Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
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The document discusses the research and development of novel adsorbents for carbon capture, particularly focused on the rotary wheel adsorber and various materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and amine-functionalized carbons. The research project, involving multiple universities and industry partners, aims to explore the performance of these materials in CO2 capture from dilute streams and understand their equilibrium and kinetic properties. Key findings highlight the importance of material properties, including pore size, surface functionalization, and regeneration capabilities, in optimizing CO2 adsorption processes.
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants - AMPGas, Enzo Mangano, University of Edinburgh - UKCCSRC Strathclyde Biannual 8-9 September 2015
- 1. University of Edinburgh , School of Engineering, Edinburgh SCCS – Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage Centre Rotary wheel adsorber for carbon capture E. Mangano1, E. Shiko1, A. Greenaway3, A. Gibson2, A. Gromov2, M. M. Lozinska3, E. Campbell2, P. A. Wright3, S. Brandani1 1 University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering; 2 University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry; 3 University of St. Andrews; EPSRC: EP/J02077X/1 [email protected] [email protected] “Best paper” of the Carbon Management: Recent Advances in Carbon Capture, Conversion, Utilization and Storage session at ACS Fall meeting 2015
- 2. Adsorption Materials and Processes for Gas fired power plants – AMPGas 2 Partners: The University of Edinburgh (Coordinator) University of St. Andrews Heriot‐Watt University Industrial Partner: Howden Group Ltd Other industrial contributions: Chemviron Carbon; Purolite; Thomas Swan and UOP UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 3. AMPGas Project 3 Aims: • Apply a range of experimental techniques to determine equilibrium and kinetic properties of nanoporous materials, which are being developed for CO2 capture from dilute streams; • Predict the performance of an integrated adsorption process based on rapid thermal swing; • Demonstrate the proposed process using a bench scale rotary wheel adsorber. Materials: Thanks to the expertise of the partners different materials can be tested: Zeolites (St. Andrews University) Amine‐containing MOFs (St. Andrews University) Amine‐based Silicas (Heriot‐Watt University & St. Andrews University) Amine‐containing Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes (University of Edinburgh) UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 4. Adsorbents: the challenges 4 Tailoring novel adsorbents for CO2 separation from dilute streams (4‐9% CO2): Physisorption (optimised zeolites) Chemisorption (amine‐based adsorbents ) • Structures • Cation types • Cation distribution • Hydrophilicity • Supporting material • Pore size/volume • Amine groups • Synthesis process • Chemical and thermal stability • Behaviour in presence of water UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 5. Porous Materials 5 Cation Gating Zeolites Small Pore MOFs • Metal organic frameworks consist of organic linker groups coordinated to metal clusters (nodes) • Ability to modify both metal source and organic linker makes MOFs highly versatile • Functionalisation of organic linkers can have a profound effect on the adsorption properties of the material. • Aluminosilicates which contain 8 membered windows, such as RHO, ECR‐18 • Extra framework cations adopt positions in window sites • Co‐operative interaction between CO2 and cation causes cation to move allowing CO2 to pass through window • Highly selective for CO2/ N2 and CO2/ CH4 UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 6. Cation Gating Zeolites 6 • Recently discovered which can be used to separate adsorbates with differing physical properties, for example the separation of CO2 from N2. • This is a separate mechanism from the more common molecular sieving separations that zeolites are commonly used for. • Has potential to be used for size inverse separations. As molecules with a larger polarizability, dipole and quadrupole moments interact more strongly with the cation. • M. M. Lozinska, E. Mangano, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17628‐ 17642 UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 7. Cation Gating Zeolites: Na‐RHO 7 Simple zeolite structure, with lta cages connected via d8r cages. Exhibits promising gas adsorption / separation properties – but slow • M. M. Lozinska, E. Mangano, et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17628‐ 17642 • M. M. Lozinska, P. A. Wright, et al. Chem. Mater., 2014, 26, 2052‐2061. Na UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 8. Cation Gating Zeolites: Expanding the Rho series 8 • ECR‐18 is the synthetic form of zeolite Paulingite • All openings 8‐rings • 7 different cage types. • Similar interpenetrated backbone to Rho UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 9. Cation Gating Zeolites: ECR‐18 9 Na,H‐ECR‐18 0 50 100 150 200 0 5 10 Relativeintensity(a.u.) Time (s) 0.3082 g CO2/N2 (50:50) 20 cc/min 303 K Structural changes of synthetic paulingite (Na,H‐ECR‐18) upon dehydration and CO2 adsorption A. G. Greenaway, J. Shin, P. A. Cox, E. Shiko, S. P. Thompson, S. Brandani, S. Bong Hong, P. A. Wright*, Zeit. Krist. – Crystalline Materials, 2015, 230, 223‐231 UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 10. ZSM‐25 10 • Solved structure of ZSM‐25 : related to ECR‐18 and Rho ECR‐18 ZSM‐25 A zeolite family with expanding structural complexity and embedded isoreticular structures P. Guo, J. Shin, A. G. Greenaway, J. Gi Min, J. Su, H. J. Choi, L. Liu, P. A. Cox, S. B. Hong, P. A. Wright, X. Zou Nature, 2015, 524, 74‐78 UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 11. ZSM‐25 11 • NaTEA‐ZSM‐25, NaTEA‐ECR‐18, Na‐Rho and K‐chabazite • Presence of secondary cage structure speeds up adsorption in Na form of the zeolites ECR‐18 and ZSM‐25 • Adsorption isotherms at 298 K of CO2, CH4 and N2 • Good regenerability. Inset shows capacities over 100 cycles Kinetics of CO2 uptake Adsorption Isotherms on ZSM‐25 UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 12. Small Pore MOFs 12 CO2 at 273 K N2 at 77 K • Model Sc2BDC3 series is hydrophobic • Isostructural series with functional groups • Resulting MOFs exhibit different adsorption properties • Amine –functionalised most selective UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 13. CO2 adsorption on Sc2(NH2‐BDC)3 13 Thermodynamics from isotherms Kinetics (Zero Length Column) Heat of adsorption 31(±3) kJ mol‐1 In situ synchrotron IR microspectroscopy of CO2 adsorption on the functionalised MOF Sc2(BDC‐NH2)3 A. Greenaway, B. Gonzalez‐Santiago, P. M. Donaldson, M. D. Frogley, G. Cinque, J. Sotelo, S. Moggach, E. Shiko, S. Brandani, R. F. Howe and P. A. Wright Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53, 13483‐13487 0.01 0.1 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 t(min) C/C0 11 ml/min 21 ml/min 32 ml/min blank 11 ml/min blank 21 ml/min blank 32 ml/min 0.01 0.1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ft(ml) C/C0 11 ml/min 21 ml/min 32 ml/min blank 11 ml/min blank 21 ml/min blank 32 ml/min Desorption curves of CO2 from Sc2(BDC‐NH2)3 and an empty ZLC column at different flowrates. The normalized decrease in concentration (C/C0) is plotted against a) time (t) and b) Ft scales. Desorption is under equilibrium conditions even at fastest flow rate UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 14. 14 Amine functionalised carbons: preparation 3 Main types of material prepared: 1. CNTs grafted with a basic amino functionalities 2. Activated carbon grafted with amino functionalities 3. A physical impregnation of amino groups to the surface of two different types of porous carbon Amine Grafted carbon nanotubes (CNT‐CO‐NHR) Amine grafted porous carbon Amine impregnated porous carbon (various loadings) EDA √ √ √ DETA √ ‐ √ TETA √ √ √ PEI (MW600) √ √ √ PEI (MW10000) √ √ √ PEI (MW750000) √ ‐ ‐ Advantage: • Carbon materials can be heated ohmically for cyclic regeneration of the adsorbent UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 15. Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) 15 • Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical allotropes of carbon • Two varieties: single walled and multi‐walled • Large specific surface area ranging from 200 – 1000 m2 g‐1 • Surface can be readily functionalised to modify the material’s properties • Functionalization methods can be applied to cheaper activated carbon for large scale gas separation • Thermal cyclic regeneration through ohmic heating • The highly ordered structure makes particularly interesting the study of the kinetics UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 17. Physical impregnation of amine onto porous carbons 17 Pore Volume/ cc g‐1 micro‐AC meso‐AC Raw 0.74 1.09 TETA‐10 0.52 0.77 TETA‐30 0.11 0.47 TETA‐50 0.02 0.31 TETA‐70 0.01 0.19 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 100 200 300 400 500Volume@STP(cc/g) Relative Pressure (P/P0 ) BET (m2 g-1 ) micro-AC 1336 micro-AC-TETA(10) 953 micro-AC-TETA(30) 219 micro-AC-TETA(50) 24 micro-AC-TETA(70) 6.7 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Volume@STP(cc/g) Relative