Administration of medication.Medication administration: the direct application of a prescribed medication—whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means—to the body of the individual by an individual legally authorized to do so.

• Pharmacology is the study of the effect of
drugs on living organisms.
• A medication is a substance administered
for the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief
of a symptom or for prevention of disease.

• The written direction for the preparation
and administration of a drug is called
a prescription.

Purpose of medication
these
any
Drugs can be administered for
purposes:
• Diagnostic purpose: to identify
disease
• Prophylaxis: to prevent the
of disease.
heparin to prevent
thrombosis
occurrence
eg:-
or
antibiotics to prevent infection.
• Therapeutic purpose : to cure
the disease.

Uses of Drugs
⚫Prevention- used as prophylaxis
to prevent diseases e.g. vaccines;
fluoride-prevents tooth decay.
⚫Diagnosis- establishing the
patient’s disease or problem e.g.
radio contrast dye; tuberculosis
(Mantoux) testing.
⚫Suppression- suppresses the
signs and symptoms and prevents
the disease process from
progressing e.g. anticancer,
antiviral drugs.

⚫Treatment- alleviate the symptoms for
patients with chronic disease e.g. Anti-
asthmatic drugs.
⚫Cure- complete eradication of diseases e.g.
anti-biotics, anti-helmintics.
⚫Enhancement aspects of health- achieve
the best state of health e.g. vitamins,
minerals

Legal Aspects of Medication
⚫Preparation, dispensing and administration of
medications are all covered by laws in every
country.
⚫Dangerous Drug Act – 1930 and The Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act - 1985.
It is an act that governs the procurement and use
of some drugs especially the narcotics e.g.
morphine, pethedine, cocaine etc. These drugs are
prescription only drugs hence cannot be bought or
administered without prescription.
⚫Dangerous drugs are always kept under lock and
key in the Dangerous Drug Cupboard under the
care of trusted senior nurses.

⚫It is worth knowing that nurses are
responsible for their own actions regardless
of the presence of a written order. If a
nurse gives an overdose of a drug because it
is written by a doctor, the error is accounted
to the nurse and not the doctor. The nurse
should bear in mind that ALL
substances are poisons: there is none
that is not a poison. The right dose
differentiates a poison from a remedy.

Drug Nomenclature
⚫One drug can have as much as 4
different names as follows:
⚫Chemical Name - any typical organic name;
this precisely describes the constituents of
the drug
⚫E.g. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide for
paracetamol

• Generic Name - is given by the
manufacturer who first develops the drug; it
is given before the drug becomes official. It
is the name by which the drug will
be known throughout the world no matter
how many companies manufacture it. This
name is usually agreed upon by the
WHO. Often the generic name is
derived from the chemical name. E.g.
acetaminophen

• Official Name – United States Adopted
Name (USAN) or Japanese Accepted
Name (JAN). It will also apply for an
International Nonproprietary Name
(INN) through the World Health
Organization (WHO).

Classification of Medication
Medications may be classified according to:
⚫The body system that the medicine is targeted to
interacts wit; e.g. cardiovascular
medications, nervous system medication etc.
⚫Therapeutic usages of the medicine; e.g.
antihypertensives ,neuroleptics,
⚫The diseases the medicine is used for; e. g.
anticancer drugs, antimalaria drugs
antihelminthics etc.

• The action of the medication can also be
used to classify the it; e.g. beta-adrenergic
blocking agents
• The overall effect of the medication on the
body can also be a criteria for
its classification; e.g. sedatives,
antianxiety drugs etc.

Storage of Medications
• Medications are dispensed by
the pharmacy to nursing
units. Once delivered, proper
storage becomes the
responsibility of the nurse.

All medications must be stored in a cool dry place
(usually in cabinets, medicine carts or fridges)

Storage of Medications
• In less advanced countries, 3 cupboards are usually used for drug
storage.
• Cupboard I-used for drugs for external use only; e.g. calamine
lotion, detol, methylated spirit etc. These drugs are contained
in distinctive bottles, usually ridged with deep colours (dark green,
blue, brown) with red label marked POISON and FOR EXTERNAL USE
ONLY.

• Cupboard II-contains drugs for internal use only e.g.
tablets, suspension, mixtures etc. All drugs must be labelled.
• Cupboard III-contains the dangerous drug; drugs of
addiction. E.g. Morphine, pethedine etc.
All drugs should be kept away from direct sunlight
and at a temperature suggested by the manufacturer.

• Another cupboard called the Emergency Cupboard may be
stationed at or near the nurses bay for easy access. This cupboard
contains drugs for emergency situations e.g. aminophylline (for
asthma), hydralazine (for severe hypertension), oxytocin (for
maternal bleeding), intravenous infusions (for rehydration) etc.

Principles of medication
administration
• Principles include 3 checks and
10 Rights:
• 3 checks are
1. Check when obtaining the
container of medicine.
2. Check when removing the
medicine from the container.
3. Check when replacing the
container.

Rights of Medication Administration
Medication errors can be detrimental to patients.
To prevent these errors, these guidelines are - the
rights- are used in drug administration.
1. Right Patient: correct identification of the
client cannot be over emphasized. This can be
done by asking the client to mention his/her
full name which should be compared with that
on the identification bracelet or the patient’s
folder and medication/treatment chart for
confirmation.

