Advanced data structure

Advanced Data Structure (using c#)

Md. Shakil Ahmed
Software Engineer
Astha it research & consultancy ltd.
Dhaka, Bangladesh

Introduction
Topic Focus:
• Trie Tree
• Segment Tree
• lowest common ancestor (LCA)

Trie Tree
• A trie is an ordered tree data structure that is
used to store an associative array where the
keys are usually strings.

Trie Tree
Use:
• Count Prefixes: This function will count the
number of words in the dictionary that have a
string prefix as prefix.
• Count Words: This function will count the
number of words in the dictionary that match
exactly with a given string word.
• Dictionary: It could be a good data structure for
building a memory-efficient dictionary with fast
lookups.
• Faster Than Hash Table: Looking up data in a trie
is faster in the worst case, O(m) time, compared
to an imperfect hash table.

Trie Tree
The next figure shows a trie with the
words
"tree", "trie", "algo", "assoc", "all", and
"also."

Trie Tree
• 1st word => tree

Trie Tree
• 2nd word => trie

Trie Tree
• 3rd word => algo

Trie Tree
• 4th word => assoc

Trie Tree
• 6th word => also

Problem
We have some Human name, we can add, delete &
search some name.
=> If number of name is n = 10,00,000, we want to
search or delete a name(k is the length of the
name), then
1. If we use array, we need O(n*k) complexity.
2. If we sort the array & using binary search
then, for search we need O(k * log n) but for
delete we need O(n) complexity.
3. If we use trie, we need O(k) complexity for
add, search & delete.

Solution
static int[] _count = new int[1000009];
static int[][] _child = new int[1000009][];static int N = 0;

static int AddElement(int root, string element, int position)
{ if (element.Length == position)
{ _count[root]++;
return _count[root]; }
else
{ if (_child[root][element[position] - 'a'] == -1)
{ _count[N] = 0;_child[N] = new int[26];
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
_child[N][i] = -1;
_child[root][element[position] - 'a'] = N;
N++;
}
return AddElement(_child[root][element[position] - 'a'], element, position + 1);
}
}

Solution
static void Main(string[] args)
{
_count[0] = 0;
_child[0] = new int[26];
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
_child[0][i] = -1;
N = 1;

while (true)
{
string input = Console.ReadLine();
if (input == null)
break;
Console.WriteLine(AddElement(0, input.ToLower(), 0));
}
}

Segment Tree
• A segment tree is a heap-like data structure
that can be used for making update/query
operations upon array intervals in
logarithmical time.
• Query time: O(log n)
• Initialize time: O(2 * n)
• Update time: O(log n)

Segment Tree

E very node v is characterized by tw o param eters

B v : beginning of node's w orld (left end )

E v : end of node's w orld (right end)

We define the segment tree for the interval [i, j] in the
following recursive manner:
the first node will hold the information for the interval [i, j]
if i<j the left and right son will hold the information for the
intervals [i, (i+j)/2] and [(i+j)/2+1, j]

Segment Tree
• Query For 2 to 6

Segment Tree
• Update Element 7 value to 7

Problem
You are given n (1<=n<=100000) integers &
100000 query. Each query you have to change
a value of an element Or you have to given
the minimum value of a range.
=> If we use array, then complexity q * n. For the
above case it will take, 10000000000
operation, that means 100 sec.
=> If we use segment tree then complexity is q *
log (n). It will take 0.01 sec.

Solution
static int[] element = new int[100009];
static int[] mini = new int[200009];static int[] left = new int[200009];static
int[] right = new int[200009];
static int N = 0;

static int Init(int start, int end)
{
if (start == end)
{ left[N] = -1;right[N] = -1;
mini[N] = element[start];N++;
return N - 1; }
else
{ int temp = N; N++;
left[temp] = Init(start, (start + end) / 2);
right[temp] = Init((start + end) / 2 + 1, end);
mini[temp] = mini[left[temp]];
if (mini[temp] > mini[right[temp]])
mini[temp] = mini[right[temp]];
return temp; } }

Solution
static int RMQ(int root, int start, int end, int rootStart, int rootEnd)
{
if (start == rootStart && end == rootEnd)
return mini[root];
else if (end <= (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2)
return RMQ(left[root], start, end, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
else if ((rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 < start)
return RMQ(right[root], start, end, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 + 1, rootEnd);
else
{
int temp1 = RMQ(left[root], start, (rootStart + rootEnd) /
2, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
int temp2 = RMQ(right[root], (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 + 1, end, (rootStart +
rootEnd) / 2 + 1, rootEnd);
if (temp1 > temp2)
temp1 = temp2;
return temp1;
}}

Solution
static void Update(int root, int index, int value, int rootStart, int rootEnd)
{
if (rootStart == index && rootEnd == index)
mini[root] = value;
else
{
if (index <= (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2)
Update(left[root], index, value, rootStart, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2);
else
Update(right[root], index, value, (rootStart + rootEnd) / 2 +
1, rootEnd);

mini[root] = mini[left[root]];
if (mini[root] > mini[right[root]])
mini[root] = mini[right[root]];
}
}

Solution
static void Main(string[] args) for (int q1 = 1; q1 <= q; q1++)
{ {
string input = Console.ReadLine(); input = Console.ReadLine();
string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
int n = Convert.ToInt32(input); int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) int z = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[2]);
{
input = Console.ReadLine(); if (x == 1)
element[i] = Convert.ToInt32(input); Console.WriteLine(RMQ(0, y, z, 0, n
} - 1));
else
N = 0; Update(0, y, z, 0, n - 1);
Init(0, n - 1); }
}
input = Console.ReadLine();
int q = Convert.ToInt32(input);

Segment Tree

• Segment trees are very powerful, not only
because they can be used for RMQ(Range
Minimum Query). They are a very flexible data
structure, can solve even the dynamic version
of RMQ problem, and have numerous
applications in range searching problems.

lowest common ancestor (LCA)
• The lowest common ancestor (LCA) is a
concept in graph theory and computer
science. Let T be a rooted tree with n nodes.
The lowest common ancestor is defined
between two nodes v and w as the lowest
node in T that has both v and w as
descendants (where we allow a node to be a
descendant of itself).

