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Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Agenda
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Agenda
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Agenda
Introduction 01
Introduction to
Advanced Python
Getting Started 02
Concepts 03
Practical Approach 04
Python and Shell
Looking at code to
understand theory
Key Concepts in Python
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Introduction to Advanced Python
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Introduction To Advanced Python
Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose
programming language.
What is Python?
Advanced: Other
Languages
Learning
Advanced Python
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
What Is Advanced Python
Computer Science5
Numerical Compute6
Databases7
Sys Programming 1
Graph Theory 2
Mathematics 3
Python spreading its wings across multiple dimensions and
use-cases in many fields
What is “Advanced”?
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Introduction To System Programming
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
System Programming
Sys - Module
Hello Advanced Python!
Import sys
Provides information about constants, functions
and methods of the Python interpreter.
Data streams
stdout stderrstdin
>>> import sys
>>> sys.version
'2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010,
13:57:41) n[GCC 4.4.3]'
>>> sys.version_info
(2, 6, 5, 'final', 0)
>>>
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Command – Line Arguments
Sys - Module
Command Line
argcargv
#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
# it's easy to print this list of course:
print sys.argv
# or it can be iterated via a for loop:
for i in range(len(sys.argv)):
if i == 0:
print "Function name: %s" % sys.argv[0]
else:
print "%d. argument: %s" % (i,sys.argv[i])
$ python arguments.py arg1 arg2
['arguments.py', 'arg1', 'arg2']
Function name: arguments.py
1. argument: arg1
2. argument: arg2
$
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Changing Output Behaviour
Sys - Module
Python
Interactive Mode
Get Output
Write expression
>>> import sys
>>> x = 42
>>> x
42
>>> import sys
>>> def my_display(x):
... print "out: ",
... print x
...
>>> sys.displayhook = my_display
>>> x
out: 42
>>>
>>> print x
42
Behaviour of print() not changed
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Standard Data Streams
Sys - Module
>>> import sys
>>> for i in (sys.stdin, sys.stdout, sys.stderr):
... print(i)
...
', mode 'w' at 0x7f3397a2c150>
', mode 'w' at 0x7f3397a2c1e0>
>>>
SHELLstdin stdout
stderr
>>> import sys
>>> print "Going via stdout"
Going via stdout
>>> sys.stdout.write("Another way to do it!n")
Another way to do it!
>>> x = raw_input("read value via stdin: ")
read value via stdin: 42
>>> print x
42
>>> print "type in value: ", ; sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
type in value: 42
'42'
>>>
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Redirections
Sys - Module
import sys
print("Coming through stdout")
# stdout is saved
save_stdout = sys.stdout
fh = open("test.txt","w")
sys.stdout = fh
print("This line goes to test.txt")
# return to normal:
sys.stdout = save_stdout
fh.close()
SHELLstdin stdout
stderr
import sys
save_stderr = sys.stderr
fh = open("errors.txt","w")
sys.stderr = fh
x = 10 / 0
# return to normal:
sys.stderr = save_stderr
fh.close()
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Variables & Constants In Sys Module
Sys - Module
byteorder
executable
maxint
modules
path
platform
Variables Constants
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Python And Shell
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Python And Shell
A piece of software that provides an interface for a user to some
other software or the operating system
What is “Shell”?
SHELL
GUICUI
Bourne-Shell
C-Shell
Bash Shell
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
System Programming
The activity of programming system components or system
software
What is “SP”?
“System focussed programming”
Modules
sys os
Simple and clear
Well structured
Highly flexible
Advantages
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The ‘os’ Module
The os module allows platform independent programming by
providing abstract methods
What is “os” module?
Executing Shell scripts with os.system()
import os
def getch():
os.system("bash -c "read -n 1"")
getch()
from msvcrt import getch
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The ‘os’ Module
Executing Shell scripts with os.system()
import os, platform
if platform.system() == "Windows":
import msvcrt
def getch():
if platform.system() == "Linux":
os.system("bash -c "read -n
1"")
else:
msvcrt.getch()
print("Type a key!")
getch()
print("Okay")
Subprocess Module
os.system
os.spawn*
os.popen*
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Forking In Python
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Fork In Python
What is Forking?
import os
def child():
print('nA new child ', os.getpid())
os._exit(0)
def parent():
while True:
newpid = os.fork()
if newpid == 0:
child()
else:
pids = (os.getpid(), newpid)
print("parent: %d, child: %dn"
% pids)
reply = input("q for quit / c for
new fork")
if reply == 'c':
continue
else:
break
parent()
Process
Copy of Process
Parent
Child
Starting independent processes with fork()
exec*() function
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The exec*() Functions
exec*() functions
• os.execl(path, arg0, arg1, ...)
