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ADVANCES IN MANGO CROP IMPROVEMENT.pptx

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The document discusses advances in mango crop improvement, detailing the taxonomy, genetic resources, and breeding methods for mango varieties. It highlights the distribution of Mangifera species, important cultivars in major producing countries, and various breeding techniques employed to enhance traits such as disease resistance and fruit quality. Moreover, it includes statistics on germplasm collections and notable hybrids developed in India.

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ADVANCES IN MANGO CROP IMPROVEMENT submitted SPEAKER Megha Ahir (H-2018-21-D) (FSC-691) Seminar Incharge Dr. JS Chandel Department of Fruit Science College of Horticulture Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP- 173230
TAXONOMY Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Sub-class Rosidae Order Sapindales Family Anacardiaceae Botanical Name Mangifera indica L. Chromosome No 2n=40 (Amphidiploid) 2n=80 Origin Indo- Burma or South-East Asia Primary centre of Origin Burma, Thailand, Indo-china and Malay Peninsula Secondary centre of origin Sunda island (Java, Sumatra, Borneo)-the Philippines and Celebes- Banda-Timor group
Distribution of Mangifera species Southeast Asia Country/Island Species Indian Peninsula M. indica India M. indica, M. andamanica, M. khasiana, M. sylvatica and M. camptosperma Eastern Himalayas (up to 1300 m altitude) in Sikkim, Darjeeling district, Khasi Hills, Upper Assam and Surma valley; and in the Andaman Islands Mangifera sylvatica Tropical, wet evergreen forests of Andaman Islands Mangifera andamanica (National Mango Database)
GENETIC RESOURCES  World’s richest mango germplasm centre (India)  NAGS centre for mango:  ICAR-CISH, Lucknow – 775 Accessions  ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore – 750  FRS, Sangareddy - 470  FRS, Vengulara – 297  FRS, Kodur – 125  UAS, Dharwad - 102  IARI, New Delhi – 70
IMPORTANT MANGO CULTIVARS IN MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES Country Cultivars India 'Alphonso', 'Banganapalli', 'Bombay', 'Bombay Green', 'Chausa', 'Dashehari', 'Fazli', 'Fernandian', 'Himsagar', 'Kesar', 'Kishen Bhog', 'Langra', 'Mallika', 'Mankurad, 'Mulgoa', 'Neelum', 'Pairi', 'Samar Behisht Chausa’, 'Suvarnarekha', 'Totapuri', 'Vanraj', 'Zardalu', 'Amrapali', 'Bangalora', 'Gulabkhas' Australia 'Kensington Pride', 'Banana', 'Earlygold', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Zill' Bangladesh 'Aswina', 'Fazli', 'Gopal Bhog', 'Himsagar','Khirsapati', 'Langra', 'Kishan Bhog', 'Kohinoor', 'Kua Pahari', 'Mohan Bhog' Brazil 'Bourbon', 'Carlota', 'Coracao', 'Espada', 'Itamaraca', 'Maco', 'Magoada', 'Rosa', 'Tommy Atkins' China 'Baiyu', 'Guixiang', 'Huangpi', 'Huangyu', 'Macheco', 'Sannian', 'Yuexi No. 1' Philippines 'Carabao', 'Manila Super', 'Pico', 'Binoboy', 'Dudul', 'Pahutan', 'Senora' Indonesia 'Arumanis', 'Dodol', 'Gedong', 'Golek', 'Madu', 'Manalagi', 'Cengkir', 'Wangi' Mexico 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Kent', 'Manila', 'Palmer', 'Sensation', 'Tommy Atkins', 'Van Dyke' Pakistan 'Anwar Ratol', 'Baganapalli', 'Chausa', 'Dashehari', 'Gulab Khas', 'Langra', 'Siroli', 'Sindhri', 'Suvarnarekha', 'Zafran' Thailand 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Ngar Charn', 'Okrong', 'Rad', 'Choke Anand', 'Kao Keaw', 'Keow Savoey', 'Pimsenmum (National Mango Database)
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF MANGO IN INDIA Variety State Bombay Green Uttar Pradesh and Haryana Dashehari Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab Langra Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Punjab Fazli Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal Chausa Uttar Pradesh and Punjab Himsagar West Bengal and Bihar Kishen Bhog West Bengal and Bihar Zardalu West Bengal, Bihar Banganapalli (Baneshan, Safeda) Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Neelum Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa Suvernarekha Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Bangalora (Totapuri) Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Mulgoa Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Alphonso (Happus) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh Kesar Gujarat (National Mango Database)
