Abstract class in java

Jul 2, 2017Download as PPT, PDF2 likes3,062 views

An abstract class is a class that is declared abstract —it may or may not include abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclassed. When an abstract class is subclassed, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of the abstract methods in its parent class.

• A class that is declared with abstract keyword,
is known as abstract class in java. It can have
abstract and non-abstract methods (method
with body).

Abstraction in Java
• Abstraction is a process of hiding the
implementation details and showing only
functionality to the user.
• Another way, it shows only important things to
the user and hides the internal details for
example sending sms, you just type the text and
send the message. You don't know the internal
processing about the message delivery.
• Abstraction lets you focus on what the object
does instead of how it does it.

Ways to achieve Abstaction
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java:
• Abstract class (0 to 100%)
• Interface (100%)

Abstract class in Java
• A class that is declared as abstract is known
as abstract class. It needs to be extended and
its method implemented. It cannot be
instantiated.
Example abstract class
• abstract class A
• {
• }

abstract method
• A method that is declared as abstract and does
not have implementation is known as abstract
method.
Example abstract method
abstract void printStatus();

• Example of abstract class that has abstract
method

abstract class Bike
{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda extends Bike
{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely..");
}

public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike obj = new Honda();
obj.run();
}
}

Understanding the real scenario of
abstract class

abstract class Shape{  abstract void draw();  }
class Rectangle extends Shape{
void draw()
{System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}  }
class Circle extends Shape{
void draw()
{System.out.println("drawing circle");}  }

• class TestAbstraction
• {
• public static void main(String args[]){
• Shape s=new Circle();
• s.draw();
• }
• }

Another example of abstract class in java

abstract class Bank
{
abstract int getRateOfInterest();
}
class SBI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
class PNB extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}

class TestBank
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bank b=new SBI();
System.out.println(b.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
Bank c=new PNB();
System.out.println(c.getRateOfInterest()+" %");
}
}

Abstract class having constructor, data
member, methods etc.

• An abstract class can have data member,
abstract method, method body, constructor
and even main() method.

abstract class Bike{
Bike()
{
System.out.println("bike is created");
}
abstract void run();
void changeGear()
{
System.out.println("gear changed");
}
}

class Honda extends Bike{
void run()
{
System.out.println("running safely..");}
}
class A {
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike obj = new Honda();
obj.changeGear();
obj.run();
}
}

Rule: If there is any abstract method in a class,
that class must be abstract.

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A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages to users. Besides HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage. Web server hardware is connected to the internet and allows data to be exchanged with other connected devices, while web server software controls how a user accesses hosted files. The web server process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host websites must have web server software. Web servers are used in web hosting, or the hosting of data for websites and web-based applications -- or web applications. How do web servers work? Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of the site's content to the requesting user. The software side is also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server. The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs. As hardware, a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files related to a website, such as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files. When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web server, the browser will request the file by HTTP. When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request, find the content and send it back to the browser through HTTP. More specifically, when a browser requests a page from a web server, the process will follow a series of steps. First, a person will specify a URL in a web browser's address bar. The web browser will then obtain the IP address of the domain name -- either translating the URL through DNS (Domain Name System) or by searching in its cache. This will bring the browser to a web server. The browser will then request the specific file from the web server by an HTTP request. The web server will respond, sending the browser the requested page, again, through HTTP. If the requested page does not exist or if something goes wrong, the web server will respond with an error message. The browser will then be able to display the webpage. Multiple domains also can be hosted on one web server. Examples of web server uses Web servers often come as part of a larger package of internet- and intranet-related programs that are used for: sending and receiving emails; downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and building and publishing webpages. Many basic web servers will also support server-side scripting, which is used to employ scripts on a web server that can customize the response to the client. Server-side scripting runs on the server machine and typically has a broad feature set, which includes database access. The server-side scripting

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Number System is a method of representing Numbers on the Number Line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules. These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Number System is used to perform mathematical computations ranging from great scientific calculations to calculations like counting the number of Toys for a Kid or Number chocolates remaining in the box. Number Systems comprise of multiple types based on the base value for its digits. What is the Number Line? A Number line is a representation of Numbers with a fixed interval in between on a straight line. A Number line contains all the types of numbers like natural numbers, rationals, Integers, etc. Numbers on the number line increase while moving Left to Right and decrease while moving from right to left. Ends of a number line are not defined i.e., numbers on a number line range from infinity on the left side of the zero to infinity on the right side of the zero. Positive Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the right side of the zero are termed as Positive Numbers. The value of these numbers increases on moving towards the right. Positive numbers are used for Addition between numbers. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, … Negative Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the left side of the zero are termed as Negative Numbers. The value of these numbers decreases on moving towards the left. Negative numbers are used for Subtraction between numbers. Example: -1, -2, -3, -4, … Number and Its Types A number is a value created by the combination of digits with the help of certain rules. These numbers are used to represent arithmetical quantities. A digit is a symbol from a set 10 symbols ranging from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Any combination of digits represents a Number. The size of a Number depends on the count of digits that are used for its creation. For Example: 123, 124, 0.345, -16, 73, 9, etc. Types of Numbers Numbers are of various types depending upon the patterns of digits that are used for their creation. Various symbols and rules are also applied on Numbers which classifies them into a variety of different types: Number and Its Types 1. Natural Numbers: Natural Numbers are the most basic type of Numbers that range from 1 to infinity. These numbers are also called Positive Numbers or Counting Numbers. Natural Numbers are represented by the symbol N. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on. 2. Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers are basically the Natural Numbers, but they also include ‘zero’. Whole numbers are represented by the symbol W. Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on. 3. Integers: Integers are the collection of Whole Numbers plus the negative values of the Natural Numbers. Integers do not include fraction numbers i.e. they can’t be written in a/b form. The range of Integers is from the Infinity at the Negative end and Infinity at the Positive end, including zero. Integers are represented by the symbol Z. Example: ...,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...

