A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
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This document discusses multipath routing strategies in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to multipath routing and its advantages over single path routing such as improved reliability and load balancing. It then reviews several existing multipath routing protocols that aim to improve reliability, energy efficiency, security, throughput and load balancing. Some protocols find multiple disjoint paths to distribute data segments for fault tolerance while others adopt congestion control or balanced tree structures for load balancing. The document concludes that multipath routing effectively addresses the limitations of single path routing.
![Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
1 | P a g e
A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Piyush Tushar Wagh
PG Scholar, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Flora Institute of Technology, Pune,
Pankaj R. Chandre
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Flora Institute of Technology, Pune
ABSTRACT
There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing
schemes with number of variations are proposed. Still there were some drawbacks in single path routing. Single path
routing was unable to provide the reliability and high throughput. Also security level was not considered while
routing. Recently, to remove the drawbacks of the single path routing new routing technique is proposed called as
multipath routing.
In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initially multipath
routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There
are other protocols which are proposed for the reliability, energy saving, security and high throughput. Some
multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission.
INTRODUCTION:
Multipath routing is able to balance the load on paths and it can provide the high bandwidth and fault tolerance. New
trends in wireless communication technologies and the manufacture of inexpensive wireless devices have led to the
introduction of low-power wireless sensor networks [1].As the wireless network deployment is easy and sensors
multiple functionality, WSNs are used in large variety of applications such as healthcare, target tracking,
environmental monitoring. After deployment of WSN the routing of collected data is an important issue. To deal
with this issue, designing suitable routing protocols to fulfill different performance demands of applications is
considered at higher priority in wireless sensor networking. Researchers have proposed many routing protocols to
improve performance demands of different applications through the network layer of wireless sensor networks
protocol stack [4].
Single path routing has the low flexibility against node or link failures, which may significantly reduce the network
performance in critical situations. When the active path fails to transmit data packets, finding an alternative path to
continue data transmission process may cause extra overhead and delay in data delivery [1].
Single path routing has many disadvantages as compared to the multipath routing. To cope with the limitations
ofsingle-path routing techniques another type of routing strategy is used which is called as multipath routing
approach [11]. Now multipath routing has become as a promising technique in wireless sensor and ad hoc networks
[7].
Multipath routing has been widely utilized for different network management purposes such as improving data
transmission reliability, providing fault-tolerant routing, congestion control and Quality of Service (QoS) support in
traditional wired and wireless networks [4.5].
AOMDV is an extension of ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) that supports multipath by providing a
number of loop-free and link-disjoint paths [8]. Control packet of AODV is redesigned and an advertising hop-count
field and a route-list field that can deal with mobility-induced routing failures are added later [8].
I2MR, it minimizes interference over multipath, and it supports the high-rate streaming [9]. I2MR does not address
the problem of robustness and security in its congestion control scheme. In I2MR the source node first delivers a
packet on the main path and then delivers the next packet on the second path [9]. The source node repeats the
process until all packets in the queue are transmitted. Load-balancing scheme of I2MR, packet loss on the primary
or secondary path may cause long delays [9].
Lu and Suda [10] proposed a load-balancing algorithm based on a balanced tree structure. The routing tree can more
effectively balance the load than the breadth-first-based and the shortest-path-based routing schemes [12]. This
scheme involves high overhead caused by routing optimization under multipath routing discovery.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1451592568icitdceme-15-181129111041/85/A-SURVEY-ON-MULTIPATH-ROUTING-STRATEGY-IN-MULTI-HOP-WIRELESS-SENSOR-NETWORK-1-320.jpg)
![Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
2 | P a g e
LITERATURE SURVEY:
TAXONOMY OF MULTIPATH ROUTING
Fig. 1. Taxonomy
PROBLEMS IN MULTIPATH ROUTING:
• PACKET DISTRIBUTION:
A packet-distributing scheme at the source node results in routing security problems.
• Load Balancing:
The load over the multipath must be balanced adaptively according to the rate on disjoint paths.
• Delay and Packet loss:
Congestion may decrease channel usage and cause the packet loss rate to raise that leads to packet drop and long
packet delay.