2. Right Medication:
⚫Beware of same and similar first and surnames to
prevent the error of administering one person’s
medication to another and vice versa.
⚫Right Medication: before administering any
medicine, compare name on
medication chart/medication order with that on the
medication at least 3 times-checking medication
label when removing it from storage unit, compare
medication label with that on treatment chart and
medication label and name on treatment chart
with patient’s name tag.

3. Right Time
Right Time: drug timing is very especially with
some drugs like antibiotics, antimalaria drugs
etc. to achieve cure and prevents resistance.
Some drugs must be given on empty stomach
e.g. antituberculosis drugs; and some after meals
e.g. NSAIDS-these must be noted and adhered to.
• The interval of administration of drugs should
also be adhered to because it is important for
many drugs that the blood concentration is not
allowed to fall below a given level and for others
two successive doses closer than prescribed
might increase blood concentration to a
dangerous level that can harm the patient.

4. Right Dose
This becomes very important
when medications at hand are in a larger
volume or strength than the prescribed
order given or when the unit of
measurement in the order is different
from that supplied from the
pharmacy. Careful and correct
calculation is important to prevent over
or under dosage of the medication.

5. Right Route
An acceptable medication order must
specify the route of medication. If this is
unclear, the prescriber should be contacted to
clarify or specify it. The nurse should
never decide on a route without consulting
the prescriber.

6. Right to information on
drug/client education
• The patient has the right to know the drug
he/she is taking, desired and adverse effects
and all there is to know about
the medication. The character on patient’s
right made this clear.

7. Right to Refuse Medication
The patient has the right to refuse any
medication. However, the nurse is obliged to
explain to patients why the drug is
prescribed and the consequences refusing
medication.

8. Right Assessment
Some medications require specific assessment
before their administration e.g. checking of
vital signs. Before a medication like Digoxin is
administered the pulse must be checked.
Some medication orders may contain specific
assessments to be done prior to medication

9. Right Documentation
after
Documentation should be done
medication and not before.

10. Right Evaluation
Conduct assessment to ascertain drug action,
both desired an side effect.

Medication order
The drug order, written by the physician,
should has 7 essential parts for
administration of drugs safely.
1. Patients full name.
2. Date and time.
3. Drug name.
4. Dosage.
5. Route of administration.
6. Time and frequency of administration.
7. Signature of physician.

Types of Medication Orders
• Four types of medication orders are commonly
used:
1. Stat order: A stat order indicates that the
medication is to be given immediately and only
once. e.g: morphine sulfate 10 milligrams IV stat.
2. Single order: The single order or one-time order
indicates that the medication is to be given once
at a specified time. e.g: Seconal 100 milligrams at
bedtime.

3. Standing order: Standing order is written in
advance carried out under specific
circumstances. (e.g: amox twice daily × 2 days)
4. PRN order: “PRN” is a Latin term that stands for
“pro re nata,” which means “as the thing is needed.”
A PRN order or as-needed order, permits the nurse
to give a medication when the client requires it.
(e.g., Amphojel 15 mL prn)

Terminologies and
abbreviations used in
prescriptions of medications

Abbreviations Meaning
STAT order
 refers to any medication that is needed immediately and is to be
given only once
 often associated with emergency medications that are
needed for life-threatening situations
 comes from the latin word "statim" meaning
immediately
 should be administered within 5 minues or less of
recieving
the written order
ASAP order
 not as urgent as STAT
 as soon as possible
 should be avaliable for administration to the patient with 30 minutes of
the written order
Single order  for a drug that is to be given only once, and at a specific time, such as a
preoperative order
PRN order
 latin "pro re nata"
 administered as required by the patient's condition


Routine orders
 orders not written as STAT
, ASAP, NOW or PRN
 these are usually carried out within 2 hours of the time the order is
written by the physician
Standing order
 written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific
circumstances. example: set of postoperative PRN prescriptions
that are written for all patients who have undergone a specific
surgical procedure "Tylenol elixir 325mg PO every 6 hours PRN
sore throat"
 standing orders are no longer permitted in some facilites because of
the legal implications of putting all patients into a single
treatment category
ac
 before meals
AM
 morning
bid  twice per day

gtt  drops
h or hr  hours
IM  intramuscular
IV  intravenous
no  number
pc  after meals, after eating
PO  by mouth
PM  afternoon
PRN  when needed/necessary

qid  four times per day
q2h, q4h, q6h,
q8h, q12h
 every hours
Rx  take
STAT  immediately, at once
tid  three times per day
ad lib  as desired, as directed
tab  tablet

Drug forms
• Medications are available in variety of
forms. The form of the medication
determines its route of administration.

• Drug forms can be of three types;
– Solid eg: tablet, capsule
– Liquid eg: syrup, eye drops
– Semi solid eg: ointment, lotion

• Tablet: It is the powdered
medication compressed into
hard disk or cylinder.
• Capsule: Medication covered in
gelatin shell.
• Gel or jelly: A clear or
translucent semisolid that
liquefies when applied to the
skin.

• Lozenge: A flat, round, or oval
preparation that dissolves and
releases a drug when held in the
mouth.
• Lotion: Drug particles in a solution
for topical use.
• Ointment: Semisolid preparation
containing a drug to be applied
externally.