S. No Centre No. of germplasms No. of centres-8 No. of germplasms 1. IIHR, Bangaluru 767 Total no. of germplasm 1797 2. FRS, Sangareddy 477 No. of duplicates 415 3. FRS, Vengulara 79 Total no. of germplasms 1382 4. Pantnagar 220 Most repeated varieties across all centres 272 5. Rahuri 52 6. Udaipur centre 69 7. Mohanpur 109 8. Imphal 24 Total 1797 ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020) Identification of duplicates in genetic resources of mango
S. No. Species Special characteristics 1. M. caesia White pulp, sweet, Fragrant 2. M. decandra Rootstock for water logged conditions 3. M. gedebe Rootstock for water logged conditions 4. M. indica var. mekongensis Fruit twice a year 5. M. inocarpoides Rootstock for water logged conditions 6. M. pajang Fruit can be peeled like banana 7. M. similis free stone mangoes 8. M. laurina Resistance to anthracnose 9. M. magnifica Fibreless 10. M. rufocostat and M. swintonioides OFF-season bearing habbit 11. M. Pajang and M. foetida Good quality fruits 12. M. casturi Prolific bearer with small black sweet fruit 13. M. altissima Unaffected by hoppers, tip and seed borers Promising characteristics of some wild Mangifera species (Mukherjee, 1985)
FLORAL BIOLOGY AND INCOMPATIBILITY Cultivar Suitable pollinizer Reference Dashehari Bombay Green Singh and Chadha, 1979 Chausa Dashehari Sant Ram et al., 1976 Kesar Langra Chaudhary and Desai, 1995 Vanraj Kesar Chaudhary and Desai, 1995 •Sporophytic self incompatibility (Sharma and Singh, 1970) •Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay Green (Sharma and Singh, 1970) •Neelum (partially self compatible) •Mallika (self incompatible) Sex form- Andromonoecious Flower bud differentiation: Oct-Dec Flowering time: Sep-Dec (S.I.) Feb- March (N.I.) Mode of pollination: entomophily (house fly, syrphid flies and Melipona species
GENETICS AND INHERITANCE PATTERN OF IMPORTANT TRAITS Character Inheritance pattern Reference Dwarfness, regular bearing and precocity Recessive genes Sharma and Majumder, 1988 Flesh colour Multigenic Sharma, 1987; Iyer and Subramanyam, 1987 Flesh colour (Alphonso and Neelum) Light yellow colour is dominant over orange yellow Iyer, 1991 Bunch bearing and presence of beak Dominant character Iyer and Subramanyam, 1979 Bacterial canker (Neelum) Cytoplasmic Sharma and Majumder, 1989 Malformation susceptibility Dominant Upright tree habit Dominant over spreading Yadav, 1997 Spreading Dominant over dwarfness Yadav, 1997 Biennial bearing Dominant over regular bearing Yadav, 1997 Fruit size Polygenes Sharma and Majumder, 1985 Polyembryony Single dominant gene Aron et al., 1998 Resistance to floral malformation and spongy tissue Recessive genes Iyer, 1991 Red skin colour Dominant over green Sharma, 1987
SOURCES OF DESIRABLE TRAITS Source Desirable trait Reference Neelum, Fazli, Kalapady, Khas-ul- khas, Banganapalli, Peddarasam, Kuurd, Alampur Baneshan Regular bearer Iyer, 1991 Taimuria, Olur, Rumani, Neelum, Nakkave, Kurukkan, Creeping, Latara Dwarfness Iyer and Subramanyam, 1986 Janardan Pasand, Suvarnarekha (IIHR, Bangalore), Sensation, Tommy Atkins (CISH, Lucknow), Kensington, Irwin, Haden, Julie, Kent, Zill Red colour Iyer, 1991 Neelum Flesh colour Iyer, 1991 Elaichi, Bhadayam Dula, Samar Bahist Rampur, Mian Saheb Free from Malformation Ram Nath et al., 1987; Negi et al., 1996 Latif, Hurr Free from powdery mildew Negi et al., 1996 Bombay Green Physiological resistance to canker Om Prakash and Srivastava, 1987 Tommy Atkins Tolerant to anthracnose (Yee, 1958)
OBJECTIVE OF CROP IMPROVEMENT  Dwarf tree size  Medium size fruit (5 fruits per kg)  Attractive (Golden apricot) colour on ripening  Good quality fruit (high pulp: stone ratio, firm and fibreless flesh)  Precocious and regular in bearing  Highly tolerant to various diseases including malformation and pests  High keeping quality (Singh, 1990)
