Accelerating HBase with NVMe and Bucket Cache
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on-Volatile-Memory express (NVMe) standard promises and order of magnitude faster storage than regular SSDs, while at the same time being more economical than regular RAM on TB/$. This talk evaluates the use cases and benefits of NVMe drives for its use in Big Data clusters with HBase and Hadoop HDFS. First, we benchmark the different drives using system level tools (FIO) to get maximum expected values for each different device type and set expectations. Second, we explore the different options and use cases of HBase storage and benchmark the different setups. And finally, we evaluate the speedups obtained by the NVMe technology for the different Big Data use cases from the YCSB benchmark. In summary, while the NVMe drives show up to 8x speedup in best case scenarios, testing the cost-efficiency of new device technologies is not straightforward in Big Data, where we need to overcome system level caching to measure the maximum benefits.
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Accelerating HBase with NVMe and Bucket Cache
- 1. Evaluating NVMe drives for accelerating HBase Nicolas Poggi and David Grier FOSDEM Jan 2017 BSC Data Centric Computing – Rackspace collaboration
- 2. Outline 1. Intro on BSC and ALOJA 2. Cluster specs and disk benchmarks 3. HBase use case with NVE 1. Read-only workload • Different strategies 2. Mixed workload 4. Summary 2 Max of bw (MB/s) Max of lat (us) BYTES/S REQ SIZE
- 3. Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) • Spanish national supercomputing center 22 years history in: • Computer Architecture, networking and distributed systems research • Based at BarcelonaTech University (UPC) • Large ongoing life science computational projects • Prominent body of research activity around Hadoop • 2008-2013: SLA Adaptive Scheduler, Accelerators, Locality Awareness, Performance Management. 7+ publications • 2013-Present: Cost-efficient upcoming Big Data architectures (ALOJA) 6+ publications
- 4. ALOJA: towards cost-effective Big Data • Research project for automating characterization and optimization of Big Data deployments • Open source Benchmarking-to-Insights platform and tools • Largest Big Data public repository (70,000+ jobs) • Community collaboration with industry and academia http://aloja.bsc.es Big Data Benchmarking Online Repository Web / ML Analytics
- 5. Motivation and objectives • Explore use cases where NVMe devices can speedup Big Data apps • Poor initial results… • HBase (this study) based on Intel report • Measure the possibilities of NVMe devices • System level benchmarks (FIO, IO Meter) • WiP towards tiered-storage for Big data status • Extend ALOJA into low-level I/O • Challenge • benchmark and stress high-end Big Data clusters • In reasonable amount of time (and cost) First tests: 5 8512 8667 8523 9668 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Seconds Lower is better Running time of terasort (1TB) under different disks terasort teragen Marginal improvement!!!
- 6. Cluster and drive specs All nodes (x5) Operating System CentOS 7.2 Memory 128GB CPU Single Octo-core (16 threads) Disk Config OS 2x600GB SAS RAID1 Network 10Gb/10Gb redundant Master node (x1, extra nodes for HA not used in these tests) Disk Config Master storage 4x600GB SAS RAID10 XSF partition Data Nodes (x4) NVMe (cache) 1.6TB Intel DC P3608 NVMe SSD (PCIe) Disk config HDFS data storage 10x 0.6TB NL-SAS/SATA JBOD PCIe3 x8, 12Gb/s SAS RAID SEAGATE ST3600057SS 15K (XFS partition) 1. Intel DC P3608 (current 2015) • PCI-Express 3.0 x8 lanes • Capacity: 1.6TB (two drives) • Seq R/W BW: • 5000/2000 MB/s, (128k req) • Random 4k R/W IOPS: • 850k/150k • Random 8k R/W IOPS: • 500k/60k, 8 workers • Price $10,780 • (online search 02/2017) 2. LSI Nytro WarpDrive 4-400 (old gen 2012) • PCI-Express 2.0 x8 lanes • Capacity: 1.6TB (two drives) • Seq. R/W BW: • 2000/1000 MB/s (256k req) • R/W IOPS: • 185k/120k (8k req) • Price $4,096 • (online search 02/2017) • $12,195 MSRP 2012 6