• Powder: Single or mixture of
finely ground drugs.
• Solution: A drug dissolved in
another substance.
• Suspension: Finely divided,
undissolved particles in a liquid
medium; should be shaken
before use.

• Syrup: Medication
combined in a water and
sugar solution.
• Suppository: An easily
melted medication
preparation in a firm base
such as gelatin that is
inserted into the body
(rectum, vagina, urethra)

• Transdermal patch: Unit dose of
medication applied directly to skin for
diffusion through skin and absorption
into the bloodstream.

Route of administration
• Different route of drug administration are;
• Oral
• Parenteral
• Topical
• Inhalation

Oral route
Oral route: Medications are given
by mouth.
• Sublingual Administration:
Some medications are readily
absorbed when placed under the
tongue to dissolve.
• Buccal Administration:
Administration of a medication by
placing in the mouth against
the
mucous membranes of the
cheek until it dissolves.

Parenteral Routes
Parenteral Routes: Parenteral
administration involves injecting a
medication into body tissues.
The following are the four major sites of
injection:
1. Intradermal (ID): Injection into the
dermis just under the epidermis.
2. Subcutaneous (SC): Injection into tissues
just below the dermis of the skin.
3. Intramuscular (IM): Injection into a
muscle.
4. Intravenous (IV): Injection into a
vein.

Syringes can be made from different materials such as plastic, glass,
or metal. Plastic syringes are lightweight and disposable, while glass
syringes are more durable and can be sterilized for reuse. Metal syringes are
often used for specialized applications.
Glass syringes intended to deliver drugs or biologics to a patient are a critical
aspect of patient care. Typically, glass syringes are intended to connect to
other devices such as needles for injection, intravenous (IV) line luer
connections, needleless luer locks, adapters, and transfer units.

1 mL or less: Used for intradermal injections, as well as diabetic
and tuberculin medication
2–3 mL: Used for vaccine injections, where the syringe size
depends on the vaccine dose
5 mL: Used for intramuscular injections, which are injections
directly into the muscles
10 mL: Used for large volume intramuscular injections that
require higher doses of medication
20 mL: Used for mixing different medicines because of their
larger capacity
50–60 mL: Used with scalp vein set for intravenous injections
Thinner needles (higher gauge numbers): Used for less
viscous medications and less invasive procedures, like
subcutaneous injections
Thicker needles (lower gauge numbers): Used for more
viscous medications and more invasive procedures, like
intramuscular injections or drawing blood

Intramuscular injections: These injections go directly into the muscle, so
the needle needs to be longer and thicker than for other injections. The
needle gauge is usually between 20 and 23, and the length is usually between 1
and 1.5 inches.
Subcutaneous injections: These injections go into the fatty tissue just below
the skin, so the needle needs to be short and small. The needle gauge is
usually between 25 and 30, and the length is usually between 1/2 and 5/8 of
an inch.
Intradermal injections: These injections go just beneath the dermis, and
are often used to test for skin allergies. The needle gauge is usually between
25 and 30.
Intravenous injections: These injections go directly into the veins, and the
needle gauge is usually between 20 and 25.
Insulin injections: Insulin syringes are available in different sizes to suit
different doses, comfort levels, and costs.
Syringe sizes also vary, with common sizes including 1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL,
20 mL, 30 mL, 50 mL, and 60 mL

Regular or Luer-base sl. wider than tip to fit needle
snugly. Recommend righty tighty, lefty loosey to place
and remove needle
Luer Lock– threaded tip most secure recommended for
chemo therapy and when important that needle stay on
if under pressure etc…
Eccentric-tip on one side of syringe, convenient if
using for intradermal block as can get lower angle more
easily or IV injections
Catheter– Wide base and cone shape to fit into urinary
catheters which have fluted end
Toomey– wider opening straight tip-fits well onto
feeding tubes, also used for wound irrigation. Some
include loop on the plunger for easier one handed
operation.

into body
Some medications are administered
cavities. These additional routes include
• Epidural
• Intrathecal
• Intraosseous
• Intraperitoneal
• Intrapleural
• Intraarterial

• Epidural: Epidural
medications are
administered in the
epidural space.
• Intrathecal:
Administration of
medications into
subarachnoid space or
one of the ventricles of
the brain.

• Intraosseous: Administration
of medication directly into the
bone marrow.
• Intraperitoneal: Medications
administered into the peritoneal
cavity
• Intrapleural: Administration
of medications directly into the
pleural space.
• Intraarterial:Intraarterial
medications are
administered directly into the arteries.

Topical Routes
• Topical: Medications applied to the skin and
mucous membranes (eye, ears, nose, mouth,
vagina, urethra, rectum).

• Inhalation Route: Administer inhaled
medications through the nasal and oral
passages or endotracheal or tracheostomy
tubes.