Pressure (P/P0 ) BET (m2 g-1 ) meso-AC 816 meso-AC-TETA(10) 510 meso-AC-TETA(30) 274 meso-AC-TETA(50) 162 meso-AC-TETA(70) 92.5 N2 isotherms, 77K 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.00 0.01 PoreVolume(cc/g) Pore width (nm) meso-AC meso-AC-TETA(10) meso-AC-TETA(30) meso-AC-TETA(50) meso-AC-TETA(70) DFT: Pore size distribution UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 18. CO2 Uptake Temperature Dependence 18 0 1 2 3 4 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 q/mmolg-1 Time/ s 35 °C 50 °C 75 °C 0 5 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 q(mmolg-1 ) Time (Hours) 35°C 50°C 75°C 90°C • Raw AC material • CO2 capacity ↓ as temperature ↑ • Impregnated AC material • CO2 capacity ↑ as temperature ↑ micro‐AC Pore width ≤ 2 nm micro‐AC‐TETA‐50 Pore width ≤ 2 nm Heat of Adsorption > 50 kJ mol‐1 – chemisorption Heat of Adsorption < 50 kJ mol‐1 – physisorption ΔHADS = 27 kJ mol‐1 Physisorption ΔHADS = 90 kJ mol‐1 Chemisorption Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 19. CO2 uptake of carbon supports loaded with various wt % of TETA 19 micro-AC-TETA(10) micro-AC-TETA(30) micro-AC-TETA(50) micro-AC-TETA(70) 0 2 4 6 8 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 q(mmolg -1 ) Time (hours) (a) (b) meso-AC-TETA(10) meso-AC-TETA(30) meso-AC-TETA(50)-run1 meso-AC-TETA(50)-run2 meso-AC-TETA(75) 0 5 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 q(mmolg-1 ) Time (hours) micro‐AC‐TETA Pore width ≤ 2 nm meso‐AC‐TETA Pore width 2‐10 nm J.A.A. Gibson, A.V. Gromov, S. Brandani, E.E.B. Campbell, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 208 (2015) 129‐139. UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 20. CO2 Cyclic Experiments 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 q(mmolg -1 ) time (hours) q Heat -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Heatflow(mW) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 q(mmolg -1 ) time (hours) q Heat flow 9% drop in capacity over 4 cycles -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Heat(mW) meso‐AC‐PEI600, 4 cycles 0.1 bar CO2, 75 °C meso‐AC‐TETA‐30, 4 cycles 0.1 bar CO2, 75 °C N H 14 PEI UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 21. Experimental approach for novel adsorbents 21 Zero Length Column Extended Zero Length Column Dual Piston PSA Rotary Wheel Adsorber Equilibrium Kinetics Stability Clear separation Useful for TSA evaluation Heat transfer Mass transfer Pressure drop Full cycle performance Purity Recovery Productivity 10‐15 mg ~ 50 mg ~ 10 g ~ 1 Kg UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 23. Testing Novel Adsorbents: the Zero Length Column 23 An experimental technique should allow us to: • Rank CO2 capacity of materials rapidly • Require only small samples • Interpret the results easily • Allow to determine kinetics • Allow to test the materials with water • Allow to test the materials with SOx and NOx A properly designed ZLC system can deliver on all of these requirements. -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time, s Signal Full sat. Partial sat. UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 25. Ranking of CO2 capacity for Amine based Carbons (UoE) 25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 micro‐AC meso‐AC micro‐AC‐TETA(10) micro‐AC‐TETA(30) micro‐AC‐TETA(50) micro‐AC‐TETA(65) meso‐AC‐TETA(10) meso‐AC‐TETA(30) meso‐AC‐TETA(50) meso‐AC‐TETA(75) meso‐AC‐PEI600(20) meso‐AC‐PEI600(40) meso‐AC‐PEI600(60) meso‐AC‐PEI600(75) meso‐AC‐PEI600(100) meso‐AC‐2‐PEI600(290) q (mmol g‐1) Conditions: 75 °C , 10% CO2, 90% helium UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 27. Equilibrium controlled experiment 27 0.01 0.1 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 t(min) C/C0 11 ml/min 21 ml/min 32 ml/min blank 11 ml/min blank 21 ml/min blank 32 ml/min 0.01 0.1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ft(ml) C/C0 11 ml/min 21 ml/min 32 ml/min blank 11 ml/min blank 21 ml/min blank 32 ml/min UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 31. 