A. Multipath Routing over Wireless Mesh Networks For Multiple Description Video Transmission
In this paper, authors studied the multipath routing for multiple description (MD) video
Delivery over IEEE 802.11 based WMN [1]. The proposed multipath routing framework relies on the maximally
disjoint paths to achieve good traffic engineering performance. The video applications usually have strict delay
requirements, which make it difficult to find multiple qualified paths with the least joints [1]. Authors developed an
enhanced version of Guaranteed-Rate(GR) packet scheduling algorithm to achieve the strict delay requirement
called virtual reserved rate GR (VRR-GR). The proposed method shortens the packet delay of video
communications in multiservice network environment [1].
B. H-SPREAD: A Hybrid Multipath Scheme for Secure and Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Authors in [2] proposed a hybrid multipath scheme(H-SPREAD) to improve both security and reliability in wireless
sensor network. H-SPREAD scheme is based on a distributed N-to-1 multipath discovery protocol [2]. This protocol
is able to find multiple node-disjoint paths from every sensor node to the base station simultaneously in one route
discovery process as like N to 1.End-to-end multipath data dispersion combined with secret sharing enhances the
securityof end-to-end data delivery [2]. This method considers that the compromise of a small number of paths will
not result in the compromise of a data message.
C. K-Multipath Routing Mechanism with Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks
In this, paper [3] authors designed and implemented a k-multipath routing algorithm. Proposed algorithm allows
source node to send samples of data to sink node in a large-scale sensor networks. Proposed Multipath routing
increase end to-end throughput and provide load balancing [3]. This method has drawback of traffic interfere with
each other along the multiple paths.
Multipath routing [3] algorithm tries to keep multipath as node disjoint routes to achieve a minimum mean delay for
network.
D. Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks
This work was developed for modeling process of the multipath secure information transferring [5]. The first step in
modeling (Beat: 0) by modified Deijkstra's algorithm finds the set of disjoint paths. This characterizes the reliability
of delivering information for each of the selected paths [5]. In the second step separation of the original message
based on the pair of characters (with up-filled characters "0" to the top of the message in case of inconsistency with
the message length or requirements dividingcollecting message algorithms [5]). After that received pairs of
characters are converted in accordance with the modified threshold algorithm to the function from which we get a
pair of <coefficient> | <value of function> [5].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1451592568icitdceme-15-181129111041/85/A-SURVEY-ON-MULTIPATH-ROUTING-STRATEGY-IN-MULTI-HOP-WIRELESS-SENSOR-NETWORK-2-320.jpg)
![Novateur Publication’s
International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT]
ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings
ISSN No - 2394-3696
3 | P a g e
E. Energy Saving Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
In [6] authors propose energy saving multipath routing protocol (ESMRP). This scheme makes use of load balancing
algorithm to transfer the data. Protocol also calculates node strength to discover its next best hop [6]. ESMRP uses
two versions, first version: data is transmitted through single path if path failure occurs or node strength goes below
15% of alternative path node strength. The second version of ESMRP, message is split into various segments and
some correction codes are added to these segments [6].Lastly, these segments are transmitted across multiple paths.
F. Multiple Trust in Trust-Based on-Demand Routing in Mobile ad hoc Networks
A concept of trust is introduced in MANETs to decrease the attacks from malicious nodes. By introducing the Trust
concept, the new protocol developed is AOTDV [7]. In AOTDV protocol, before sending the data we calculate the
trust of the neighboring node by control packet forwarding [7]. Once the trusted path is constructed, the packets
are sent over that path to sink node. In some cases it may be possible that trusted node may get converted into the
malicious node, to avoid this authors in [7] proposed a concept that multiple times trust calculation using time
windows in network when we are sending data packets.
CONCLUSION
In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing in wireless ad hoc network. Traditional single path routing
protocol has the number of drawbacks, which are removed using the multipath routing. There are number of variants
of the multipath routing proposed to achieve the improved performance and high QoS in routing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are thankful to Prof. Pankaj. R. Chandre for hiscontinuous support and
guidance.