Broad Classification of drugs
• A drug may be classified by the chemical type
of the active ingredient or by the way it is used
to treat a particular condition. Eg:
• Analgesics: to reduce pain
• Antipyretics: to reduce fever
• Antibiotics: to treat bacterial infection
• Anti viral: to treat viral infection
• Antihypertensive : to treat hypertension
• Antidiabetic: to treat diabetes

Types of Medication Action
• Therapeutic Effects
• Side Effects/Adverse Effects
• Toxic Effects
• Allergic Reactions
• Idiosyncratic Reactions

• Therapeutic Effects: The therapeutic effect is the
expected or predicted physiological response that a
medication causes.
Eg: paracetamol reduces pain, fever and inflammation
• Side Effects/Adverse Effects: Every medication
cause some harm to patient.
– Side effects are predictable and often unavoidable
secondary effects produced at a usual therapeutic dose.
– Eg: nausea, loss of appetite, stomach pain
– Adverse effects are undesirable and unpredictable severe
responses to medication.

• Toxic Effects: Toxic effects develop
after prolonged intake of a medication
or when a medication accumulates
in the blood because of
impaired metabolism or excretion.
Eg: liver damage or kidney damage
• Allergic Reactions: unpredictable
immunological responses to
a medication.
Eg: paracetamol produces rash or swelling
as allergic reaction.

• Idiosyncratic Reactions: a patient
overreacts or underreacts to a medication
or has a reaction different from normal.
For example, a child who receives Benadryl
becomes extremely agitated or excited instead of
drowsy.

Systems of drug measurement
Different systems available are;
• Metric system
• Household system
• Apothecary system
• Solutions

• Metric system : In this system, metric units
are used. Eg: milligram, gram, milliliter, liter
etc

Household system: Household measures
include drops, teaspoons, tablespoons or cups
for measuring medications. Their disadvantage
is their inaccuracy. Household utensils such as
teaspoons and cups vary in size.

• Eg:
Metric system Household system
1 ml 15 drops
5 ml 1 teaspoon
15 ml 1 tablespoon

• Apothecary system : It is older system. The
basic unit of weight in the apothecary system
is the grain (gr) and the basic unit of volume
is the minim.
The other units of weight are the dram,
the ounce, and the pound. The units of volume
are the fluid dram, the fluid ounce, the pint, the
quart, and the gallon.

• Eg:
Metric system Apothecary system
1 mg 1/60 grain
60 mg 1 grain
1 g 15 grains
4 g 1 dram
30 g 1 ounce
500 g 1.1 pound (lb)
1 ml 15-16 minims
5 ml 1 fluid dram
30 ml 1 fluid ounce
500 ml 1 pint
1 L 1 quart
4 L 1 gallon

• Solutions: A solution is a given mass of
solid substance dissolved in a known
volume of fluid or a given volume of liquid
dissolved in a known volume of another
fluid.
For example, a 10% solution is 10 g of solid
dissolved in 100 mL of solution.

Converting Measurements
Units
• Conversion within one system
• Conversion between systems
• Dosage Calculation

Conversion within one system
• To convert measurements within one
system simply divide or multiply.
• Eg: To change milligrams to grams, divide by
1000, moving the decimal 3 points to the
left.
1000 mg
350 mg
= 1 g
= 0.35 g

Conversion Between Systems
• To convert measurements from one system to
another system the nurse should be familiar
with the equivalent values of all the systems.

Dose Calculations
Methods used to calculate medication doses
include
• The ratio and proportion method
• The formula method
• Dimensional analysis

• The Ratio and Proportion Method: A ratio
indicates the relationship between two
numbers separated by a colon (:). For
example, the ratio 1 : 2 is the same as 1/2.
Write a proportion in one of three ways:
Example 1: 1:2 = 4:8
Example 2: 1:2 :: 4:8
Example 3: 1/2 = 4/8

In a proportion the first and last
numbers are called the extremes, and the
second and third numbers are called the
means. When multiplying the extremes, the
answer is the same when multiplying the
means.
Example: The prescriber orders 500
mg of amoxicillin to be administered in
every 8 hours. The bottle of amoxicillin is
labeled 400 mg/5 mL.

Formula method
1. Calculating dose of solid medications
First convert the drug amount to the same units
and then use the formula.
𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒄𝒌
𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
Dose required= 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅
= number
of
tablets
on the
Stock strength is the amount written
drug cover.

2. Calculating dose of liquid medications
First convert the drug amount to the same units
and then use the formula
Volume required=
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑×𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

3. Calculating drip rates
First convert volume to milliliters and then
use this formula
drops per 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 ×𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 × 60
Drop factor is the drops per millilitre given to
the patient.
Drop factor for macro set is 15 and micro set is
60

4. Calculating dose according to body
weight
Total dose = prescribed dose x patient’s
weight
5. Calculating dose according to body
surface area
Total dose = prescribed dose x patient’s body
surface area

FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG
ACTION
• Body Size
• Pregnancy
• Lactation
• Age – Peadiatric & Geriatric
• Genetic Factors
• Disease States – Kidney & Liver
• Routes of Drug Administration
• Environmental Factors
• Psychological Factors
• Tolerance & Resistance

FACTORS AFFECTING
MEDICATION ACTION
Various factors affects the action of the
medicine.
1. Developmental Factors
a. Pregnancy : Most drugs are contraindicated
because of their possible adverse effects on
the fetus.
b. Infants usually require small dosages because
of their body size and the immaturity of
their organs.

c. In adolescence or adulthood, allergic reactions
may occur.
d. Oldage have different responses to
medications due to aging.
2. Gender
Different action can occur in men and
women due to the distribution of body fat and
fluid and hormonal differences.

