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Advance Database Management Systems : 1
Object Oriented modeling
Prof Neeraj Bhargava
Vaibhav Khanna
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering and Systems Sciences
Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
Object Oriented Databases
• Object Oriented Databases stores data in the form of objects.
• An Object is something uniquely identifiable which models a real world
entity and has got state and behaviour.
• In Object Oriented based Databases capabilities of Object based paradigm
for Programming and databases are combined due remove the limitations of
Relational databases and on the demand of some advanced applications.
• There are three reasons for need of OODBMS:
• A. Limitation of RDBMS
• B. Need for Advanced Applications
• C. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm
Limitation of RDBMS
• These limitations are in relational model. Due to this these limitations are
reflected to all RDBMS
• These limitations are:
• 1. Poor representation of real world entities: The Relational model cannot
represent real world in proper way because it has only one semantic that is
table which can represent the real world entity in proper way.
• 2. Normalization is necessary, but sometimes notuseful: Normalization in
RDBMS to maintain the consistency of the database, but some broken
relations is not related to real world.
• 3. Overloading of semantic structure: Relational Data Model has only one
semantic structure for representing data and relationship that is table. Due
to this, sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out that which is going to
model data or relationship?
Limitation of RDBMS
• 4. Poor support for integrity and enterprise
constraints:
• Constraints are very much needed for your
database have to be desired data. RDM supports
only limited number of constraints. The enterprise
constraints are those which are defined by
industry standards.
• 5. Homogeneous data structure: RDM requires
homogeneous data structures like:
• • RDM assumes both horizontal and vertical
homogeneity.
• • Relational mathematics algebra has only fixed
number of operations due to which Relational
Model operations cannot be extended.
Limitation of RDBMS
• 6. Tables can store only atomic/single value: No doubt, this is property of
RDM. But sometimes in many situations this property becomes its limitation.
• 7. Normalization is strongly recommended: Most of the situations, you have
must normalize the relation make the data consistency inside your
database.
• 8. Difficulty in handling recursive queries: There is very poor support to
handle recursive queries in RDBMS. For this you must know:
• • Depth of recursive query must be known.
• • You can use the transitive closure operations to handle recursive queries
in RDBMS.
• 9. Impedance mismatch: SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) is lack
computational completeness. To overcome this situation, you must embed
the SQL with any high programming language like C++, Java, and C #. Due
to there will be impedance mismatch between two language
• SQL and higher programming language.
Limitation of RDBMS
• 10. Poor support for long duration transactions: In
RDBMS, generally transactions are short lived and
concurrency control techniques or mechanisms are
not good for .long duration transactions.
• 11. Poor Schema Evolution support: Schema
Evolution means making changes to schema of
database at runtime without interrupt the execution of
the application.
• 12. Poor Navigational Access: There is very poor
support for the navigational access in RDBMS. There
are some advanced applications need the database
with deeper structural and functional foundation of
capabilities that are not provided by conventional
database
Need for Advanced Applications
• a) Computer Aided Design (CAD):
• • In these types of applications, relevant data about buildings, airplanes and
integrated circuit chips is stored and managed. In this type of applications,
database design may be very large.
• Design in these types of applications is not static. This design is evolves
through the times. Updates need to be propagated.
• • These applications require version control and configuration management.
• • These applications require complex objects for their development. For
example, a car’s component may be related to other components.
• • Need long duration transactions because sometimes updates are for
reaching.
• • Support for cooperative engineering because most of the times many
people work on same design.
• b) Computer Aided manufacturing (CAM)
• c) Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
Popularity of Object Oriented
Paradigm
• Another domain that enforces the development of OODBMS is popularity of
object oriented programming paradigm because a real life situation can be
model in best way by using object oriented programming.
OO Programming Aspects:
• 1. Abstraction:
• It is process of finding important aspects of an entity and ignoring
unimportant aspects such as implementation details. The properties
comprise two things state and behaviour. A state is models through the
attributes of object and behaviour is models through operations executed on
data by object.