REFERENCES
[1] Bo Rong, Member, IEEE, Yi Qian, Senior Member, IEEE, Kejie Lu, Senior Member, IEEE,
[2] “Multipath Routing over Wireless Mesh Networks For Multiple Description Video Transmission”, IEEE
JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 28, NO. 3, APRIL 2010
[3] Wenjing Lou, Member, IEEE, Younggoo Kwon, Member, IEEE, “H-SPREAD: A Hybrid Multipath
Scheme for Secure and Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE GLOBECOM 2011,
Dallas, TX, Dec 2011.
[4] Shaohua Wan, and Yanxiang He ,”K-Multipath Routing Mechanism with Load Balancing in Wireless
Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of the Second Symposium International Computer Science and
Computational Technology(ISCSCT ’09)
[5] As'ad Mahmoud As'adAlnaser, “Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks”, Contemporary Engineering
Sciences, Vol. 5, 2012, no. 6, 251 – 264
[6] YashArora, HimangiPande,” Energy Saving Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
“,Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.152-156.
[7] P. Rama Kishore, O. SrinivasaRao, MHM Krishna Prasad,”Multiple Trust in Trust-Based on-Demand
Routing in Mobile ad hoc Networks”, International Journal on Advanced Computer Engineering and
Communication Technology (IJACECT), Volume-1, Issue – 2, 2012
[8] A. C. Valera, W. K. G. Seah, and S. V. Rao, “Improving protocol robustness in ad hoc networks through
cooperative packet caching and shortest multipath routing,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 4, no. 5, pp.
443–357, Sep./Oct. 2005.
[9] T. Jenn-Yue, H. Yajun, and T. Chen-Khong, “Interference-minimized multipath routing with congestion
control in wireless sensor network for highrate streaming,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 9, pp.
1124–1137, Sep. 2008.
[10]B. Augustin, T. Friedman, and R. Teixeira, “Measuring multipath routing in the Internet,” IEEE/ACM
Trans. Netw., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 830–840, Jun. 2011.
[11]D. Jurca and P. Frossard, “Video packet selection and scheduling for multipath streaming,” IEEE
Trans.Multimedia, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 629–641, Apr. 2007.
[12]S. Li, L. Xu, and X. Wang, “Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks
and Internet of things,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informant., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2177–2186, Nov. 2013.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1451592568icitdceme-15-181129111041/85/A-SURVEY-ON-MULTIPATH-ROUTING-STRATEGY-IN-MULTI-HOP-WIRELESS-SENSOR-NETWORK-3-320.jpg)
A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
- 1. Novateur Publication’s International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT] ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings ISSN No - 2394-3696 1 | P a g e A SURVEY ON MULTIPATH ROUTING STRATEGY IN MULTI-HOP WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Piyush Tushar Wagh PG Scholar, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Flora Institute of Technology, Pune, Pankaj R. Chandre Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Flora Institute of Technology, Pune ABSTRACT There are number of routing protocols proposed for the data transmission in WSN. Initially single path routing schemes with number of variations are proposed. Still there were some drawbacks in single path routing. Single path routing was unable to provide the reliability and high throughput. Also security level was not considered while routing. Recently, to remove the drawbacks of the single path routing new routing technique is proposed called as multipath routing. In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing protocols with number of variants. Initially multipath routing was proposed for the purpose of guaranteed delivery of packet to sink in case of link or node failure. There are other protocols which are proposed for the reliability, energy saving, security and high throughput. Some multipath routing protocols have discussed the load balancing and security during packet transmission. INTRODUCTION: Multipath routing is able to balance the load on paths and it can provide the high bandwidth and fault tolerance. New trends in wireless communication technologies and the manufacture of inexpensive wireless devices have led to the introduction of low-power wireless sensor networks [1].As the wireless network deployment is easy and sensors multiple functionality, WSNs are used in large variety of applications such as healthcare, target tracking, environmental monitoring. After deployment of WSN the routing of collected data is an important issue. To deal with this issue, designing suitable routing protocols to fulfill different performance demands of applications is considered at higher priority in wireless sensor networking. Researchers have proposed many routing protocols to improve performance demands of different applications through the network layer of wireless sensor networks protocol stack [4]. Single path routing has the low flexibility against node or link failures, which may significantly reduce the network performance in critical situations. When the active path fails to transmit data packets, finding an alternative path to continue data transmission process may cause extra overhead and delay