31 Breakthrough experiment on Li ‐ Rho Ptot = 1 atm T = 35 °C YCO2 = 0 .05 YCH4 = 0.4 Carrier gas: He CO2/CH4 selectivity UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 34. Process scale‐up: Dual Piston PSA 34 Benefits of DP‐PSA • Direct test of the separation performance • Single column required • Closed system with total reflux; only small amount of gas needed • Rapid testing of adsorbent materials • Many different experiments are possible • Particularly suitable to measure kinetic and equilibrium properties of novel adsorbent materials Aim Testing of novel materials for the separation of CO2 from flue gas Dosing system Column PistonsOven Pressure readings UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 36. Complete model Non- Isothermal: 1T Non- Isothermal: 2T Non- Isothermal: 3T Isothermal No Pressure drop Pressure drop No Film resistance Film resistance No Macropore Macropore LDF Macropore Diffusion Micropore LDF Micropore Diffusion Micropore Equilibrium Dusty Gas Model MS-Surface diffusion Complete model Non- Isothermal: 1T Non- Isothermal: 2T Non- Isothermal: 3T Isothermal No Pressure drop Pressure drop No Film resistance Film resistance No Macropore Macropore LDF Macropore Diffusion Micropore LDF Micropore Diffusion Micropore Equilibrium Dusty Gas Model MS-Surface diffusion Adsorption model hierarchy 36 Now including also Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory methods for multicomponent adsorption UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 37. General adsorption cycle simulator 37 Feed Pressurisation Adsorption Evacuation PE Purge PE Column 2 Column 1 Adsorption systems • Multiple adsorption columns • Connected by splitters, mixers, valves and tanks • Series of cycle steps: pressurisation, feed, purge, … Extend column simulation to general adsorption cycles • Modular system with different units: adsorption columns, valves, splitters, tanks, ... • Arbitrary number and connection of the units • Simulate different cycle configurations by time events, e.g. switching of valves UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 38. Buffer unit for unibed approach 38 •All columns cycle through the same steps •Steps with interaction between two columns • Output of one column is input of the other column • Add a buffer unit for each interaction pair •Data in buffer unit is half a cycle out of date •Same result at Cyclic Steady State •Order of magnitude faster UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 40. Rotary Wheel Adsorber for carbon capture – Advantages 40 • Can treat large volumes of gas • Lower capital cost (no multiple columns, piping , valves, etc…) • Efficient heat integration • Low pressure drop • Can perform rapid temperature swings • Thermal cycles of few minutes: 10 times faster than traditional TSA in fixed bed • Significant reduction of the size of the capture plant Due to very low concentration of CO2 thermal swing adsorption is required for rapid regeneration of the adsorbent. A properly designed rotary wheel adsorber: UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 41. Bench scale Rotary Wheel Adsorber for carbon capture 41 • 12‐columns rotary system • Each column is detachable and can be independently tested • Up to 24 thermocouples (2 per column) • Large amount of data to be sent in real time • Max. rotational speed 1 rpm • Regeneration using electrical heating elements • One of the first LiFi communication on moving elements • Real time computer for data acquisition and control of the system Rotating partStationary partStationary part UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 44. RWA concept ‐ system control 44 Slip rings for H‐E 60 W AC motor 0 ‐ 1 rpm NI – CRIO real time computer MFC Gas D‐P transducers LED ring TC data + position LiFi receiver UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 45. 45 Preliminary simulations Column: L = 20 cm, ID = 2 cm. Adsorbents: • TRI‐PE‐MCM‐41(Y. Belmabkhout, et al., 2010) • 13X (isotherms measured in our lab) Ptot = 1 bar Feed concentration: 5% CO2 in N2 Adsorption:35 °C Regeneration methods: Electrical heating; Steam 0.05 bar Adapting Cysim cycle simulator for the simulation of some base scenarios: UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 52. LiFi – how does it work? 52 Time Intensity 1 1 1 10 0 00 0 On Off Spectrum: • Unregulated (free) • Huge • Safe Existing Infrastructure Inexpensive devices Prof. Harald Haas, Dr. Stefan Videv UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 53. Recent ‘hero’ demonstrations 53 3.5 Gbps from single color LED at 5 mW 1.1 Gbps at 10 m at 5 mW 5 mW Prof. Harald Haas, Dr. Stefan Videv UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015
- 54. Conclusions • Several materials have been developed and tested using different techniques (ZLC, TGA, Breakthrough) • Some of the amine‐functionalised carbons show a clear chemisorption process • Some of the zeolitic frameworks show evidence of structural modification associated to the presence of CO2 • A novel bench scale rotary wheel adsorber has bee designed and is being built at the UoE • CySim is being modified to predict the performance of the bench scale prototype • A novel LiFi communication system (one of the first on moving elements) is being developed for the data acquisition in the RWA 54UKCCSRC Autumn Biannual Meeting 2015