Popularity of Object Oriented
Paradigm
• 2. Object: An object is something uniquely identifiable, models a real world
entity and has got state and behaviour. The only big difference between
entity and object is that entity has only state has no behaviour, but object
contains both state and behaviour. Example: Student
• 3. Encapsulation: An object contains both current state (Attributes) and set
of methods used to manipulate it. It is called encapsulation.
• Information Hiding: It is process of separates external properties of an
object from its internal properties, which are hidden from external
environment. These two concepts also related with abstraction.
• Importance: These two concepts support the facility that internal properties
of an object to be changed without affecting applications that use it,
provided external properties remain same. It also provides data
independence.
• 4. Attributes: These represent the current state of an object. They can be
two types: • Simple Attribute • Complex Attribute
Popularity of Object Oriented
Paradigm
• 5. Object Identity (OID): It is the unique identifier associated with every
object in the system. It has following characteristics:
• • It is generated by system.
• • It is unique to that object in the entire system.
• • It is used only by the system, not by the user.
• • It is independent the state of the object.
• 6. Methods and Messages: These implement the behaviour of an object and
involve encapsulation.
• Message: It is a request or call to an object to execute the method that is
defined by message.
• 7. Class: It is Container/Template/Blue-print for objects. Objects inside a
class called instances. It comprises many definitions in many different
situations. For example: A Class behaves like an object with its own class
data and operations.
Popularity of Object Oriented
Paradigm
• 8. Inheritance: It is the special type of relationship between
classes: The inheriting class inherits the some or all
properties of the base class depend which mode of
inheritance is used. Special classes or inheriting classes are
called subclasses and general classes are called super
classes.
• Generalization: It is method to create a superclass is called
generalization.
• Specialization: It is process of forming a sub class is called
specialization.
• 9. Polymorphism: It means “many forms”. It is dynamic feature
which executes at run time of program. It involves the concept
of overriding and overloading.
• 10. Complex Objects: An object is called complex object if it
contains many sub objects and it is viewed as single object.
Assignment
• What are the main limitations of RDBMS
• What are the reasons for Popularity of
Object Oriented Paradigm

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Adbms 1 object oriented modeling

  • 1. Advance Database Management Systems : 1 Object Oriented modeling Prof Neeraj Bhargava Vaibhav Khanna Department of Computer Science School of Engineering and Systems Sciences Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University Ajmer
  • 2. Object Oriented Databases • Object Oriented Databases stores data in the form of objects. • An Object is something uniquely identifiable which models a real world entity and has got state and behaviour. • In Object Oriented based Databases capabilities of Object based paradigm for Programming and databases are combined due remove the limitations of Relational databases and on the demand of some advanced applications. • There are three reasons for need of OODBMS: • A. Limitation of RDBMS • B. Need for Advanced Applications • C. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm
  • 3. Limitation of RDBMS • These limitations are in relational model. Due to this these limitations are reflected to all RDBMS • These limitations are: • 1. Poor representation of real world entities: The Relational model cannot represent real world in proper way because it has only one semantic that is table which can represent the real world entity in proper way. • 2. Normalization is necessary, but sometimes notuseful: Normalization in RDBMS to maintain the consistency of the database, but some broken relations is not related to real world. • 3. Overloading of semantic structure: Relational Data Model has only one semantic structure for representing data and relationship that is table. Due to this, sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out that which is going to model data or relationship?
  • 4. Limitation of RDBMS • 4. Poor support for integrity and enterprise constraints: • Constraints are very much needed for your database have to be desired data. RDM supports only limited number of constraints. The enterprise constraints are those which are defined by industry standards. • 5. Homogeneous data structure: RDM requires homogeneous data structures like: • • RDM assumes both horizontal and vertical homogeneity. • • Relational mathematics algebra has only fixed number of operations due to which Relational Model operations cannot be extended.