• We generate a table.

Node 2^0 Parent 2^1 Parent 2^2Parent
1 -1 -1 -1
2 1 -1 -1
3 1 -1 -1
4 2 1 -1
5 4 2 -1
6 3 1 -1
7 5 4 1


Node Label
1 1
2 2
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 3
7 5

Problem
You live in a Big country where there are many bi-directional roads
connecting the cities. Since the people of the country are quite
intelligent, they designed the country such that there is exactly one
path to go from one city to another. A path consists of one or more
connected roads.
Here cities are denoted by integers and each road has a cost of
traveling. Now you are given the information about the Country. And
you are given some queries, each consists of two cities. You have to
find the longest road in the path from one city to another.
Input:
n (2 ≤ n ≤ 105) denoting the number of cities. Then there will be n-1
lines containing three integers each. They will be given in the form u v
w (1 ≤ u, v ≤ n, 0 < w ≤ 105, u ≠ v) meaning that there is a road
between u and v and the cost of the road is w.
The next line contains an integer q (1 ≤ q ≤ 25000) denoting the
number of queries. Each of the next q lines contains two integers x
and y (1 ≤ x, y ≤ n, x ≠ y).

Problem
Input:
6
Output:
3 6 50 300
2 5 30
2 4 300 300
1 2 100
1 3 200 30
4
14 200
46
25
35

If we solve it only by parent up, then for easy query, we will
need O(n) complexity.
If we solve it by LCA, then for each query, we will need O(log n)
complexity.

Solution
public class Edge
{ public int node; public int cost;}
static List<Edge>[] _connectedNodes = null;
static int[] _dfsNumber = null;
static int[][] _parent = null;
static int[][] _maxCost = null;

static void DFS(int node, int parent, int edgeCost, int dfsNumber)
{
_parent[node][0] = parent;
_maxCost[node][0] = edgeCost;
_dfsNumber[node] = dfsNumber;

for (int i = 0; i < _connectedNodes[node].Count; i++)
if (_dfsNumber[_connectedNodes[node][i].node] == -1)

DFS(_connectedNodes[node][i].node, node, _connectedNodes[node][i].cost, dfsN
umber + 1);

Solution
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string input = Console.ReadLine(); for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(input); string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
_connectedNodes = new List<Edge>[n + 1]; int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
_dfsNumber = new int[n + 1]; int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);
_parent = new int[n + 1][]; int z = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[2]);
_maxCost = new int[n + 1][];
_connectedNodes[x].Add(new Edge {
node = y, cost = z });
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) _connectedNodes[y].Add(new Edge {
{ node = x, cost = z });
_dfsNumber[i] = -1; }
_parent[i] = new int[18];
DFS(1, -1, 0, 1);
_maxCost[i] = new int[18];
_connectedNodes[i] = new List<Edge>();
}

Solution
for (int j = 1; ; j++)
{
bool flag = false;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
if (_parent[i][j - 1] != -1 && _parent[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1] != -1)
{
_parent[i][j] = _parent[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
_maxCost[i][j] = _maxCost[i][j - 1];
if (_maxCost[i][j] < _maxCost[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1])
_maxCost[i][j] = _maxCost[_parent[i][j - 1]][j - 1];
flag = true;
}
else
_parent[i][j] = -1;
}

if (!flag)break;
}

Solution
int q = Convert.ToInt32(input);

for (int q1 = 1; q1 <= q; q1++)
{
string[] inputs = input.Split(' ');
int x = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[0]);
int y = Convert.ToInt32(inputs[1]);

int max = 0;

if (_dfsNumber[x] > _dfsNumber[y])
{
int z = x;
x = y;
y = z;
}

Solution
while (_dfsNumber[x] != _dfsNumber[y])
{
for (int i = 0; ; i++)
{
if (_parent[y][i] == -1 || _dfsNumber[_parent[y][i]] <
_dfsNumber[x])
{
y = _parent[y][i - 1];
break;
}
else
{
if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
max = _maxCost[y][i];
}
}
}

Solution
while (x != y)
{ else
for (int i = 0; i < 18; i++) {
{ if (_maxCost[x][i] > max)
if (_parent[x][i] == _parent[y][i])
{
max = _maxCost[x][i];
if (i == 0) if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
{ max = _maxCost[y][i];
if (_maxCost[x][i] > max) }
max = _maxCost[x][i]; }
if (_maxCost[y][i] > max)
max = _maxCost[y][i];
}

x = _parent[x][i]; Console.WriteLine(max);
y = _parent[y][i]; }
} }
else
{
x = _parent[x][i - 1];
y = _parent[y][i - 1];
}
break;
}

Advanced data structure

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Advanced data structure