• os.execle(path, arg0, arg1, ..., env)
• os.execlp(file, arg0, arg1, ...)
• os.execlpe(file, arg0, arg1, ..., env)
• os.execv(path, args)
• os.execve(path, args, env)
• os.execvp(file, args)
• os.execvpe(file, args, env)
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Threads In Python
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
What Is A Thread?
The smallest unit that can be scheduled in an operating systemWhat is a thread?
How to create a thread?
By forking a computer program in
two or more parallel tasks
Types of threads
Kernel threads User threads
Implemented in kernel NOT implemented in kernel
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
What Is A Thread?
Global Variables
Process
Local variables
Code
THREAD
Local variables
Code
THREAD
Local variables
Code
THREAD
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The Thread Module
from thread import start_new_thread
def heron(a):
"""Calculates the square root of a"""
eps = 0.0000001
old = 1
new = 1
while True:
old,new = new, (new + a/new) / 2.0
print old, new
if abs(new - old) < eps:
break
return new
start_new_thread(heron,(99,))
start_new_thread(heron,(999,))
start_new_thread(heron,(1733,))
c = raw_input("Type something to quit.")
Example
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The Thread Module
from thread import start_new_thread
num_threads = 0
def heron(a):
global num_threads
num_threads += 1
# code has been left out, see above
num_threads -= 1
return new
start_new_thread(heron,(99,))
start_new_thread(heron,(999,))
start_new_thread(heron,(1733,))
start_new_thread(heron,(17334,))
while num_threads > 0:
pass
Previous example with counters for the threads
• Reading the value of num_thread
• A new int instance will be incremented or
decremented by 1
• the new value has to be assigned to
num_threads
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
The Thread Module
from thread import start_new_thread, allocate_lock
num_threads = 0
thread_started = False
lock = allocate_lock()
def heron(a):
global num_threads, thread_started
lock.acquire()
num_threads += 1
thread_started = True
lock.release()
...
lock.acquire()
num_threads -= 1
lock.release()
return new
start_new_thread(heron,(99,))
start_new_thread(heron,(999,))
start_new_thread(heron,(1733,))
while not thread_started:
pass
while num_threads > 0:
pass
The solution
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Threading Module
import time
from threading import Thread
def sleeper(i):
print "thread %d sleeps for 5 seconds" % i
time.sleep(5)
print "thread %d woke up" % i
for i in range(10):
t = Thread(target=sleeper, args=(i,))
t.start()
Example
The Thread of the example doesn't do a lot, essentially it just
sleeps for 5 seconds and then prints out a message:
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Threading Module
thread 0 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 1 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 2 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 3 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 4 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 5 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 6 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 7 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 8 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 9 sleeps for 5 seconds
thread 1 woke up
thread 0 woke up
thread 3 woke up
thread 2 woke up
thread 5 woke up
thread 9 woke up
thread 8 woke up
thread 7 woke up
thread 6 woke up
thread 4 woke up
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Pipes In Python
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
What Are Pipes
Introducing modularity in the program to serve one instance output as
the input to another instance and so on till solution is achieved
What are pipes?
Two kinds of pipes
Named PipesAnonymous Pipes
Exist solely within processes and are usually
used in combination with forks
P1
P2
P3
P4
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Pipes – A Classic Example
99 Bottles of Beer
Drinking is injurious to health
Ninety-nine bottles of beer on the wall, Ninety-nine bottles of beer.
Take one down, pass it around, Ninety-eight bottles of beer on the wall.
Lyrics of the song:
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Named Pipes
Called FIFOs – Creating pipes which are implemented as files.What are named pipes?
First In – First Out
A process reads from and writes to such a pipe as if it
were a regular file. Sometimes more than one process
write to such a pipe but only one process reads from it.
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Conclusion
Advanced Python Tutorial
Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python
Conclusion
Advanced Python, yay!