  • 5. Limitation of RDBMS • 6. Tables can store only atomic/single value: No doubt, this is property of RDM. But sometimes in many situations this property becomes its limitation. • 7. Normalization is strongly recommended: Most of the situations, you have must normalize the relation make the data consistency inside your database. • 8. Difficulty in handling recursive queries: There is very poor support to handle recursive queries in RDBMS. For this you must know: • • Depth of recursive query must be known. • • You can use the transitive closure operations to handle recursive queries in RDBMS. • 9. Impedance mismatch: SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML) is lack computational completeness. To overcome this situation, you must embed the SQL with any high programming language like C++, Java, and C #. Due to there will be impedance mismatch between two language • SQL and higher programming language.
  • 6. Limitation of RDBMS • 10. Poor support for long duration transactions: In RDBMS, generally transactions are short lived and concurrency control techniques or mechanisms are not good for .long duration transactions. • 11. Poor Schema Evolution support: Schema Evolution means making changes to schema of database at runtime without interrupt the execution of the application. • 12. Poor Navigational Access: There is very poor support for the navigational access in RDBMS. There are some advanced applications need the database with deeper structural and functional foundation of capabilities that are not provided by conventional database
  • 7. Need for Advanced Applications • a) Computer Aided Design (CAD): • • In these types of applications, relevant data about buildings, airplanes and integrated circuit chips is stored and managed. In this type of applications, database design may be very large. • Design in these types of applications is not static. This design is evolves through the times. Updates need to be propagated. • • These applications require version control and configuration management. • • These applications require complex objects for their development. For example, a car’s component may be related to other components. • • Need long duration transactions because sometimes updates are for reaching. • • Support for cooperative engineering because most of the times many people work on same design. • b) Computer Aided manufacturing (CAM) • c) Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)
  • 8. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm • Another domain that enforces the development of OODBMS is popularity of object oriented programming paradigm because a real life situation can be model in best way by using object oriented programming. OO Programming Aspects: • 1. Abstraction: • It is process of finding important aspects of an entity and ignoring unimportant aspects such as implementation details. The properties comprise two things state and behaviour. A state is models through the attributes of object and behaviour is models through operations executed on data by object.
  • 9. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm • 2. Object: An object is something uniquely identifiable, models a real world entity and has got state and behaviour. The only big difference between entity and object is that entity has only state has no behaviour, but object contains both state and behaviour. Example: Student • 3. Encapsulation: An object contains both current state (Attributes) and set of methods used to manipulate it. It is called encapsulation. • Information Hiding: It is process of separates external properties of an object from its internal properties, which are hidden from external environment. These two concepts also related with abstraction. • Importance: These two concepts support the facility that internal properties of an object to be changed without affecting applications that use it, provided external properties remain same. It also provides data independence. • 4. Attributes: These represent the current state of an object. They can be two types: • Simple Attribute • Complex Attribute
  • 10. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm • 5. Object Identity (OID): It is the unique identifier associated with every object in the system. It has following characteristics: • • It is generated by system. • • It is unique to that object in the entire system. • • It is used only by the system, not by the user. • • It is independent the state of the object. • 6. Methods and Messages: These implement the behaviour of an object and involve encapsulation. • Message: It is a request or call to an object to execute the method that is defined by message. • 7. Class: It is Container/Template/Blue-print for objects. Objects inside a class called instances. It comprises many definitions in many different situations. For example: A Class behaves like an object with its own class data and operations.
  • 11. Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm • 8. Inheritance: It is the special type of relationship between classes: The inheriting class inherits the some or all properties of the base class depend which mode of inheritance is used. Special classes or inheriting classes are called subclasses and general classes are called super classes. • Generalization: It is method to create a superclass is called generalization. • Specialization: It is process of forming a sub class is called specialization. • 9. Polymorphism: It means “many forms”. It is dynamic feature which executes at run time of program. It involves the concept of overriding and overloading. • 10. Complex Objects: An object is called complex object if it contains many sub objects and it is viewed as single object.
  • 12. Assignment • What are the main limitations of RDBMS • What are the reasons for Popularity of Object Oriented Paradigm