Advances in Apple Breeding (Sanjay Chetry).pptx
- 1. By Mr. Sanjay Chetry I Ph.D ID: 2020632001 Dept. of Fruit Science Term Paper Presentation On Advances in Apple Breeding Course: FSC-601-Advances in Breeding of fruit crops
- 2. Common Name: Apple, King of Temperate fruit Scientific Name: Malus x domestica Borkh. Chromosome Number: 2n=2x=34 Origin: Asia Minor Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Sub family: Pomoideae Inflorescence: Raceme Fruit type: Pome Edible part: Fleshy Thalamus Chilling requirement: 1000-1500 hrs Botanical classification of Apple Long Day Plant
- 3. Origin and Distribution Although Malus species are found throughout the northern hemisphere The centre of origin of apple includes Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China, areas where at least 25 native species of Malus occur. The Old Silk Road crossing from the Black Sea region to western China was important in the evolution of cultivated apple. In India, Captain A.A. Lee, an Englishman, established the first Apple orchard in HP at Bandrole in Kullu Valley in 1870 (Juniper et al., 1998 ; Zhou 1999 ; Luby et al., 2001 )
- 4. Region Malus species NorthAmerica M. Angustifolia, M. ioensis, M. coronaria M. Fusca Europe M. Florentina, M. pumila, M. sylvestris Asia Minor M. pumila, M. trilobata Himalaya M. sikkimensis SW China M. prattii, M. yunnanesis SE China M. micromalus Central China M. honanensis, M. hupehensis NW China M. kansuensis,M. sieversii N & NE China M. asiatica, M. baccata, M. prunifolia Taiwan M. doumen Japan M. Halliana, M. sargentii, M. tschonoskii Korea M. asiatica, M. prunifolia Distribution of selected Malus species
- 5. Apple Growing Countries Major Apple Producing Countries (‘000 MT) ⁕ China (41000) ⁕ European Union (11477) ⁕ United States (4821) ⁕ Turkey (3000) ⁕ India (2370) ⁕ Russia (1714) ⁕ Brazil (1301) ⁕ Chile (1144) ⁕ Ukraine (1076) www.statista.com
- 6. Apple growing states in India 0.16 mha 1.80 mMT 0.11 mha 0.44 mMT 0.02 mha 0.06 mMT NHB (2017-18)
- 7. The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984) Family Rosaceae Subfamily Maloideae Chromosome number is x = 17, 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crabapples Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple. Taxonomy
- 8. EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISM The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific hybridization (Harris et al. 2002) Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between Western China and the former Soviet Union The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002) Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China
- 9. Many are diploid (2n = 2x = 34) and self-incompatible, i.e. resemble their wild progenitors. Under domestication, triploid (2n = 3x = 51) and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 68) self-compatible apple clones have evolved as well. The genus Malus comprises about 30 species. The wild members of this genus are distributed over the temperate regions of Europe (a single wild species), Asia (the majority of the species) and North America (several species). M. sieversii
- 10. The diversity of temperate fruits in India is mainly confined to Himalayan Region. The genus Malus has 30 species, only two, M. baccata and M. sikkimensis occur in India. Germplasm resources Two varieties of M. baccata has also been identified as M. baccata var. himalaica in North-Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Malus species Characteristics M. sylvestris Small astringent and greenish fruits M. baccata Hardy plant M. mandshurica Called as Manchurian crab M. prunifolia Called as Larger Chinese crab M. sieboldii Moderately resistant to apple canker M. fusca , M. floribunda Fire blight resistant type M .halliana, M. hupehensis Woolly Aphid resistant type East Asia is particularly rich in species diversity
- 11. Today, the largest collection of apple germplasm is held at the Plant Genetics Resource Unit at Cornell University, Ithaca New York, where there are almost 4,000 accessions being maintained Many of these genotypes were collected from the apples center of diversity in Central Asia (Hokanson et al. 1997, Forsline 2003). Malus orientalis Malus sikkimensis Malus sylvestris Malus fusca Malus toringoides Malus kansuensis
- 12. More than 700 varieties have been introduced at various levels but only four varieties Starking (Royal) Delicious, Red Delicious, Richard Delicious and Golden Delicious were occupying 94% of the total area under apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, whereas others had only 6% (Singh, 1993) Some prominent cultivars are Top Red Vance Delicious Hardeman Skyline Supreme Delicious Red Spur Red Chief Oregon Spur II Wellspur Bright-n-Early Silver Spur Gala Scarlet Gala Fuzi Red Fuzi Jonathan Rome Beauty Florina
- 13. Cytogenetics The branch of genetics which deals with the study of cell and structure and function of the chromosomes is called cytogenetics Studies of cellular aspects of heredity (chromosomes)
- 14. Malus sikkimensis (Hook). Koehne is a triploid M. coronaria (L.) Mill., M. hupenhensis (Pamp.) Rehd., M. lancefolia Rehd. M. platycarpa Rehd., M. toringoides (Rehd.,) are known in triploid and tetraploid forms. M. sergenti Rehd is known in diploid, triploid, tetraploid and pentaploid forms
- 15. Chemotaxonomy The classification of plants and animals based on similarities and differences in biochemical composition is known as chemotaxonomy. The phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, and non-protein amino acids are among the important and widely exploited groups of compounds utilized for chemotaxonomic classification.