- 7. FIO Benchmarks Objectives: • Assert vendor specs (BW, IOPS, Latency) • Seq R/W, Random R/W • Verify driver/firmware and OS • Set performance expectations Commands on reference on last slides 7 Max of bw (MB/s) Max of lat (us) 0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 524288 1048576 2097152 4194304 Bytes/s Req Size
- 8. FIO results: Max Bandwidth Higher is better. MaxBW recorded for each deviceunder differentsettings: req size, io depth, threads. Using libaio. 8 Results: • Random R/W similar in both PCIe SSDs • But not for the SAS JBOD • SAS JBOD achieves high both seq R/W • 10 disks 2GB/s • Achieved both PCIe vendor numbers • Also on IOPS • Combined WPD disks only improve in W performance Intel NVMe SAS (15KRPM) 10 and 1 disk(s) PCIe SSD (old gen) 1 and 2 disks NVMe (2 disks P3608) SAS JBOD (10d) SAS disk (1 disk 15K) PCIe (WPD 1 disk) PCIe (WPD 2 disks) New cluster (NVMe) Old Cluster randread 4674.99 409.95 118.07 1935.24 4165.65 randwrite 2015.27 843 249.06 1140.96 1256.12 read 4964.44 1861.4 198.54 2033.52 3957.42 write 2006 1869.49 204.17 1201.52 2066.48 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 MB/s Max bandwidth (MB/s) per disk type
- 9. NVMe (2 disks P3608) SAS JBOD (10d) PCIe (WPD 1 disk) PCIe (WPD 2 disks) New cluster (NVMe) Old Cluster randread 381.43 5823.5 519.61 250.06 randwrite 389.9 1996.9 1340.35 252.96 read 369.53 294.33 405.65 204.39 write 369.42 280.2 852.03 410.14 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 µsecs Average latency by device (64KB req size, 1 io depth) FIO results: Latency (smoke test) Higher is better. Average latencyfor req size64KB and 1 io depth (varying workers). Using libaio. 9 Results: • JBOD has highest latency for random R/W (as expected) • But very low for seq • Combined WPD disks lower the latency • Lower than P3608 disks. Notes: • Need to more thorough comparison and at different settings. Intel NVMe SAS 10 disk JBOD PCIe SSD (old gen) 1 and 2 disks High latency
- 10. HBase in a nutshell • Highly scalable Big data key-value store • On top of Hadoop (HDFS) • Based on Google’s Bigtable • Real-time and random access • Indexed • Low-latency • Block cache and Bloom Filters • Linear, modular scalability • Automatic sharding of tables and failover • Strictly consistent reads and writes. • failover support • Production ready and battle tested • Building block of other projects HBase R/W architecture 10 Source: HDP doc JVM Heap
- 11. L2 Bucket Cache (BC) in HBase Region server (worker) memory with BC 11 • Adds a second “block” storage for HFiles • Use case: L2 cache and replaces OS buffer cache • Does copy-on‐read • Fixed sized, reserved on startup • 3 different modes: • Heap • Marginal improvement • Divides mem with the block cache • Offheap (in RAM) • Uses Java NIO’s Direct ByteBuffer • File • Any local file / device • Bypasses HDFS • Saves RAM
- 12. L2-BucketCache experiments summary Tested configurations for HBase v1.24 1. HBase default (baseline) 2. HBase w/ Bucket cache Offheap 1. Size: 32GB /work node 3. HBase w/ Bucket cache in RAM disk 1. Size: 32GB /work node 4. HBase w/ Bucket cache in NVMe disk 1. Size: 250GB / worker node • All using same Hadoop and HDFS configuration • On JBOD (10 SAS disks, /grid/{0,9}) • 1 Replica, short-circuit reads Experiments 1. Read-only (workload C) 1. RAM at 128GB / node 2. RAM at 32GB / node 3. Clearing buffer cache 2. Full YCSB (workloads A-F) 4. RAM at 128GB / node 5. RAM at 32GB / node • Payload: • YCSB 250M records. • ~2TB HDFS raw 12
