4. See B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and cf. 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16–17; Svoronos, Journ. int. d’arch. num., II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11. 879 Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152–153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, Hbk., p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 1; cf. Frost, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (Arch. Eph., 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler). 880 B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., Mp., p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); Mw., p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle). 881 Listed by Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, id., Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias. 882 B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1846; Guide, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; Annali, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 217, fig. 92; Mw., p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see I. G. B., no. 374. 883 The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as Orestes and Elektra: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, Hbk., p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, Rép., I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples Orestes and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by
  • 45. Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; cf. Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.2, p. 25, n. 3. 884 E. g., the so-called group of Orestes and Pylades in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, Rép., I, 161, 2 (= Mercury and Vulcan). 885 Kalkmann, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 152, believes it was vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters (i. e., Hagelaïdas) selbst: on pp. 146–7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas. 886 E. g., the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1314; Guide, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, Die Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. I; Schreiber, Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, Rép., I, 506, 6. 887 V, 10.8. 888 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16. 889 See Brunn, pp. 236–7 and 244–5. 890 Loeschke (Dorpaterprogr., 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in A. M., III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (J. H. S., X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of Hera at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (Mp., p. 90, n. 3; Mw., p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the Hera is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (Jb., V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on
  • 46. the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (A. A., 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (A. M., XXIX, 1904, pp. 208–211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back. 891 See Baum., pp. 1104 KK. 892 P. 243. 893 A. Z., XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f. 894 No. 135. 895 Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr., pp. 67 f. 896 A. M., VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike. 897 A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 44–95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable). 898 A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 374–5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. R. M., II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others. 899 I, pp. 460–1. 900 I, p. 330 (= Elean). 901 For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, Jb., III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and ibid., IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114–137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc. 902 Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462–3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., A. M., XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle). 903 Mp., p. 53; Mw., p. 80; 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 140–1 and 148.
  • 47. 904 The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, A. M., V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, Arch. Eph., 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374–5, figs. 191–2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87–8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, A. A., 1889, p. 147, Mw., pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, A. M., XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C. 905 The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126–127. 906 Furtwaengler, 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 132 and 150; Mp., p. 19; Dickins, p. 265. 907 It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, Au Musée, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer- Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size. 908 Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, Hbk., p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and Au Musée, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 151; Perrot- Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; Arch. Eph., III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size. 909 Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas. 910 Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed infra in Ch. IV, pp. 220–1. 911 See supra, p. 105 and n. 3. 912 On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61–2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and cf. p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493. 913 Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, e. g., P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.
  • 48. 914 Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Inschr. v. Ol., 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); I. G. B., 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369. 915 H. N., XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot- groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896–7. 916 Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: I. G. B., 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7. 917 Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; Inschr. v. Ol., 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 ( = 448–400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39. 918 H. N., XXXIV, 49. 919 P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268. 920 P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, O. S., pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 ( = 388–368 B. C.). 921 Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; Inschr. v. Ol., 164; I. G. B., 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: Mp., pp. 224–5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, Strena Helbigiana, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the Oxy. Pap. 922 P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; I. G. B., 475; Inschr. v. Ol., 318; etc.
  • 49. 923 Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; cf. Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f. 924 P., VI, 9.1, f. 925 Antipatros of Sidon, in A. Pl. (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, Arch. Maerch., pp. 95 ff. 926 Longpérier, Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, Les bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The Apollo Philesios, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, Gesch. d. Altertums,2 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., l. c., and cf. I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: Griech. Kunstmyth., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 22 f.; cf. Gesch. d. gr. Pl., I, pp. 234 f. 927 H. N., XXXIV, 75; cf. Jex-Blake ad loc., p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the Apollo at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1. 928 P. Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15– 16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153–155; cf. B. Head, Historia Nummorum2, 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, Apollon, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; B. M. Gems, no. 720; etc. 929 L. c. 930 B. M. Bronzes, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); Specimens, Pl. 12; Annali, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and Apollon, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, Milet et le golfe Latmique, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, Hbk. of Greek Archæology, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, Lex., I, 1, p. 451;
  • 50. Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle). 931 R. M., II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in A. Z., XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height. 932 Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84–91, and Pl. 7. 933 The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, Études d’archéologie et d’art, p. 164; etc. 934 On the style of Kanachos and the Apollo, see also Kekulé, Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1904, I, pp. 786–801; O. Mueller, Kleine Schriften, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc. 935 P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and cf. P., X, 9.10.
  • 51. 936 P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277. 937 P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; cf. Hyde, p. 34. 938 Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. 98: P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, O. S., pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f. 939 P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105. 940 Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; Inschr. v. Ol., 167; I. G. B., no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; I. G. B., to no. 95. 941 Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; Inschr. v. Ol., 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6–7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a. 942 Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407. 943 P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: I. G. B., 97; C. I. G. G. S., I, 2472); cf. Schmidt, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 197–8, no. 58; cf. Brunn, p. 418.
  • 52. 944 P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424. 945 H. N., XXXIV, 51; cf. XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The Tyche is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, Jb., XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; cf. Amelung, Fuehrer d. Florenz, nos. 261–2; and P. Gardner, J. H. S., IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532–3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray2, II, pp. 354 f. Robert, l. c., gives three other sculptors of the same name; cf. I. G. B., nos. 143 and 244–9; Homolle, B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f. 946 Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415. 947 P., V, 25.12–13. 948 P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles). 949 P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found in situ east of the temple of Zeus: Ergebn. v. Ol., Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B. 950 P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 ( = 476–468 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88. 951 P., VI, 9.4–5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; Inschr. v. Ol., 143. 952 Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 ( = 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1–3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 ( = 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 ( = 480 and 476 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196. 953 For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see infra, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4. 954 Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.
  • 53. 955 P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. 956 P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96. 957 Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XV; Arch. Eph., 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, Têtes, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526–7, figs. 271–2; E. A. Gardner, J. H. S., VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle). 958 Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, Annali, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, R. M., II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal Apollo of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the Zeus found at Olympia (Bronz. v. Ol., Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan. 959 Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305. 960 B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; cf. also Collignon, I, p. 302. 961 Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc. 962 Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 226, Pls. 50–51; cf. also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214–15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, Aeginetische Beitraege, and D. Mackenzie, in B. S. A., XV, 1908–09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78–83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.2, pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.
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