3. Cultural, Ethnic, and Genetic Factors
• Genetic differences in the production of
enzymes that affect drug metabolism. Cultural
factors and practices (e.g., values and beliefs)
can also affect a drug’s action.
4. Diet
• Nutrients can affect the action of a
medication. For example,vitamin K, found in
green leafy vegetables, can counteract the
effect of an anticoagulant such as warfarin

5. Environment
• Environmental temperature may also affect
drug activity. When environmental
temperature is high, the peripheral blood
vessels dilate, thus increase the action of
vasodilators.
• A client who takes a sedative or analgesic in a
busy, noisy environment may not benefit as
fully as if the environment were quiet and
peaceful.

6. Psychological Factors
A client’s expectations about what a drug
can do can affect the response to the medication.
7. Illness and Disease
Drug action is altered in clients with
circulatory, liver, or kidney dysfunction.
8. Time of Administration
• The time of administration of oral
medications affects the speed with which
they act.

Safety in Administering
medications
• The safe and accurate administration of
medication is one of the major
responsibility of a nurse.
• Read the physician’s orders of the drug.
• If the order is not clear consult the
physician.
• Consider the age and weight of the
patient.

• The nurse must have thorough knowledge
of drugs that is administered by her.
• Look for the colour, odour and consistency
of the drug before administration.
• Follow 10 rights and 3 checks in drug
administration.

• Calculate the drug dosage accurately.
• Identify the patient correctly.
• Observe for the symptoms of over dosage of
the drugs before it is administered.
• Give the drugs one by one
• Stay with the patient until he has taken the
medicine completely.
• Do not leave the medicine with the patient.

• The nurse should always assess a client’s
health status and obtain a medication
history prior to giving any medication.
• The medication history includes
information about the drugs the client is
taking currently or has taken recently. And
the history of drug allergies.
• The nurse should clarify with the client any
side effects, adverse reactions, or allergic
responses due to medications.

• The nurse has to identify any problems the
client may have in self-administering a
medication.
• For example, a client with poor eyesight,
may require special labels for the
medication container.
• The nurse needs to consider socioeconomic
factors for all clients.
• Medication errors must be reported
according to the policy of the hospital.

Medication error
• Medication errors are unintended mistakes
in the prescribing, dispensing and
administration of a medicine that could
cause harm to a patient.

• Medication errors can occur at all stages of
the medication administration process.
• The four main types of medication errors that occur
with hospitalized clients:
1. Prescription errors (eg. Wrong drug or dose)
2. Transcription/ interpretation error
(eg. Misinterpretation of abbreviations)
3. Preparation errors (eg. Calculation error)
4. Administration errors (eg. Wrong dose,
wrong time, omission, or additional dose).
Most medication errors occur during the
administration stage.

Enteral Drug Administration
• The delivery of any
medication that
is absorbed through
the gastrointestinal
tract

Oral Medication
Oral medication can be by
ingestion, sublingual
administration (place the pill
or direct spray between the
underside of the tongue and
the floor of the oral cavity)or
buccal (place the medication
between the patient’s cheek
and gum).

Oral Medication
A tray or trolley should be set with:
⚫Drug to be administered
⚫Water in a jug
⚫Glass on a saucer all in the tray
⚫Spoons
⚫Mortar and pestle (when necessary)
⚫Towel
⚫Straw
⚫Spatula
⚫Patient’s folder/treatment chart and pen

Gastric Tube Administration
• Gastric tubes provide access directly to the
GI system.

Parenteral Administration of
Medications
• Parenteral administration of medications is
the administration of medications
by injection into body tissues.
• When medications are administered this
way, it is an invasive procedure that is
performed using aseptic techniques.

Equipment
• To administer parenteral medications,
nurses use syringes and needles to
withdraw medication from ampules and
vials.
Ampule vial

Syringes
Syringes have three parts:
1. The tip, which
connects with the
needle
2. The barrel, or outside
part, on which the
scales are printed
3. The plunger, which fits
inside the barrel

Several kinds of syringes are available in
differing sizes, shapes, and materials. Syringes
range in sizes from 1 to 60 mL.
A nurse typically uses a syringe ranging
from 1 to 3 mL in size for injections (e.g.
subcutaneous or intramuscular).

• Insulin syringes are available
in sizes that hold 0.3 to 1
mL and are calibrated in
units.
• The tuberculin syringe has a
capacity of 1 mL.
• 5 ml syringe
• 3 ml syringe
• Tuberculin syringe
• Insulin syringe

Needles
• Most needles are made
of stainless steel, and all
are disposable.
• A needle has three parts:
1. The hub, which fits onto
the tip of a syringe
2. The shaft, which
connects to the hub
3. The bevel, the tip of
the needle

Needle size
• 19 gauge
• 20 gauge
• 21 gauge
• 23 gauge
• 25 gauge

• The gauge varies from 18 to 30.Use longer
needles for IM injections and a shorter
needle for subcutaneous injections.

Preventing needle stick injuries
• One of the most potentially hazardous
procedures that health care personnel face
is using and disposing of needles and
sharps.
• Needlestick injuries present a major risk for
infection with hepatitis B virus, human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and many
other pathogens.