- 13. Experiment 1: Read-only (gets) YCSB Workload C: 25M records, 500 threads, ~2TB HDFS 13
- 14. E 1.1: Throughput of the 4 configurations (128GB RAM) Higher is betterfor Ops (Y1), lowerfor latency (Y2) (Offheap run2 and 3 the same run) 14 Results: • Ops/Sec improve with BC • Offheap 1.6x • RAMd 1.5x • NVMe 2.3x • AVG latency as well • (req time) • First run slower on 4 cases (writes OS cache and BC) • Baseline and RAMd only 6% faster after • NVMe 16% • 3rd run not faster, cache already loaded • Tested onheap config: • > 8GB failed • 8GB slower than baseline Baseline BucketCache Offheap BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe WorkloadC_run1 105610 133981 161712 218342 WorkloadC_run2 111530 175483 171236 257017 WorkloadC_run3 111422 175483 170889 253625 Cache Time % 5.5 31 5.6 16.2 Speeup (run3) 1 1.57 1.53 2.28 Latency µs (run3) 4476 2841 2917 1964 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 Ops/Sec Throughput of 3 consecutive iterations of Workload C (128GB)
- 15. E 1.1 Cluster resource consumption: Baseline 15 CPU % (AVG) Disk R/W MB/s (SUM) Mem Usage KB (AVG) NET R/W Mb/s (SUM) Notes: • Java heap and OS buffer cache holds 100% of WL • Data is read from disks (HDFS) only in first part of the run, • then throughput stabilizes (see NET and CPU) • Free resources, • Bottleneck in application and OS path (not shown) Write Read
- 16. E 1.1 Cluster resource consumption: Bucket Cache strategies 16 Offheap (32GB) Disk R/W RAM disk (tmpfs 32GB) Disk R/W NVMe (250GB) Disk R/WNotes: • 3 BC strategies faster than baseline • BC LRU more effective than OS buffer • Offheap slightly more efficient ran RAMd (same size) • But seems to take longer to fill (different per node) • And more capacity for same payload (plus java heap) • NVM can hold the complete WL in the BC • Read and Writes to MEM not captured by charts BC fills on 1st run WL doesn’t fit completely
- 17. E 1.2-3 Challenge: Limit OS buffer cache effect on experiments 1st approach, larger payload. Cons: high execution time 2nd limit available RAM (using stress tool) 3rd clear buffer cache periodically (drop caches) 17
- 18. E1.2: Throughput of the 4 configurations (32GB RAM) Higher is betterfor Ops (Y1), lowerfor latency (Y2) 18 Results: • Ops/Sec improve only with NVMe up to 8X • RAMd performs close to baseline • First run same on baseline and RAMd • tmpfs “blocks” as RAM is needed • At lower capacity, external BC shows more improvement Baseline BucketCache Offheap BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe WorkloadC_run1 20578 14715.493 21520 109488 WorkloadC_run2 20598 16995 21534 166588 Speeup (run2) 1 0.83 1.05 8.09 Cache Time % 99.9 99.9 99.9 48 Latency µs (run3) 24226 29360 23176 2993 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 Ops/Sec Throughput of 2 consecutive iterations of Workload C (32GB)
- 19. E 1.1 Cluster CPU% AVG: Bucket Cache (32GB RAM) 19 Baseline RAM disk (/dev/shm 8GB) Offheap (4GB) NVMe (250GB) Read disk throughput: 2.4GB/s Read disk throughput: 2.8GB/s Read disk throughput: 2.5GB/s Read disk throughput: 38.GB/s BC failure Slowest
- 20. E1.3: Throughput of the 4 configurations (Drop OS buffer cache) Higher is betterfor Ops (Y1), lowerfor latency (Y2). Dropping cacheevery 10 secs. 20 Results: • Ops/Sec improve only with NVMe up to 9X • RAMd performs 1.43X better this time • First run same on baseline and RAMd • But RAMd worked fine • Having a larger sized BC improves performance over RAMd Baseline BucketCache Offheap BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe WorkloadC_run1 22780 30593 32447 126306 WorkloadC_run2 22770 30469 32617 210976 Speeup (run3) 1 1.34 1.43 9.27 Cache Time % -0.1 -0.1 0.5 67 Latency µs (run2) 21924 16375 15293 2361 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Ops/Sec Throughput of 2 consecutive iterations of Workload C (Drop OS Cache)