- 16. Polyphenolic compound Whole apple mg/kg dry weight Hydroxycinnamic acids 50–3000 5-Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) 15–2960 p-Coumaroylquinic acid 4–260 Flavan-3-ols/procyanidins 4622–25,480 Procyanidins B2 69–2000 Procyanidins C1 58–970 Epicatechin 69–2760 Oligomeric procyanidins 1374–19,850 Flavonols 80–1660 Dihydrochalcones 49–434 Anthocyanins (red peel) 10–551 Total polyphenols 5230–27,240 Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried)
- 17. Inheritance Pattern Character Inheritance Fruit color and spineless Polygenes Disease resistant Polygenes Multiple disease resistant Genetic Marker Burrnots Genetic Marker Columnar form Genetic Marker Branching habit Genetic Marker
- 18. Constraints in Apple breeding Most of the quality test like size, shape, cropping are under polygenic control. When two cultivars are crossed, there will be continuous range of expression of these characters in the seedlings and will not segregate into discrete categories Sterility and incompatibility: It causes unfruitfulness. The sterility is caused by the failure of any of the process concerned with the development of pollen, embryo sac, embryo and endosperm. This is common in triploid and some diploid. Sexual incompatibility is due to the failure of the pollen, although functional to grow down the style and bring about fertilization is wide spread in Apple Apple has gametophytic self incompatibility where pollen tube growth is arrested in the style
- 19. BREEDING OBJECTIVES To breed fruit with good quality and resistant to diseases like powdery mildew and scab To breed productivea and regular cropping trees To breed cultivars with good storability and harvesting period
- 20. OBJECTIVES SCION ROOTSOCK Fruit appearance Fruit size Good eating quality Good yield and keeping quality Early maturing Resistant to biotic & abiotic stresses Develop wooly aphid resistant rootstock using Northern Spy as a source Good stock-scion compatibility Adaptation to soil borne pathogen Winter hardy and (R) to pest and diseases Good anchorage root system Wide range of tree size control Heavy cropping and precocious
- 21. Category Rootstocks Features Ultra Dwarf M27 (M13 x M9) Resistant to drought, HDP Dwarfing M9 Chance seedling selection, HDP, can be used as an interstock Semi dwarf M26 Suitable for all type of soil, resistant to collar rot M4, M7, MM106, M24 Resistant to Apple wooly aphid Semi Vigorous MM104 Most winter hardy, susceptible to crown rot MM111 Resistant to drought and Wooly aphid, adapted to wide range of soil and climate Vigorous Merton 793 Resistant to Wooly aphid Very Vigorous M12, M16, M25 M16-Most vigorous rootstock M25 (Precocious)- Northern Spy x M2 Special features of rootstock and its characteristic EMLA (East Malling Long Ashton) series of rootstocks are resistant to virus MM series are resistant to Wooly aphid MI (Merton Immune) series are release from EMRS, Kent, England MM (Malling Merton)series are released from John Innes Institute, England
- 22. Chada et al., 2016 Advances in Apple improvement in USA and Canada
- 23. Country Research Institute Breeding Objectives Important Varieties Developed Australia Western Australia Long storage Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) (1985), Cripps Red (Sundowner) (1985) Queensland Horticultural Institute High quality red apples, scab resistance Applethorpe Earlidel (1988), Applethorpe Summerdel (1989) Heverlee Transformation, haploid induction, molecular breeding Merlijn (King Jonagold x Liberty) Braz Empressa de Paequisa Agro. Ext. Rural Santa Catarina Low chilling, disease resistance Scab resistant: Princesa (1986), Primicia (1986); low chill: Catarina (1996), Imperatiz (1997), Baronesa (1997), Condessa (1997), Eva, Anabela, Caricia New Zealand DSIR, Havelok North Long shelf life and fruit quality Gala, Splendour, Braeburn Gala, Joy, Festival, Pacific Rose, Southern Snap, Sci Early, Sci Red Apple Varietal improvement in Australia and New Zealand Chada et al., 2016