BREEDING METHODS  Introduction  Selection  Hybridization  Mutation breeding  Biotechnological approaches
Tommy Atkin Kensington Zilete Carabao Haden 13-1 Julie Sensation INTRODUCTION
SELECTION Variety Research station/Universities Selection Key characters Pusa Surya IARI, New Delhi (2002) Selection from Eldon Long shelf life Arka Neelachal Kesari Central Horticultural Experiment Station (IIHR), Bhubaneshwar Clonal Selection Early ripening (march), free from fruit fly, crimson red peel colour Dashehari - 51 ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Clone of Dashehari Regular bearer, free from malformation Paiyur 1 Fruit Research Station, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu (1992) Clonal selection from Neelum Dwarf, regular bearer, good keeping quality Menaka Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (1994) Selection from Zardalu Regular bearer Subhash Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (1994) Chance seedling selection from Zardalu Regular bearer, High TSS (24⁰ B) Niranjan Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (1984) Chance seedling selection Off season bearer
SELECTION Variety Research station/Universities Selection Key characters Selection-5 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricltural Science & Technology, Jammu Seedling selection Moderately resistant to floral malformation, higher fruit set (14.66 %), 446.75 fruits per tree Phule Abhiruchi Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri Selection-GK-PM-5 Pickle purpose Chattisgarh Nandiraj Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur clonal selection of local mango from Nayapara, Jagdalpur Good keeping quality, TSS (21.30⁰B), Suitable for export, 280 kg per tree Pant Sindhuri G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Clonal selection from Dashehari Fruit mature- last week of May to First week of June, 150 kg per tree Pant Chandra G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Clonal selection from Dashehari Better shelf life, fibreless pulp (78.29 %), regular bearer Dashehari-35 ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Clonal selection from Dashehari free from malformation
SEEDLING SELECTION (PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA) Variety Key characters Gangian Sandhuri (GN-19) (2006) Fruit matures in end of July. Fruit large, peel thick, tough, Sindhuri blush at shoulders with yellow base, juice abundant, stone and fibre. Average fruit yield is 83.7 kg per tree. GN1 (1981) Regular bearer, mature in 2nd week of July. Fruit is medium in size, stone small and fibre absent. GN2 (1981) matures in the 3rd week of July, medium to large size, skin thick, TSS 25%, stone small GN3 (1981) matures in 2nd week of July. Fruits medium in size, TSS 22%, stone medium in size. GN4 (1981) mature in 3rd week of July. Fruit extra large, Peel yellowish green with sparse glands. 21% TSS, stone large and sparsely fibrous. GN5 (1981) Late maturing, medium size, TSS 22%. Stone medium in size, fibre absent GN6 (1981) matures in mid July. Fruit large, peel colour yellow with red blush at basal end. Popularly known as Punjab Beauty. Stone medium, oblong and fibrous all over. GN7 (1981) maturity occurs in middle of July. medium in size, peel smooth with numerous glands, stone large in size and fibrous all over the stone
Pusa Surya Arka Neelachal Kesari Dashehari-51 Menaka Subhash Amrutang
Pant Chandra Chattisgarh Nandiraj Dashehari-35 Paiyur-1 Selection- 5
Suitability of different mango seedling selections for sucking purpose Suitability of different mango seedling selections for table purpose (Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Selection and characterization of superior genotypes from seedling tree population of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Himachal Pradesh
(Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Mango selection ‘SiH2’ Mango selection ‘JrH1’ Mango selection ‘RiH1’ Mango selection ‘RsH1’ Mango selection ‘GuH1’ Mango selection ‘KgH1’
(Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Mango selection ‘SiH1’ Mango selection ‘BdH1’ Mango selection ‘HbH1’ Mango selection ‘TrK1’ Mango selection ‘MiH1’