• Use appropriate puncture-proof disposal
containers to dispose of uncapped needles
and sharps.
• Never throw sharps in wastebaskets.
• Never recap used needles
• When recapping a needle, Use a one-handed
“scoop” method.

This is performed by
a) placing the needle cap and syringe with
needle horizontally on a flat surface.
b) inserting the needle into the cap, using one
hand.
c) then using your other hand to pick up the
cap and tighten it to the needle hub.

Cannula
A cannula is a flexible tube that can be
inserted into the body. A venous cannula is
inserted into a vein, for the administration
of intravenous fluids, for obtaining blood
samples and for administering medicines.

Types of cannula are
• IV cannula pen-like model.
• IV cannula with wings model.
• IV cannula with injection part model.
• IV cannula y-type model.

Routes of parenteral therapies
• Intra-dermal
• Subcutaneous
• Intramuscular
• Intra Venous
• Advanced techniques:
– Epidural
– Intra-thecal
– Intra-osseous
– Intra-peritonial
– Intra-plural
– Intra-arterial

Intradermal Injections
• An intradermal (ID) injection is the administration
of a drug into the dermal layer of the skin just
beneath the epidermis. Usually only a
small amount of liquid is used, for example 0.1ml.
This method of administration is frequently used
for allergy testing and tuberculosis (TB)
screening.

• Use a tuberculin or small hypodermic
syringe for skin testing.
• The angle of insertion for an intradermal
injection is 5 to 15 degrees

• After injecting the medication, a small bleb
resembling a mosquito bite appears on the
surface of the skin.

Subcutaneous Injections
The subcutaneous injection sites
include
• The outer posterior aspect of the
upper arms
• The abdomen
• The anterior aspects of the
thighs
• The scapular areas of the upper
back
• The upper ventral or dorsal
gluteal areas.

Kinds of drugs commonly
administered:
1. vaccines
2. preoperative
medications
3. narcotics
4. insulin
5. heparin
• Only small volumes (0.5 to
1.5 mL) of medications
are given
subcutaneously.
• The angle of insertion for a
subcutaneous injection is 45
degrees

Intramuscular Injections
• The angle of insertion for an IM injection is
90 degrees. 2 to 5 ml of medication can be
administered into a larger muscle for an
adult.

Sites for IM injections are
• Ventrogluteal
• Dorsogluteal
• Vastus Lateralis
• Deltoid
• Rectus Femoris

Ventrogluteal site
Injection is given to gluteus
medius muscle.
Position client in prone or
side lying position with the
knee bent and raised
slightly toward the chest.
The nurse places the heel
of the hand on the client’s
greater trochanter, with the
fingers pointing towards
the client head.

• Point the thumb toward the patient’s groin
and the index finger toward the
anterior superior iliac spine; extend
the middle finger back along the iliac
crest toward the buttock. The index
finger, the middle finger, and the iliac crest
form a V-shaped triangle; the injection site is
the center of the triangle.

Dorsogluteal site
Injection is given to the gluteus maximus muscle. Position the
client in prone position. Draw an imaginary line to divide the
buttocks into 4 equal quadrants.
The injection site is upper outer quadrant.

Vastus Lateralis
• The muscle is located on
the anterior
lateral aspect of the
thigh.

The land- mark is established by dividing the area
between the greater trochanter of the femur & the
lateral femoral into thirds & selecting the middle
third.

Deltoid Site
Found on the lateral aspect of the upper arm.
Locate the site by placing four fingers
across the deltoid muscle, with the top finger
along the acromion process. The injection site is
then three finger widths below the
acromion process.

Rectus Femoris
it is used occasionally for IM injections. Situated on the
anterior aspect of the thigh.

Z-Track Method in Intramuscular
Injections
• When administering IM injections, the
Z-track method be used to minimize local
skin irritation by sealing the medication in
muscle tissue. The Z-track method has been
found to be a less painful technique, and it
decreases leakage of irritating medications
into the subcutaneous tissue

• For administering in Z-track method pull
the overlying skin and subcutaneous tissues
approximately 2.5 to 3.5 cm laterally or
downward.

• Hold the skin in this position until
you administer the injection.
• With the needle at a 90-degree angle to the
site administer the medicine.

Intravenous Administration
• Needle is injected into the vein. Direct IV or IV
push, IV infusion. This is the most rapid route of
absorption of medications.
• Angle of insertion is 25 degree.

For adults, the veins on the
arm are:
• Basilic vein
• Median cubital vein
• Dorsal veins
• Median vein
• Radial vein
• Cephalic vein
On the foot, the veins are;
• Great saphenous vein
• Dorsal plexus

Complications to observe for
during IV therapy:
⚫Infiltration escape of fluid into subcutaneous
tissue due to dislodgement of the needle
causing swelling and pain. Gross infiltration
may result in nerve compression injury which
can result in permanent loss of function of
extremity or in case of irritating medications
(vesicant), significant tissue loss, permanent
disfigurement or loss of function may result.
When there is infiltration, the site should be
changed.

⚫Phlebitis is the inflammation of the vein. This may
result from mechanical trauma due to the insertion
too big a needle (for small vein) or leaving a device
in place for a long time. Chemical trauma result s
from irritation from solutions or infusing too
rapidly. This manifests as pain or burning sensation
along the vein. On observation, there may be
redness, increased temperature over the course of
the vein.
⚫The site should be changed and warm compress
should be applied.