- 24. Country Research Institute Breeding Objectives Important Varieties Developed China Hebei Changli Fruit Res. Institute High quality Yanshanhong (Ralls Janet x Richared Delicious (1989) Zhengzhou Fruit Res. Institute High quality Huaguan (Golden Delicious x Fuji) (1988), Huashuai (Fuji x Starkrimson) (1988) Liaoning Fruit Research Institute High quality Golden Delicious 463 (russet resistant) India SKUAST(K), CITH J&K, YSPUHF, H.P. HETC, Uttarakhand CITH, R.S. Mukteshwar; IARI, RS, Shimla Fruit quality, shelflife, high colour, early ripening and scab resistance Lai Ambri, Sunehari, Akbar, Firdous, Shireen, Ambred, Ambrich, Ambstarking, Ambroyal, Chaubattia Anupam, Chaubattia Princess, Swarnima, CITH Lodh Apple 1, Pusa Gold, Pusa Amartara Pride Japan Aomori Apple Experiment Station Self-compatibility Megumi (1950), Mutsu (1949), Sekaiichi (1974), Hokuto (1983), Natsumidori (1983), Mellow (1990); Self thinning: Aori 9 NIFTS, Marioke Fruit quality, storage, disease resistance Fuji (1962), Akane (1970), Iwakami (1985), Sansa (1986), Kizashi (1991) Apple Varietal improvement in Asian Countries Chada et al., 2016
- 25. Floral biology Anthesis time: 8 am to 2 pm Anther dehiscence increased from 8 am to 12 noon, thereafter it decreased slightly upto 2 pm Decline rapidly after 2 pm Stigma remain receptive from 2 days prior to and upto 3 days after the anthesis Most receptive on the day of anthesis
- 26. BREEDING METHODS 1. Introduction 2. Selection 3. Hybridization 4. Mutation breeding 5. Biotechnology
- 27. Introduction and Selection Spur type cultivars At Regional Fruit Research Station, Mashobra, spur varieties introduced through the NBPGR, New Delhi during the eighties are under evaluation. Red Spur Delicious Golden Spur Delicious Miller’s Sturdeespur Oregon Spur Red Spur Delicious has found to be promising. In UP, cultivars Red Spur and Oregon Spur were introduced from Italy and are being multiplied for evaluation Color Sports Royal Red, Vance Delicious, Top Red, Skyline Superme and Red Delicious were introduced in HP Early varieties EC 32221, EC 38683. Yandik-Ovskoe and Papisovka Canniaga are promising (NBPGR Regional Station, Phagli, Shimla) Low Chilling varieties Vered, Michael, Maayan, Schlomit, Hybrid-1 & Tropical Beauty (Mid and Low Hill conditions) Mid Hills of HP (Tropical Beauty and Parlins Beauty)
- 28. Scab resistant varieties Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prize, Jonafree, Liberty and Coop.12 introduced from USA are under evaluation at Regional Fruit Research Station, Mashobra and Bajaura in HP Coop-12 has shown better performance as an early sub-acidic varieties Florina holds promising as a colored sweet variety CITH Lodh Apple 1 is a clonal selection of Red Delicious Pusa Seb Moolvrant-1 (PSM 1) is a selection of Malus baccata (Shillong)
- 29. Hybridization Apple improvement work has been going on at the Regional Fruit Research Station, Mashobra, HP; FRS, Shalimar, J&K and Horticulture Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia, UP resulting in the release of number of varieties. Initiated in Kashmir in 1956 to combine dessert quality- Delicious group and good keeping quality- Ambri Two hybrids, Lal Ambri and Sunehri were released Work on similar lines was started in Himachal Pradesh in 1960 As a result Ambred, Amstarking and Ambrich have been selected. Subsequently hybrid Ambroyal was also selected. Work on Apple improvement was started in Chaubattia in 1970 to develop early early- maturing cultivars with good dessert quality. Two promising hybrids, Chaubattia Princess and Chaubattia Anupam were evolved Some crosses were also made to develop scab resistant cultivars and 2 outstanding hybrids Firdaus and Shireen have been released for adoption
- 30. Hybrids Parentage Feature (s) Ambred Red delicious x Ambri Low incidence of PM and Scab Ambstarking Starking delicious x Ambri Tolerant to Apple Scab Ambroyal Royal delicious x Ambri Semi dwarf Ambrich Rich-a-red x Ambri Semi spur and drooping type Sunheri Ambri x Golden delicious Quality of Ambri and color of GD Chaubattia Princess Red delicious x Early shanburry Early ripe (last week of June), Good keeping quality Chaubattia Anupam Red delicious x Early shanburry Fruit skin with shiny red streaks Shalimar Apple 1 Sunheri x Prima Shalimar Apple 2 Red delicious x Ambri Yellow (Golden) Delicious Ambri Lal Ambri Chaubattia Anupam