in data delivery [1]. Single path routing has many disadvantages as compared to the multipath routing. To cope with the limitations ofsingle-path routing techniques another type of routing strategy is used which is called as multipath routing approach [11]. Now multipath routing has become as a promising technique in wireless sensor and ad hoc networks [7]. Multipath routing has been widely utilized for different network management purposes such as improving data transmission reliability, providing fault-tolerant routing, congestion control and Quality of Service (QoS) support in traditional wired and wireless networks [4.5]. AOMDV is an extension of ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) that supports multipath by providing a number of loop-free and link-disjoint paths [8]. Control packet of AODV is redesigned and an advertising hop-count field and a route-list field that can deal with mobility-induced routing failures are added later [8]. I2MR, it minimizes interference over multipath, and it supports the high-rate streaming [9]. I2MR does not address the problem of robustness and security in its congestion control scheme. In I2MR the source node first delivers a packet on the main path and then delivers the next packet on the second path [9]. The source node repeats the process until all packets in the queue are transmitted. Load-balancing scheme of I2MR, packet loss on the primary or secondary path may cause long delays [9]. Lu and Suda [10] proposed a load-balancing algorithm based on a balanced tree structure. The routing tree can more effectively balance the load than the breadth-first-based and the shortest-path-based routing schemes [12]. This scheme involves high overhead caused by routing optimization under multipath routing discovery.
- 2. Novateur Publication’s International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT] ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings ISSN No - 2394-3696 2 | P a g e LITERATURE SURVEY: TAXONOMY OF MULTIPATH ROUTING Fig. 1. Taxonomy PROBLEMS IN MULTIPATH ROUTING: • PACKET DISTRIBUTION: A packet-distributing scheme at the source node results in routing security problems. • Load Balancing: The load over the multipath must be balanced adaptively according to the rate on disjoint paths. • Delay and Packet loss: Congestion may decrease channel usage and cause the packet loss rate to raise that leads to packet drop and long packet delay. A. Multipath Routing over Wireless Mesh Networks For Multiple Description Video Transmission In this paper, authors studied the multipath routing for multiple description (MD) video Delivery over IEEE 802.11 based WMN [1]. The proposed multipath routing framework relies on the maximally disjoint paths to achieve good traffic engineering performance. The video applications usually have strict delay requirements, which make it difficult to find multiple qualified paths with the least joints [1]. Authors developed an enhanced version of Guaranteed-Rate(GR) packet scheduling algorithm to achieve the strict delay requirement called virtual reserved rate GR (VRR-GR). The proposed method shortens the packet delay of video communications in multiservice network environment [1]. B. H-SPREAD: A Hybrid Multipath Scheme for Secure and Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks Authors in [2] proposed a hybrid multipath scheme(H-SPREAD) to improve both security and reliability in wireless sensor network. H-SPREAD scheme is based on a distributed N-to-1 multipath discovery protocol [2]. This protocol is able to find multiple node-disjoint paths from every sensor node to the base station simultaneously in one route discovery process as like N to 1.End-to-end multipath data dispersion combined with secret sharing enhances the securityof end-to-end data delivery [2]. This method considers that the compromise of a small number of paths will not result in the compromise of a data message. C. K-Multipath Routing Mechanism with Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks In this, paper [3] authors designed and implemented a k-multipath routing algorithm. Proposed algorithm allows source node to send samples of data to sink node in a large-scale sensor networks. Proposed Multipath routing increase end to-end throughput and provide load balancing [3]. This method has drawback of traffic interfere with each other along the multiple paths. Multipath routing [3] algorithm tries to keep multipath as node disjoint routes to achieve a minimum mean delay for network. D. Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks This work was developed for modeling process of the multipath secure information transferring [5]. The first step in modeling (Beat: 0) by modified Deijkstra's algorithm finds the set of disjoint paths. This characterizes the reliability of delivering information for each of the selected paths [5]. In the second step separation of the original message based on the pair of characters (with up-filled characters "0" to the top of the message in case of inconsistency with the message length or requirements dividingcollecting message algorithms [5]). After that received pairs of characters are converted in accordance with the modified threshold algorithm to the function from which we get a pair of <coefficient> | <value of function> [5].