HYBRIDIZATION
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi Mallika 1971 Neelum x Dashehari Regular bearing, 307 g (avg fruit wt.), TSS (24⁰B), fibreless, 3rd week of july (harvesting), suitable for processing and export, 18-20 kg per tree (10th year) Amrapali 1979 Dashehari x Neelum dwarf, highly regular and precocious, late maturing, 120-160 g (avg fruit wt.), fibreless, 15-20 kg per tree (10th year), Pusa Peetamber 2001 Amrapali x Lal Sundari Regular bearing, 213 g (avg fruit wt.), resistant to mango malformation, 20-25 kg per tree (10th year) Pusa Lalima 2011 Dashehari x Sensation Regular bearer, red peel, avg fruit wt. (209 g), higher pulp content (70.1%), good shelf life (5 to 6 days) at room temperature, 50-60 kg per trees Pusa Arunima 2002 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer, avg fruit wt. (230 to 250 g), attractive red peel, long shelf-life (10 to 12 days) at room temperature, 15- 20 kg per tree (10th year). Pusa Shreshtha 2011 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearing, red peel and orange pulp, avg fuit wt. (228g), higher pulp content (71.9%), long shelf life (7 to 8 days) at room temperature, 20-22 kg per tree Pusa Pratibha 2012 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearing, bright red peel, 7 to 8 days shelf- life at room temperature yields about 3.0 times higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting, good sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size, which is lacking in Amrapali
Pusa Lalima Mallika Amrapali Pusa Peetamber Pusa Arunima Pusa Shreshtha Pusa Pratibha Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Parentage Key characters ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru Arka Anmol Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand regular bearing, late season variety, avg fruit wt. (300-330 g), free from fibre and spongy tissue with good sugar-acid blend. pulp recovery (70- 75%). Good keeping quality Arka Neelum Alphonso x Neelum late season variety, harvesting (last week of June), avg fruit wt. (270-280g). free from fibre and spongy tissue. Pulp recovery (70%). Good Keeping quality Arka Puneet Alphonso x Banganapalli mid- season variety. regular bearing. red blush. free from fibre and spongy tissue. TSS (21°B). pulp recovery is about 65-70%. Good keeping quality Arka Aruna Banganapalli x Alphonso Avg fruit wt. (500 g), free from fibre and spongy tissue. Pulp recovery (80%), Regular bearing, dwarf, a mid- season variety Arka Udaya (2016) Arka Amprapali x Arka Anmol Sweet, high-yielding , long shelf-life (10 days at room temperature), late- season variety, regular bearer. Arka Suprabhath (2019) Amrapali (Dashehari x Neelam) x Arka Anmol (Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand) regular and bunch bearing, high yielding (35-40 kg/plant after 4 years of planting), fruit wt. (240-250g), fruit shape is like Alphonso and has pulp colour of Amrapali, pulp recovery (>70%), TSS(>22⁰B), shelf life (8-10 days at room temperature).
Arka Anmol Arka Puneet Arka Aruna Arka Udaya Arka Suprabhath ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Ambika 2000 Amrapali x Janardan Pasand red blush, low fibre and weighs about 300-350g, regular bearer, late in maturity,Yield (80 kg/plant by about 10 years of planting) Arunika 2008 Amrapali x Vanraj Dwarf, red blush, avg fruit wt. (190-210 g), medium sized, firm with scanty fibre, TSS (24.6°B), Average fruit yield (69 kg/plant at 8 years of planting) Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari Neelphonso 1986 Neelam x Alphonso regular bearer, late season, medium in size(200g free from spongy tissue, moderate resistant against fruit fly. pulp texture firm, non- fibrous, excellent keeping quality, TSS (> 21.5%). Neeleshwari 1986 Neelam x Dashehari Medium size (228g) with prominent sinus non-fibrous juicy moderate keeping quality, TSS (>19.00%) Neeleshan Gujarat 1986 Neelam x Baneshan heavily and regular bearer, avg wt. (318g), high pulp content (76%), firm non-fibrous pulp, good keeping quality (>10 days after ripening). