Admission in india

Admission in India 2015
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Introduction to the Oscilloscope
Professor Ahmadi
ECE002
George Washington University

OBJECTIVES
• Lab Safety Review
• Electrical Signals
– Quick Overview
• Explain Common Lab Equipment
– Oscilloscope, Function Generator, etc.
• Learn how to use an Oscilloscope to:
– Measure D.C. (Direct Current) Voltage
– Measure A.C. (Alternating Current) Voltage

Lab Safety
• No Food or Drinks
• Use Common Sense
• In Case of Emergency
– If electrical, turn off the main circuit breaker
– Call UDP at 4-6111
– Notify the staff in Room 304

Example Electrical Signal
• Above, this sine wave represents a voltage that is changing
over time
• So at time=2.5s, what is the voltage?
– And again at 10seconds?...15 seconds?
• We can see that as time moves forward, the voltage is
changing
– Is this an AC or DC voltage? What does that mean?
X=TIME (seconds)
Y=VOLTAGE(volts)
5 10 15 20
5
2.5
-2.5
-5

The Theory…
Why do we need an oscilloscope?

What are the major components?
• Display Screen
– Displays an input signal
with respect to time.
• Control Panel
– Adjusts how the input
signal is displayed.

What is the purpose of an oscilloscope
• The purpose of an oscilloscope is to measure a
voltage that changes with time and show it in
a graphical format
1) Here is the oscilloscope in
our lab
-Notice the X-Y axes
2) Here is our alternating voltage
signal from before
3) If we measure our signal with the
scope, it would look like this!

What do we now know about the scope?
• What must the X-Axis represent?
• What must the Y-Axis represent?
TIME
VOLTAGE
• So…what do the dials do?admission.edhole.com

Oscilloscope: Screen
• Notice that the screen
has ruled divisions both
horizontally and
vertically.
• The axes can be scaled,
for example…
• If each vertical division is
worth 5 seconds, what
time is represented by
this point?
• If each horizontal line
represents 1 volt, what
voltage is represented by
this point?

Oscilloscope: Control Panel
• The section to the right of
the screen contains the
controls necessary to
adjust how the waveform
is displayed on the
screen.
• The controls allow you to
alter the sweep time,
amplitude, and triggering
method. (Note, these
topics will be discussed
later)

Oscilloscope: Input Channels
• How do we get the voltage into the scope?
• This area is broken into two parts
– Left Half for Channel 1 (X)
– Right Half for Channel 2 (Y)
• In the center is a switch that determines which channel
will serve as the input to the scope: 1, 2, Dual or Add.
• Why would we want more than 1 channel?
Channel 1 Channel 2

Equipment: Function Generator
• Purpose: Produces
waves of different
– Shapes (sinusoidal,
square, etc.)
– Amplitude
– Frequency
• Several available in the
lab, but we will use the
one built into the Instek
Oscilloscope. (Shown)

The Setup…
In this section, we will power on the
oscilloscope and set it up to display a
signal connected to the CH1 input.

Simple Signals We Can Measure
Is this signal changing over time?
What do we call this type of signal?
If we made a chart at the different time intervals…
X=TIME (seconds)
Y=VOLTAGE(volts)
5 10 15 20
5
2.5
-2.5
-5

Turning on the Oscilloscope
• Press the POWER button
located below the bottom
right corner of the
Oscilloscope’s screen.
• Set the Channel Mode to
CH1.
• Set the Trigger Mode to
AUTO.
• A green line or dot should
appear on the screen.
• If not, try adjusting the
Intensity or Position dials.
Press Power
Set Trigger To
Auto
Set Mode to CH1

Channel Mode Switch
• The oscilloscope is
capable of measuring
voltages from two
different sources.
• The channel mode switch
is used to alternate
between these sources.
• For this lab, we will be
using Channel 1, so set
the switch to the CH1
position.

Cables
• We will use three types
of connecters in this
lab.
– BNC
– Banana
– Mini-Grabber

Making Your First Connection
• Obtain a BNC cable,
Mini-Grabber
attachment and
connection them
together.
• Connect the free end of
the BNC cable to CH1
on the oscilloscope

Time Per Division Dial
• Find the Time/Div dial
on the oscilloscope.
This dial controls the
amount of time per
centimeter division.
• Adjust to dial to 2
milliseconds per
centimeter.

Horizontal Position
• Adjust the Position dial
for Channel 1 to center
the horizontal line.

Adjusting the Display
• If the display is difficult or
out of focus, the Intensity
and Focus dials can be
used to adjust it.
• The INTEN dial controls
the brightness of the line.
• The FOCUS dial controls
the sharpness of the line.
• Take a moment to adjust
each one and notice the
difference.

At this point…
• The channel mode should be set to 1.
• The TIME/DIV should be set to 2mS per centimeter.
• A BNC cable should be connected to the channel 1
input. The other end should have a free Mini-Grabber
connection.
• The Trigger Mode should be set to AUTO.
• The Oscilloscope should be ON.
• The intensity and focus should be adjusted so the line
is clear to see.
• The channel 1 position dial should be adjusted so that
the green line is centered on the screen.

Measuring a DC signal
In this section, we will use an external DC
POWER SUPPLY to create a DC signal to
measure with the oscilloscope

Measuring a Direct Current Voltage
• Set the VOLTS/DIV to 1
by adjusting the outer
dial.
• Turn the inner dial all
the way to the right,
which will put it in the
calibrated position.
• Switch the AC-GND-DC
switch for channel 1 to
DC.

Volts/Div Dial
• The volts/div dial tells
you the number of volts
to be represented by
each centimeter
vertically on the screen.
• Here the outer dial is
set to one, so each
centimeter equals one
volt.

Setting Up the DC Power Supply
• This DC Power supply is
capable of generating
voltages from -25V to
25V.
• For this lab, we will be
using the 6V supply
terminals.
• First, press the Power
Button to turn it on.

• Press Output On/Off
once to turn on the
output.
• Press the +6V button to
tell the power supply
that we want to alter
the output from the 6V
terminals.
• Once done, your screen
should look the same as
it does on this slide.

• The dial on the right
hand side is used to
increase and decrease
the output value.
• The arrows under the
dial are used to
determine which digit is
affected by the dial.

• Press the left arrow
until the digit to the left
of the decimal point is
blinking.
• Use the dial to increase
the display value to 3
volts as shown.
• Note: You can safely
ignore the value of the
right most digit for this
experiment.
This is the digit
we want to adjust
Press this arrow to
Select the
desired digit
Rotate this dial to
alter the output value.

Setting Up the Power Supply
• Now it is time to connect the
DC Power Supply to the
Oscilloscope.
• Locate Mini-Grabber
connectors on the other end
of the cable that was
previously attached to the
Oscilloscope.
• Attach the connecters to the
DC Power Supply as shown.
• Note: You may need to
partially unscrew the terminal
knobs before connecting the
Mini-Grabbers.

Observing the DC Output
• Once connected, the
line on the Oscilloscope
display will move up
three divisions.
• At 1Volt/Division, this
equals 3 Volts.
• Adjust the DC Power
Supply output and the
Volts/Division dial and
observe the changes.

Important Observations at This Point
• Volts/Division Dial
– It does not change the voltage.
– It is a sensitivity dial that allows us to measure a
wide range of voltages by indicating how many
volts are represented by each division.

Finishing Up the DC Measurements
• Go ahead and…
– Turn off the DC Power Supply
– Disconnect the Mini-Grabbers

Measuring an AC signal
In this section, we will use the built-in
FUNCTION GENERATOR to create an AC
signal to measure with the oscilloscope

Measuring a Time Varying (A.C.)
Voltage
• Now look at the function generator built into your
Oscilloscope.
• This device produces a voltage that varies over time.
• In the upcoming slides we will exam each of the
controls that allow us to shape the output.
Built In Function
Generator

Function Generator Controls: Wave
Shape
• An important part of a
function generator is the
shape of the wave it creates.
• This function generator can
produce a
– Square Wave
– Triangle Wave
– Sine Wave
• Press the FUNC key to change
until the light below the Sine
wave is lit.
• (Note: The Oscilloscope must
be on in order to change the
this option.)

Function Generator Controls:
Frequency Range
• This generator allows you to
change the frequency (Cycles per
Second) of the output wave.
• There are two main settings:
– Range/Order of Magnitude
– Scaling Factor
• First, set the range to 1K (1
kilohertz) by pressing the RANGE
button until the light below 1K is
on.
• Then, turn the frequency dial
(Scaling Factor) so it points
straight up. This represents a
Scaling Factor of 1.
• Turning the dial to the left will
reduce the output frequency and
to the right will increase it.
What will the output frequency be with this setup?
What if the scaling was set to 1.5?
1. Set the Range to 1K1. Set the Range to 1K
2. Turn the Frequency Dial
Until it Points Straight Up.
2. Turn the Frequency Dial
Until it Points Straight Up.