- 3. Novateur Publication’s International Journal of Innovation in Engineering, Research and Technology [IJIERT] ICITDCEME’15 Conference Proceedings ISSN No - 2394-3696 3 | P a g e E. Energy Saving Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks In [6] authors propose energy saving multipath routing protocol (ESMRP). This scheme makes use of load balancing algorithm to transfer the data. Protocol also calculates node strength to discover its next best hop [6]. ESMRP uses two versions, first version: data is transmitted through single path if path failure occurs or node strength goes below 15% of alternative path node strength. The second version of ESMRP, message is split into various segments and some correction codes are added to these segments [6].Lastly, these segments are transmitted across multiple paths. F. Multiple Trust in Trust-Based on-Demand Routing in Mobile ad hoc Networks A concept of trust is introduced in MANETs to decrease the attacks from malicious nodes. By introducing the Trust concept, the new protocol developed is AOTDV [7]. In AOTDV protocol, before sending the data we calculate the trust of the neighboring node by control packet forwarding [7]. Once the trusted path is constructed, the packets are sent over that path to sink node. In some cases it may be possible that trusted node may get converted into the malicious node, to avoid this authors in [7] proposed a concept that multiple times trust calculation using time windows in network when we are sending data packets. CONCLUSION In this paper we discussed the different multipath routing in wireless ad hoc network. Traditional single path routing protocol has the number of drawbacks, which are removed using the multipath routing. There are number of variants of the multipath routing proposed to achieve the improved performance and high QoS in routing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are thankful to Prof. Pankaj. R. Chandre for hiscontinuous support and guidance. REFERENCES [1] Bo Rong, Member, IEEE, Yi Qian, Senior Member, IEEE, Kejie Lu, Senior Member, IEEE, [2] “Multipath Routing over Wireless Mesh Networks For Multiple Description Video Transmission”, IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 28, NO. 3, APRIL 2010 [3] Wenjing Lou, Member, IEEE, Younggoo Kwon, Member, IEEE, “H-SPREAD: A Hybrid Multipath Scheme for Secure and Reliable Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE GLOBECOM 2011, Dallas, TX, Dec 2011. [4] Shaohua Wan, and Yanxiang He ,”K-Multipath Routing Mechanism with Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks”, Proceedings of the Second Symposium International Computer Science and Computational Technology(ISCSCT ’09) [5] As'ad Mahmoud As'adAlnaser, “Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks”, Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 5, 2012, no. 6, 251 – 264 [6] YashArora, HimangiPande,” Energy Saving Multipath Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks “,Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.152-156. [7] P. Rama Kishore, O. SrinivasaRao, MHM Krishna Prasad,”Multiple Trust in Trust-Based on-Demand Routing in Mobile ad hoc Networks”, International Journal on Advanced Computer Engineering and Communication Technology (IJACECT), Volume-1, Issue – 2, 2012 [8] A. C. Valera, W. K. G. Seah, and S. V. Rao, “Improving protocol robustness in ad hoc networks through cooperative packet caching and shortest multipath routing,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 443–357, Sep./Oct. 2005. [9] T. Jenn-Yue, H. Yajun, and T. Chen-Khong, “Interference-minimized multipath routing with congestion control in wireless sensor network for highrate streaming,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 1124–1137, Sep. 2008. [10]B. Augustin, T. Friedman, and R. Teixeira, “Measuring multipath routing in the Internet,” IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 830–840, Jun. 2011. [11]D. Jurca and P. Frossard, “Video packet selection and scheduling for multipath streaming,” IEEE Trans.Multimedia, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 629–641, Apr. 2007. [12]S. Li, L. Xu, and X. Wang, “Compressed sensing signal and data acquisition in wireless sensor networks and Internet of things,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informant., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 2177–2186, Nov. 2013.