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Programming Language As we know, to communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to communicate with computers, programmers also need a language is called Programming language. Before learning the programming language, let's understand what is language? What is Language? Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that is understandable by both communicators. What is a Programming Language? A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task. A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications. Types of programming language 1. Low-level programming language Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast. Low-level language is further divided into two parts - i. Machine Language Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form. It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers directly understand the machine language programs. The advantage of machine language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the high-level programming language. ii. Assembly Language Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in a symbolic and human-understandable form. It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.

Information System.pptxLovely Professional University

information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. Information systems are used to run inter-organizational supply chains and electronic markets. For instance, corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, manage their human resources, and to reach their potential customers with online promotions. Many major companies are built entirely around information systems. These include eBay, a large auction marketplace; Amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud computing services; Alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and Google, a search engine company that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising on Internet searches. Governments deploy information systems to provide services cost-effectively to citizens. Digital goods—such as electronic books, video products, and software—and online services, such as gaming and social networking, are delivered with information systems. Individuals rely on information systems, generally Internet-based, for conducting much of their personal lives: for socializing, study, shopping, banking, and entertainment. As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two examples. These inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual lives, business organization, and human governance. The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information systems. One of the first computers used for such information processing was the UNIVAC I, installed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1951 for administrative use and at General Electric in 1954 for commercial use. Beginning in the late 1970s, personal computers brought some of the advantages of information systems to small businesses and to individuals. Early in the same decade, the Internet began its expansion as a global network of networks. In 1991 the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access the interlinked information stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the Internet, began operation and became the principal service delivered on the network. The global penetration of the...

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Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive. Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer-assisted learning. The Internet is a huge collection of data. It is available with just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, and Bing help in searching online data related to the pharmacy field just one has to enter his or her area of interest in the search engine. In the Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started in 1980. Since then there is a great demand for computers in the pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in manpower, speed, multitasking, non-fatigued, high memory, data storage and many more.

Application of Computers in Pharmacy.pptxLovely Professional University

Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details. Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive. Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer assistedlearning. Internet is huge collection of data. It is available in just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, Bing help in searching online data related to pharmacy field just one have to enter his or her area of interest in search engine. In Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started from 1980. Since then there is great demand of computers in pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in man power, speed, multitasking, non-fatiguness, high memory, data storage and many more. USE OF INTERNET IN PHARMACY Internet is collection of huge data. And this data is available for us in just a one click. Internet is useful tool in literature survey. Books are also available on the internet. Various research journals can be easily accessed via internet. There are number of web-sites which are related to pharmacy field. Some of these web sites are as follows; www.phrma.org Organization representing America's pharmaceutical research companies provides details of drug development, industry news, and health guides. www.healthcareforums.com Created to facilitate interaction among healthcare professionals on specific topics which include discussion of cases, research and other relevant issues. www.astra.com This is the official web-site of ASTRA pharmaceuticals which produces medications for respiratory tract, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and for pain

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Abstract class in java

1. Abstract class in Java

2. • A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class in java. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body).

3. Abstraction in Java • Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user. • Another way, it shows only important things to the user and hides the internal details for example sending sms, you just type the text and send the message. You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery. • Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.

4. Ways to achieve Abstaction There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java: • Abstract class (0 to 100%) • Interface (100%)

5. Abstract class in Java • A class that is declared as abstract is known as abstract class. It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. Example abstract class • abstract class A • { • }

6. abstract method • A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as abstract method. Example abstract method abstract void printStatus();

7. • Example of abstract class that has abstract method

8. abstract class Bike { abstract void run(); } class Honda extends Bike { void run() { System.out.println("running safely.."); }

9. public static void main(String args[]) { Bike obj = new Honda(); obj.run(); } }

10. Understanding the real scenario of abstract class

11. abstract class Shape{ abstract void draw(); } class Rectangle extends Shape{ void draw() {System.out.println("drawing rectangle");} } class Circle extends Shape{ void draw() {System.out.println("drawing circle");} }

12. • class TestAbstraction • { • public static void main(String args[]){ • Shape s=new Circle(); • s.draw(); • } • }

13. Another example of abstract class in java

14. abstract class Bank { abstract int getRateOfInterest(); } class SBI extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;} } class PNB extends Bank{ int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;} }

15. class TestBank { public static void main(String args[]) { Bank b=new SBI(); System.out.println(b.getRateOfInterest()+" %"); Bank c=new PNB(); System.out.println(c.getRateOfInterest()+" %"); } }

16. Abstract class having constructor, data member, methods etc.

17. • An abstract class can have data member, abstract method, method body, constructor and even main() method.

18. abstract class Bike{ Bike() { System.out.println("bike is created"); } abstract void run(); void changeGear() { System.out.println("gear changed"); } }

19. class Honda extends Bike{ void run() { System.out.println("running safely..");} } class A { public static void main(String args[]) { Bike obj = new Honda(); obj.changeGear(); obj.run(); } }

20. Rule: If there is any abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

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