- 31. Hybrids Parentage Feature (s) Akbar Ambri x Cox orange pippin Firdous Golden delicious x Rome beauty x M. floribunda Scab resistant varieties grown in J&K Shireen Lara Lambourne x Melba x R12740-7A Fuji (Japan) Ralls Janet x Delicious Mutsu (Japan) Golden delicious x Indo cross Triploid Tydmans early Worcester McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain Good pollenizer for delicious group Fuji Red delicious Akbar Firdous Shireen
- 32. Mutation Natural mutation plays an important role in the evolution of new varieties Sudden heritable change in characteristic of the plants is termed as mutation. It may be spontaneous (without any treatment by man) or induced (artificially induced by a treatment with certain physical or chemical agents) in plant population Vance Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Delicious’ Top red Bud sport of ‘Shot Well Delicious’ Skyline Supreme Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Starking Delicious’ Chaubattia Agrim Mutant of ‘Early Shanburry’ Golden Spur Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Golden Delicious’ Red Chief Bud sport of ‘Delicious’ Red Elstar Natural mutant of Elstar
- 33. High coloring and Early Maturing Sports of Apple Spur type Standard type Starkrimson Well spur Redspur Oregon spur-II Red chief Miller’s Sturdy Spur Hardi Spur Vance delicious Top red Skyline Supreme Hardiman Bright-n-Early Starkrimson Vance delicious Red chief Oregon Spur Miller Sturdy Spur
- 34. THE GENETICALLY MODIFIED “NON-BROWNING” APPLE The “non-browning” apple is genetically engineered to keep from going brown after being cut. BC company-Okanagan Specialty Fruits (OSF) When apple flesh is cut and exposed to oxygen, it begins to brown. But the GM apple or “Arctic Apple,” as the company calls it, “will decay naturally just like any other apple, but it will not turn brown from bruising, cutting or biting not in minutes, hours or days”. In fact, the company says the GM apple will not brown for 15 to 18 days Fig: Traditional Golden Delicious apple (left) versus the Arctic variety (right) Arctic Apple Varieties: Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny-2015 Arctic Fuji-2018
- 35. 1. A regulatory gene switch from a plant virus (Cauliflower Mosaic virus promoter: CaMV 35S) 2. A terminator sequence from a bacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens taken from its Nopaline synthase gene: nos) 3. An antibiotic resistance marker gene from a bacterium (Streptomyces kanamyceticus) which confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. HOW DID THE COMPANY ENGINEERED THE APPLE? The company silenced a gene in the apple (that controls browning) by inserting modified apple DNA along with genetic sequences from three different species: The technology was developed in Australia and licensed by Okanagan Specialty Fruits
- 36. Fig: The Molecular-level science behind Arctic Apples. PPO enzymes (red ovals), polyphenols (purple hexagons), and oxygen (orange circles) must all be present for browning to occur
- 37. Cloning of full length rol b gene (Agrobacterium rhizogenes) in pCAMBIA 2300, a plant expression vector, after colony PCR, presence of 1.5kb with its promoter and terminator was confirmed. Presence of transforming vector containing the rol B gene was confirmed in A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Regeneration from rol b gene cocultivated leaves of apple Merton793 (transformed) was achieved and putative regenerants developed (BT, Nauni) Source: Annual Report 2016-17 Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (Himachal Pradesh)