Advanced Python Tutorial | Learn Advanced Python Concepts | Python Programming Training | Edureka

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Advanced Python Tutorial | Learn Advanced Python Concepts | Python Programming Training | Edureka

  • 1. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Agenda Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 2. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Agenda Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 3. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Agenda Introduction 01 Introduction to Advanced Python Getting Started 02 Concepts 03 Practical Approach 04 Python and Shell Looking at code to understand theory Key Concepts in Python
  • 4. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Introduction to Advanced Python Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 5. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Introduction To Advanced Python Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language. What is Python? Advanced: Other Languages Learning Advanced Python
  • 6. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python What Is Advanced Python Computer Science5 Numerical Compute6 Databases7 Sys Programming 1 Graph Theory 2 Mathematics 3 Python spreading its wings across multiple dimensions and use-cases in many fields What is “Advanced”?
  • 7. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Introduction To System Programming Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 8. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python System Programming Sys - Module Hello Advanced Python! Import sys Provides information about constants, functions and methods of the Python interpreter. Data streams stdout stderrstdin >>> import sys >>> sys.version '2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:57:41) n[GCC 4.4.3]' >>> sys.version_info (2, 6, 5, 'final', 0) >>>
  • 9. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Command – Line Arguments Sys - Module Command Line argcargv #!/usr/bin/python import sys # it's easy to print this list of course: print sys.argv # or it can be iterated via a for loop: for i in range(len(sys.argv)): if i == 0: print "Function name: %s" % sys.argv[0] else: print "%d. argument: %s" % (i,sys.argv[i]) $ python arguments.py arg1 arg2 ['arguments.py', 'arg1', 'arg2'] Function name: arguments.py 1. argument: arg1 2. argument: arg2 $
  • 10. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Changing Output Behaviour Sys - Module Python Interactive Mode Get Output Write expression >>> import sys >>> x = 42 >>> x 42 >>> import sys >>> def my_display(x): ... print "out: ", ... print x ... >>> sys.displayhook = my_display >>> x out: 42 >>> >>> print x 42 Behaviour of print() not changed
  • 11. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Standard Data Streams Sys - Module >>> import sys >>> for i in (sys.stdin, sys.stdout, sys.stderr): ... print(i) ... ', mode 'w' at 0x7f3397a2c150> ', mode 'w' at 0x7f3397a2c1e0> >>> SHELLstdin stdout stderr >>> import sys >>> print "Going via stdout" Going via stdout >>> sys.stdout.write("Another way to do it!n") Another way to do it! >>> x = raw_input("read value via stdin: ") read value via stdin: 42 >>> print x 42 >>> print "type in value: ", ; sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] type in value: 42 '42' >>>
  • 12. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Redirections Sys - Module import sys print("Coming through stdout") # stdout is saved save_stdout = sys.stdout fh = open("test.txt","w") sys.stdout = fh print("This line goes to test.txt") # return to normal: sys.stdout = save_stdout fh.close() SHELLstdin stdout stderr import sys save_stderr = sys.stderr fh = open("errors.txt","w") sys.stderr = fh x = 10 / 0 # return to normal: sys.stderr = save_stderr fh.close()
  • 13. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Variables & Constants In Sys Module Sys - Module byteorder executable maxint modules path platform Variables Constants
  • 14. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Python And Shell Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 15. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Python And Shell A piece of software that provides an interface for a user to some other software or the operating system What is “Shell”? SHELL GUICUI Bourne-Shell C-Shell Bash Shell
  • 16. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python System Programming The activity of programming system components or system software What is “SP”? “System focussed programming” Modules sys os Simple and clear Well structured Highly flexible Advantages
  • 17. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The ‘os’ Module The os module allows platform independent programming by providing abstract methods What is “os” module? Executing Shell scripts with os.system() import os def getch(): os.system("bash -c "read -n 1"") getch() from msvcrt import getch
  • 18. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The ‘os’ Module Executing Shell scripts with os.system() import os, platform if platform.system() == "Windows": import msvcrt def getch(): if platform.system() == "Linux": os.system("bash -c "read -n 1"") else: msvcrt.getch() print("Type a key!") getch() print("Okay") Subprocess Module os.system os.spawn* os.popen*