• Circulatory Overload; the intravascular
fluid compartment contains more fluid
than normal. This occurs when infusion is
too rapid or excess volume is infused.
This manifests as dyspnoea, cough,
frothy sputum and gurgling sounds on
aspiration.
• Embolism; obstruction of the blood vessels
by travelling air emboli or clot of the blood. It
is fatal.

Duties of the Nurse during IV
Therapy
⚫Explain the need for the IV therapy, what to expect,
duration of the therapy, activities permitted during
the procedure and observations to be made.
⚫Help patient to maintain activities of daily living;
bathing and grooming, feeding etc.
⚫Observation should be made on the flow rate,
patency of the tubing, infusion site, level of fluid in
the infusion bag/bottle, patient’s comfort and
reaction to therapy.
⚫Change dressing on the IV line as may be necessary.

Topical Medication Applications
• Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous
membranes, mainly for local action.
– Skin Applications
– Nasal Instillation
– Eye Instillation
– Ear Instillation
– Rectal Instillation
– Vaginal instillation

Skin Applications
• Skin applicants are applied using gloves.
Before applying medications, clean the skin
thoroughly.
• When applying skin applicants, spread the
medication evenly over the involved surface
and cover the area well.
• Topical skin or dermatologic preparations
include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions,
powders, sprays, and patches.

Procedure for Applying Skin
Preparations
POWDER
Make sure the skin surface is dry. Spread
apart any skinfolds, and sprinkle the powder
until the area is covered with a fine thin layer
of powder. Cover the site with a dressing if
ordered.

LOTION
Shake the container before use. Put a
little lotion on a small gauze dressing or
gauze pad, and apply the lotion to the skin by
stroking it evenly in the direction of the hair
growth.

CREAMS, OINTMENTS, PASTES
Take the medicine in gloved hands.
Spread it evenly over the skin using long
strokes in the direction of the hair growth.
Apply a sterile dressing if ordered by the
physician.

AEROSOL SPRAY
Shake the container well to mix the
contents. Hold the spray container at the
recommended distance from the area
(usually about 15 to 30 cm. Cover the client’s
face with a towel if the upper chest or neck is
to be sprayed. Spray the medication over the
specified area.

TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
Select a clean, dry area that is free of hair.
Remove the patch from its protective covering,
holding it without touching the adhesive edges,
and apply it by pressing firmly with the palm of
the hand for about 10 seconds.
Advise the client to avoid using a heating
pad over the area to prevent an increase in
circulation and the rate of absorption. Remove
the patch at the appropriate time, folding the
medicated side to the inside so it is covered.

Direct application of liquids-
Gargle
• Gargling is the act of bubbling a liquid in
mouth to reduce the sore throat. The head is
tilted back, allowing a mouthful of liquid
to sit in the upper throat.

Insertion of drug into body cavity-
suppository
• A suppository is a medicated solid dosage form
used in the rectum, vagina and urethra.
• Vaginal suppositories are called pessaries.
• Urethra suppositories are called bougies.

Rectal suppository
Rectal suppository: Insertion of medications into
the rectum in the form of suppositories.
Procedure:
• Give left lateral position, with the upper leg
flexed.
• Expose the buttocks.
• Wear gloves.
• Unwrap the suppository and
lubricate the suppository.
• Lubricate the gloved index
finger.

• Encourage the client to relax.
• Insert the suppository gently into the anal
canal, rounded end first along the rectal wall
using the gloved index finger.
• Press the client’s buttocks together for a few
minutes.
• Ask the client to remain in the left lateral or
supine position for at least 5 minutes to help
retain the suppository.

Instillation of drug
• Instillation is the administration of
liquid form of drug drop by drop.
• Different drug instillations are;
– Nasal Instillation
– Eye Instillation
– Ear Instillation

Nasal Instillation
• Administration of medicine drop by drop
into nose.
Articles
– Tray
– Dropper
– Gloves
– Medicine

• Perform hand washing.
• Instruct the patient to clear or blow nose gently.
• Position the patient. Supine position with head
backward.
• Take the medicine in dropper.
• Administer the nasal drops.
• Have patient remain in supine position 5
minutes.
• Replace the articles and document the
procedure.

Eye Instillation
• Administration of medicine drop by drop into
eyes.
Articles
– Tray
– Bowl
– Cotton swabs
– Dropper
– Gloves
– Medicine
– Kidney tray

• Position the patient. Ask patient to lie supine
or sit back in chair with head slightly
hyperextended.
• Wipe the eyes with cotton balls from inner
canthus to outer canthus.
• Take the medicine.
• Expose the lower conjunctival sac by placing
the thumb or fingers of nondominant hand on
the client’s cheekbone just below the eye and
gently drawing down the skin on the cheek.

• Administer the medication drops into
conjunctival sac.
• After instilling drops, ask patient to close
eye gently.
• Replace the articles and document the
procedure.

Ear Instillation
• Administration of medicine drop by drop
into ear.
Articles
• Tray
• Dropper
• Gloves
• Medicine

• Place patient in side-
lying
position.
• Straighten ear canal by pulling
auricle down and back
(children younger than 3
years) or upward and outward
(children 4 years of age and older
and adults).
• Instill prescribed drops holding
dropper 1 cm above ear canal
• Ask patient to remain in side-lying
position 2 to 3 minutes.
• Replace the articles and
document the procedure.

