A taxonomy of personal data by origin

Main
Category
Four main categories of data
3.
Derived
4.
Inferred
1.
Provided
2.
Observed
Provided data are data which originate from direct actions taken by an individual, whereby he or she is fully aware of the
actions that lead to data origination. Examples include: data disclosed by individuals in the context of a loan application
(“initiated data”), data created when buying a product with a credit card (“transactional data”), or data shared (actively) via
an online social network (“posted data”). While the individuals concerned may be unaware of the implications of providing
these data, the fact that these data are being created should be obvious – or at least intuitive.
Observed data are data which have been observed by others and recorded in a digital format. These data can be recorded
either at the moment of their creation, or transmitted to a digital carrier after observation. Examples include: data
originating from online cookies, data generated by sensors, and passively created observational data (e.g., data captured
by CCTV cameras combined with facial recognition). While individuals may be made aware of the creation of observed
data (e.g., due to active engagement), much of the creation of observed data may go unnoticed.
Derived data are data generated from other data, after which they become new data elements related to a particular
individual. Derived data are said to be created in a fairly “mechanical” fashion using simple reasoning and basic
mathematics to detect patterns within a data set and create classifications. While these classifications may later be used
for predictive purposes, they are not themselves based on probabilistic reasoning. Examples include: computational data
(e.g. a calculation of customer profitability based on the ratio between number of visits and the items bought) and
notational data (e.g. the detection of common attributes among “profitable” customers which are then used to classify
potential customers).
Inferred data are the product of probability-based analytic processes. They are a result of the detection of correlations
which are used to create predictions of behaviour. These predictions are then used to categorise individuals. Examples of
include: statistical data (e.g., credit risk scores, life expectancy scores) and advanced analytical data (e.g., likelihood of
future health outcomes based on an analysis of large and diverse medical data sets). Typically, the individuals to whom
these data relate are not involved in their creation and may remain unaware of any inferences made.
Based on: “The Origins of Personal Data and its Implications for Governance” By Martin Abrams, The Information Accountability Foundation, 21 March 2014”
A taxonomy of personal data by origin
RichardClaassens

Sub
Category
Example Level of Individual
Awareness
A taxonomy of personal data by origin
3.1.
Computational
3.3.
Notational
4.1.
Statistical
4.2.
Advanced Analytical
o Credit ratios
o Average purchase per visit
o Risk of developing a disease based on a single genetic variation
o Classification based on common attributes of buyers
o Medical condition based on diagnostic tests
o Credit score
o Response score
o Fraud scores
o Life expectancy
o Risk of developing a disease based multi-factor analysis
o College success score based on multi-variable Big Data analysis at age 9
1.1.
Initiated
o Applications
o Registrations
o Public records such as licenses
o Credit card purchases
o Medical history as provided by individual
High
1.2.
Transactional
1.3.
Posted
o Bills paid
o Inquiries responded to
o Blood pressure or weight as recorded in clinical care setting
o Public records such as court proceedings
o Speeches in public settings
o Social network postings
o Photo services
o Video sites
High
High
2.1.
Engaged
2.2.
Not Anticipated
2.3.
Passive
o Cookies on a website
o Loyalty card
o Enabled location sensors on personal devices
o Fitness tracking using wearable device
o Data from sensor technology on my Car
o Time paused over a pixel on the screen of a tablet
o Facial images from CCTV
o Obscured web technologies
o Wi-Fi readers in buildings that establish location
Medium
Low
Low
Medium to Low
Medium to Low
Low
Low
Based on: “The Origins of Personal Data and its Implications for Governance” By Martin Abrams, The Information Accountability Foundation, 21 March 2014”
Main
Category
3.
Derived
4.
Inferred
1.
Provided
2.
Observed
RichardClaassens

A taxonomy of personal data by origin

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