  • 19. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Forking In Python Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 20. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Fork In Python What is Forking? import os def child(): print('nA new child ', os.getpid()) os._exit(0) def parent(): while True: newpid = os.fork() if newpid == 0: child() else: pids = (os.getpid(), newpid) print("parent: %d, child: %dn" % pids) reply = input("q for quit / c for new fork") if reply == 'c': continue else: break parent() Process Copy of Process Parent Child Starting independent processes with fork() exec*() function
  • 21. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The exec*() Functions exec*() functions • os.execl(path, arg0, arg1, ...) • os.execle(path, arg0, arg1, ..., env) • os.execlp(file, arg0, arg1, ...) • os.execlpe(file, arg0, arg1, ..., env) • os.execv(path, args) • os.execve(path, args, env) • os.execvp(file, args) • os.execvpe(file, args, env)
  • 22. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Threads In Python Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 23. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python What Is A Thread? The smallest unit that can be scheduled in an operating systemWhat is a thread? How to create a thread? By forking a computer program in two or more parallel tasks Types of threads Kernel threads User threads Implemented in kernel NOT implemented in kernel
  • 24. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python What Is A Thread? Global Variables Process Local variables Code THREAD Local variables Code THREAD Local variables Code THREAD
  • 25. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The Thread Module from thread import start_new_thread def heron(a): """Calculates the square root of a""" eps = 0.0000001 old = 1 new = 1 while True: old,new = new, (new + a/new) / 2.0 print old, new if abs(new - old) < eps: break return new start_new_thread(heron,(99,)) start_new_thread(heron,(999,)) start_new_thread(heron,(1733,)) c = raw_input("Type something to quit.") Example
  • 26. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The Thread Module from thread import start_new_thread num_threads = 0 def heron(a): global num_threads num_threads += 1 # code has been left out, see above num_threads -= 1 return new start_new_thread(heron,(99,)) start_new_thread(heron,(999,)) start_new_thread(heron,(1733,)) start_new_thread(heron,(17334,)) while num_threads > 0: pass Previous example with counters for the threads • Reading the value of num_thread • A new int instance will be incremented or decremented by 1 • the new value has to be assigned to num_threads
  • 27. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python The Thread Module from thread import start_new_thread, allocate_lock num_threads = 0 thread_started = False lock = allocate_lock() def heron(a): global num_threads, thread_started lock.acquire() num_threads += 1 thread_started = True lock.release() ... lock.acquire() num_threads -= 1 lock.release() return new start_new_thread(heron,(99,)) start_new_thread(heron,(999,)) start_new_thread(heron,(1733,)) while not thread_started: pass while num_threads > 0: pass The solution
  • 28. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Threading Module import time from threading import Thread def sleeper(i): print "thread %d sleeps for 5 seconds" % i time.sleep(5) print "thread %d woke up" % i for i in range(10): t = Thread(target=sleeper, args=(i,)) t.start() Example The Thread of the example doesn't do a lot, essentially it just sleeps for 5 seconds and then prints out a message:
  • 29. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Threading Module thread 0 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 1 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 2 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 3 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 4 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 5 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 6 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 7 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 8 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 9 sleeps for 5 seconds thread 1 woke up thread 0 woke up thread 3 woke up thread 2 woke up thread 5 woke up thread 9 woke up thread 8 woke up thread 7 woke up thread 6 woke up thread 4 woke up
  • 30. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Pipes In Python Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 31. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python What Are Pipes Introducing modularity in the program to serve one instance output as the input to another instance and so on till solution is achieved What are pipes? Two kinds of pipes Named PipesAnonymous Pipes Exist solely within processes and are usually used in combination with forks P1 P2 P3 P4
  • 32. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Pipes – A Classic Example 99 Bottles of Beer Drinking is injurious to health Ninety-nine bottles of beer on the wall, Ninety-nine bottles of beer. Take one down, pass it around, Ninety-eight bottles of beer on the wall. Lyrics of the song:
  • 33. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Named Pipes Called FIFOs – Creating pipes which are implemented as files.What are named pipes? First In – First Out A process reads from and writes to such a pipe as if it were a regular file. Sometimes more than one process write to such a pipe but only one process reads from it.
  • 34. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Conclusion Advanced Python Tutorial
  • 35. Python Certification Training https://www.edureka.co/python Conclusion Advanced Python, yay!