Irrigation
• Some medications are used to irrigate or
wash out a body cavity. Commonly used
irrigating solutions are sterile water, saline,
or antiseptic solutions on the eye, ear and
bladder.
• Irrigations cleanse an area.

Eye irrigation
• An eye irrigation is administered to wash
out the conjunctival sac to
remove secretions or foreign bodies or to
remove chemicals that may injure the eye.

Articles
• Sterile irrigating solution warmed to 37⁰ C
(98.6 F)
• Disposable gloves
• Cotton balls
• Sterile irrigating set (sterile container and
irrigating tube or irrigating syringe)
• Emesis basin or kidney tray
• Mackintosh
• Towel

Procedure
• Explain procedure to the client.
• Arrange all articles.
• Wash hands.
• Have the client sit or lie with the head tilted toward the
side of the affected eye. Protect the client and the bed
with mackintosh.
• Clean the lids and the lashes with a cotton ball
moistened with normal saline or the solution ordered
for the irrigation. Wipe from the inner canthus to the
outer canthus. Discard the cotton ball after each wipe.
• Place the emesis basin at the cheek on the side of the
affected eye to receive the irrigating solution.

• Expose the lower conjunctival sac.
• Hold the irrigator about 2.5cm(1 inch) from the
eye. Direct the flow of the solution from the inner
canthus to the outer canthus along the
conjunctival sac.
• Irrigate until the solution is clear or all of the
solution has been used.
• Dry the area after the irrigation with cotton
balls or a gauze sponge. Offer a towel to the
client if the face and neck are wet.
• Wash hands.
• Replace all articles and document the
procedure.

Different types of irrigating syringe
• Asepto syringe
• Rubber bulb

• Piston syringe
• Pomeroy

Ear irrigation
• An ear irrigation is administered to wash
the external ear canal to remove secretions
or foreign bodies that may obstruct the ear.

Procedure
• Explain procedure to the client.
• Wash hands.
• Protect the client and the bed
with mackintosh.
• Explain that the client may experience a feeling
of fullness, warmth, and, occasionally, discomfort
when the fluid comes in contact with the
tympanic membrane.
• Assist the client to a sitting or lying position
with head tilted toward the affected ear.

• Place the emesis basin under the ear to be
irrigated.
• Fill the syringe with solution.

• Straighten the ear canal.
• Administer the fluid.
• Continue instilling the fluid until all the
solution is used or until the canal is cleaned.
• Assist the client to a side-lying position on
the affected side for the complete drainage
of the fluid.
• Dry the area after the irrigation with cotton
balls or towel.
• Wash hands.
• Replace all articles and document the
procedure.

Bladder irrigation
• Bladder irrigation is done to wash out the
bladder and sometimes to apply a
medication to the bladder lining.
• Two method;
– Open method
– Closed method

Closed bladder irrigation
• Wash hands.
• Apply clean gloves and cleanse the port with
antiseptic swabs.
• Connect the irrigation tubing to the input port of the
three way catheter.
• Irrigate the bladder by allowing the irrigating fluid
into bladder.
• Adjust the flow rate. The irrigated fluid back from
the bladder is collected in urinary bag.
• Wash hands.
• Replace all articles and document the procedure.

Open bladder irrigation
• Wash hands.
• Apply clean gloves and cleanse the port with
antiseptic swabs.
• Disconnect catheter from drainage tubing and
place the catheter end in the sterile basin. Place
sterile protective cap over end of drainage tubing.
• Draw the prescribed amount of irrigating
solution into the syringe.

• Insert the tip of the syringe into the catheter opening.
• Gently and slowly inject the solution into the catheter.
• Remove the syringe and allow the solution to drain back
into the basin.
• Continue to irrigate the client’s bladder until the total
amount to be instilled has been injected or when fluid
returns are clear.
• Remove the protective cap from the drainage tube and
wipe with antiseptic swab.
• Reconnect the catheter to drainage tubing.
• Remove and discard gloves.
• Perform hand hygiene.
• Replace all articles and document the procedure.

Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is a medical procedure that
flushes bladder with a sterile liquid. It also removes urine (pee)
from body at the same time. Healthcare providers often use it to
prevent or remove blood clots after surgery on the urinary system.
The procedure takes place in a hospital over several days.
The three way catheter allows fluid to flow into and out of the
‑
bladder simultaneously. A large gauge IUC is used to allow for
drainage of clots and debris. The use of 0.9% sodium chloride
(normal saline) is recommended.

Inhalation medications
• Nebulizers deliver most medications
administered through the inhaled route. A
nebulizer is used to deliver a fine spray of
medication or moisture to a client.

• The metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is a
pressurized container of medication that
can be used by the client to release the
medication through a mouthpiece.

IM INJECTION
It is administration of medication into muscle.

Administration of medication.Medication administration: the direct application of a prescribed medication—whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means—to the body of the individual by an individual legally authorized to do so.

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Administration of medication.Medication administration: the direct application of a prescribed medication—whether by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means—to the body of the individual by an individual legally authorized to do so.