- 21. Experiment 2: All workloads (-E) YCSB workloads A-D, F: 25M records, 1000 threads 21
- 22. Benchmark suite: The Yahoo! Cloud Serving Benchmark (YCSB) • Open source specification and kit, for comparing NoSQL DBs. (since 2010) • Core workloads: • A: Update heavy workload • 50/50 R/W. • B: Read mostly workload • 95/5 R/W mix. • C: Read only • 100% read. • D: Read latest workload • Inserts new records and reads them • Workload E: Short ranges (Not used, takes too long to run SCAN type) • Short ranges of records are queried, instead of individual records • F: Read-modify-write • read a record, modify it, and write back. https://github.com/brianfrankcooper/YCSB/wiki/Core-Workloads 22
- 23. E2.1: Throughput and Speedup ALL (128GB RAM) Higher is better 23 Results: • Datagen same in all • (write-only) • Overall: Ops/Sec improve with BC • RAMd 14% • NVMe 37% • WL D gets higher speedup with NVMe • WL F 6% faster on RAMd than in NVMe • Need to run more iterations to see max improvement Baseline BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe Datagen 68502 67998 65933 WL A 77049 83379 96752 WL B 80966 87788 115713 WL C 89372 99403 132738 WL D 136426 171123 244759 WL F 48699 65223 62496 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 Ops/Sec Throughput of workloads A-D,F (128GB, 1 iteration) Baseline BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe Speedup Data 1 0.99 0.96 Speedup A 1 1.08 1.26 Speedup B 1 1.08 1.43 Speedup C 1 1.11 1.49 Speedup D 1 1.25 1.79 Speedup F 1 1.34 1.28 Total 1 1.14 1.37 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Speedup Speedup of workloads A-D,F (128GB, 1 iteration)
- 24. E2.1: Throughput and Speedup ALL (32GB RAM) Higher is better 24 Results: • Datagen slower with the RAMd (less OS RAM) Overall: Ops/Sec improve with BC • RAMd 17% • NVMe 87% • WL C gets higher speedup with NVMe • WL F now faster with NVMe • Need to run more iterations to see max improvement Baseline BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe Speedup Data 1 0.88 0.98 Speedup A 1 1.02 1.37 Speedup B 1 1.31 2.38 Speedup C 1 1.42 2.65 Speedup D 1 1.1 1.5 Speedup F 1 1.27 1.98 Total 1 1.17 1.81 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 Speedup Speedup of workloads A-D,F (128GB, 1 iteration) Baseline BucketCache RAM disk BucketCache NVMe Datagen 68821 60819 67737 WL A 55682 56702 76315 WL B 33551 43978 79895 WL C 30631 43420 81245 WL D 85725 94631 128881 WL F 25540 32464 50568 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Ops/Sec Throughput of workloads A-D,F (128GB, 1 iteration)
- 25. E2.1: CPU and Disk for ALL (32GB RAM) 25 Baseline CPU % NVMe CPU% Baseline Disk R/w NVMe Disk R/W High I/O wait Read disk throughput: 1.8GB/s Moderate I/O wait (2x less time) Read disk throughput: up to 25GB/s
- 26. E2.1: NET and MEM ALL (32GB RAM) 26 Baseline MEM NVMe MEM Baseline NET R/W NVMe NET R/W Higher OS cache util Throughput: 1Gb/s Lower OS cache util Throughput: up to 2.5 Gb/s
- 27. Summary Lessons learned, findings, conclusions, references 27
- 28. Bucket Cache results recap (medium sized WL) • Full cluster (128GB RAM / node) • WL-C up to 2.7x speedup (warm cache) • Full benchmark (CRUD) from 0.3 to 0.9x speedup (cold cache) • Limiting resources • 32GB RAM / node • WL-C NVMe gets up to 8X improvement (warm cache) • Other techniques failed/poor results • Full benchmark between 0.4 and 2.7x speedup (cold cache) • Drop OS cache WL-C • Up to 9x with NVMe, only < 0.5x with other techniques (warm cache) • Latency reduces significantly with cached results • Onheap BC not recommended • just give more RAM to BlockCache 28