Function Generator Controls
Not only can we change the shape and frequency of a wave,
but we can also change the amplitude.
Not only can we change the shape and frequency of a wave,
but we can also change the amplitude.
2 Volts
Peak-to-Peak
2 Volts
Peak-to-Peak
1 Volt
Amplitude
1 Volt
Amplitude
5 Volts
Peak-to-Peak
5 Volts
Peak-to-Peak
2.5 Volt
Amplitude
2.5 Volt
Amplitude

Function Generator Controls:
Amplitude Dial
• Another 2 Parameter
Control
– DC-Offset (Inner Dial)
– Amplitude (Outer Dial)
• Adjusting the outer dial
– Clockwise will increase the
amplitude.
– Counterclockwise will
decrease the amplitude.
• Turn the inner dial until it
points straight up.
• Turn the outer until it
points straight up.
DC-OffsetDC-Offset
AmplitudeAmplitude

Making the Connection
• Locate the Function
Generator’s Output.
• Using a B.N.C. Cable,
Connect the Function
Generator’s Output to
the CH1 Input.

• Set the Volts/Division
dial to 2. The inner dial
should be turned fully
clockwise.
• Change the AC-GND-DC
switch to AC.
• Use the Position dial to
raise or lower the image
until it is centered on
the screen.

• The Time/Division dial
corresponds to the
amount of time in each
division along the X-
direction.
• Set this dial to 0.5ms.
• If it isn’t already, turn the
SWP. VAR. dial to CAL
• With 10 divisions per
screen, what is the total
time span represented?

Triggering
• Now we need to tell the scope when to
display the signal.
• Electric signals change much faster than we
can observe, so we must tell the Oscilloscope
when to refresh the display.
• We accomplish this by setting a Triggering
Level.

Triggering
Without TriggeringWithout Triggering With TriggeringWith Triggering

Triggering
• We want to tell the oscilliscope when it is the
best time for it to “refresh” the display
• In our wave below, we tell the scope to
“trigger” or ‘capture’ the signal when it is
going upward AND hits 2.0Volts
Going up!
AND
When at 2.0 Volts on our waveform!
SO, ‘trigger’ condition is:
When we’re

Triggering: Setup
• If it isn’t already, set the
Trigger Source to CH1.
• Set the Trigger Mode to
Auto.
• In some cases, this is
enough to produce a
clear output, but often
we will need to adjust the
Trigger Level.
• If the output is unstable,
turn the triggering knob
until it stabilizes.
Remember,
channel 1 is where
our waveform is
coming from!
Think of the “Level” as being WHERE on the
waveform to trigger, like in our last slide, at 2.0 Volts! And the SLOPE + or -, means: going
UP or going DOWN

Measuring the Voltage
• Using the CH1 Position
Dial, move the wave
until the bottom line up
with one of the division
lines.
• Measure the number of
divisions from the
bottom to the top.
Peak to Peak Voltage = (Volts/Division) *(# of Division)
Amplitude = (1/2) * Peak to Peak Voltage
At 2 Volts Per Division,
This wave has an
amplitude of 5V.
At 2 Volts Per Division,
This wave has an
amplitude of 5V.

Measuring the Frequency
• Position to wave so that
the beginning lines up
with one of the vertical
division markers.
• Count the number of
divisions until the
beginning of the next
wave.
Period = (Time/Division) *(# of Division)
Frequency = 1/Period
With 0.5ms/division,
this wave has a
frequency of 1kHz
With 0.5ms/division,
this wave has a
frequency of 1kHz

Mixing It Up
• Increase the
Volts/Division Dial to 5.
• Decrease the
Time/Division Dial to
0.2ms.
• Recalculate the
– Peak to Peak Voltage
– Amplitude
– Period
– Frequency
• How do these results
compare to the ones you
previously measured?
Note: If the signal becomes unstable, you may need to readjust the triggering level.admission.edhole.com

Changing the Frequency Generator
• Now, change the amplitude on the frequency
generator.
• Note that wave’s height grows and shrinks as
this dial is adjusted.
• Next, try changing the frequency and the
shape of the wave.
• Remember that the Volts/Division,
Time/Division and Triggering Level may need
to be adjusted.

Summary: Measuring A.C. Voltage
• Turn on the Oscilloscope.
• Use the built in function generator to set the
shape, frequency and amplitude of the desired
output wave.
• Connect the generator’s output to the channel 1
input and set the input channel to AC.
• Approximate the Time/Division and
Volts/Division.
• Use the Position Dial to center the wave on the
screen.

Summary: Measuring AC Voltage
• Set the Triggering Source to CH1.
• Set the Triggering Mode to Auto.
• Adjust the Triggering Level until the output
wave stabilizes.
• Adjust the Volts/Division and Time/Division
dials until the desired output is produced.
• If needed, use the Focus and Intensity Dials to
sharpen the picture displayed.

Your turn…
In this section, you are put to the
test!

Oscilloscope Problem
• Using the function generator, create a wave
with the following output:
– 3 kHz Frequency
– Sinusoidal Shape
– 2 Volt Amplitude
• Adjust the output so that only 2 complete
cycles are showing.
• When are you finished, call over your TA to
inspect it.

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