- 39. On their transfer to soil containing pots after six weeks, 100% plants survived. rooting results showed that ex vitro soaking of shoots in low IBA in dark before their transfer to potting mixture is better (62-85% rooting) as compared to high auxin dip (BT, Nauni). Rooting response of crab apple was tested at IBA concentrations of 0.3,0.5,0.7 and 1 mg/l without and with dark treatment which resulted in highest root induction (71%) in dark treated shoots, though little callus was found On supplementing activated charcoal, all the treatments resulted in more than 54% rooting, and highest rooting efficiency (95%) was found at 1mg/l IBA and 1g/l activated charcoal While testing different levels of NAA (0.2- 0.5mg/l), 63-89% rooting response was obtained. However, basal stem portions revealed profuse callogenesis and roots seemed to emerge from callus. To counter this problem, these levels of NAA were supplemented with 1.5g/l AC which resulted in 70-90% rooting efficiency and inhibited callus formation During hardening of in vitro plants, it was found that rooted plantlets without callus survived more i.e.77% in peat pots
- 40. The warming climate's influence on red apples was detected as long ago as 2002, the culprit of a profound effect on the color and texture of the world's most popular apples. HOT84A1 The apples never quite colored up right; they didn't have the crunch we would normally expect. Mid-season, partial red-skinned sweet apple with a lightly crisp and very juicy texture New Zealand-Spain collaborative Hot Climate Programme 10 Jul 2020 The first commercial plantings of trees will begin early next year (2022) in Spain. Dr Richard Volz Apple breeder at Crown Research Institute Plant & Food Research So Plant & Food Research, NZ working with Spanish counterparts, developed the Hot Climate Programme (HCP) Developed by Interbreeding trees Initiated in 2002 by Plant & Food Research in New Zealand, the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA) in Spain, and Fruit Future, an association of fruit producers in Catalonia, Spain T&G Global, NZ joined as the strategic commercialization partner in Feb.2019.
- 41. HRMN-99 Apple variety for low Altitude by Shri Hariman Sharma 4th March, 2017 Grows in low altitude at 1800 ft (550 m) above the sea level. Chilling hours-150-200 hrs. Can be grown up to 40-45oC temp. Ready to harvest in early June (after three years of transplanting) Tolerant to scab disease Salient features of HRMN-99 National Innovation Foundation- India (NIF) Transplanted around 10,000 saplings 1190 farmers’ field 25 organizations 29 states and 5 union territories (2015-2017)
- 42. Successful fruiting in these states were reported which led to increase in the demand of saplings on very large scale by the farmers through out the country Manipur Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Gujarat Dadra and Nagar haveli Karnataka Haryana Rajasthan Jammu Kerala Uttarakhand Telangana Himachal Delhi Molecular study confirms its diversity and superiority over other low chilling varieties Anna and Dorsett golden (Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar) Fruiting in 2 year old plant in Manipur
- 43. Season Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Uttar Pradesh Early Season Tydeman’s Early (P), Michael, Molies Delicious, Schlomit Irish Peach, Benoni, Starkrimson Early Shanburry (P), Fenny Benoni, Chaubattia, Mid Season Starking, Delicious Red Delicious, Richared, Vance Delicious Top Red, Red Chief, Oregon Spur, Redspur, Red Gold (P) American Mother, Razakwar, Jonathan (P), Cox’s Orange Pippin (P), Red Gold (P), Queen’s Apple, Roma Beauty, Scarlet Siberian Red Delicious, Starking Delicious, McIntosh (P), Cortland, Golden Delicious Late Season Golden Delicious (P), Yellow Newton (P), Winter Banana, Granny Smith (P) King Pippin, American Apirouge, Kerry Pippin, Sunhari Chamure, Ambri, Baldwin Rymer, Buckingham (P) Recommended Varieties of Apple in different States
- 44. Chilling requirements and Days taken to Bloom of Cultivars and Rootstocks of Apple
- 45. Picturesque Journey To Different Varieties of Apple
- 47. Jonagold Apple Rome Apple Winesap Apple Braeburn Apple Envy Apple Ambrosia Apple Sweetie Apple Jazz Apple McIntosh Apple Gala Apple Pink Lady Honey crisp Apple
- 48. Granny Smith Apples Opal Apple Red Gold Golden Spur Parlin’s Beauty Starking Delicious Tydeman’s Early Benoni
- 49. RHRSS and KVK, Tabo Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (Himachal Pradesh)
- 51. THANK YOU