- 29. Open challenges / Lessons learned • Generating app level workloads that stresses newer HW • At acceptable time / cost • Still need to • Run micro-benchmarks • Per DEV, node, cluster • Large working sets • > RAM (128GB / Node) • > NMVe (1.6TB / Node) • OS buffer cache highly effective • at least with HDFS and HBase • Still, a RAM app “L2 cache” is able to speedup • App level LRU more effective • YCSB Zipfian distribution (popular records) • The larger the WL, higher the gains • Can be simulated by limiting resources or dropping caches effectively 29 8512 8667 8523 9668 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 NVMe JBOD10+NVMe JBOD10 JBOD05 Seconds Lower is better Running time of terasort (1TB) under different disks terasort teragen
- 30. To conclude… • NVMe offers significant BW and Latency improvement over SAS/SATA, but • JBODs still perform well for seq R/W • Also cheaper €/TB • Big Data apps still designed for rotational (avoid random I/O) • Full tiered-storage support is missing by Big Data frameworks • Byte addressable vs. block access • Research shows improvements • Need to rely on external tools/file systems • Alluxio (Tachyon), Triple-H, New file systems (SSDFS), … • Fast devices speedup, but still caching is the simple use case… 30
- 31. References • ALOJA • http://aloja.bsc.es • https://github.com/aloja/aloja • Bucket cache and HBase • BlockCache (and Bucket Cache 101) http://www.n10k.com/blog/blockcache-101/ • Intel brief on bucket cache: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/solution-briefs/apache- hbase-block-cache-testing-brief.pdf • http://www.slideshare.net/larsgeorge/hbase-status-report-hadoop-summit-europe-2014 • HBase performance: http://www.slideshare.net/bijugs/h-base-performance • Benchmarks • FIO https://github.com/axboe/fio • Brian F. Cooper, et. Al. 2010. Benchmarking cloud serving systems with YCSB. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1807128.1807152 31
- 32. Thanks, questions? Follow up / feedback : [email protected] Twitter: @ni_po Evaluating NVMe drives for accelerating HBase
- 33. FIO commands: • Sequential read • fio --name=read --directory=${dir} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=read --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=1 --buffered=0 --size=2gb -- runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --output-format=json • Random read • fio --name=randread --directory=${dir} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=randread --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=${numjobs} -- buffered=0 --size=2gb --runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --output-format=json • Sequential read on raw devices: • fio --name=read --filename=${dev} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=read --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=1 --buffered=0 --size=2gb -- runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --output-format=json • Sequential write • fio --name=write --directory=${dir} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=write --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=1 --buffered=0 --size=2gb -- runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --output-format=json • Random write • fio --name=randwrite --directory=${dir} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=randwrite --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=${numjobs} -- buffered=0 --size=2gb --runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --output-format=json • Random read on raw devices: • fio --name=randread --filename=${dev} --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --bs=${bs} --rw=randread --iodepth=${iodepth} --numjobs=${numjobs} -- buffered=0 --size=2gb --runtime=30 --time_based --randrepeat=0 --norandommap --refill_buffers --offset_increment=2gb --output-format=json https://github.com/axboe/fio 33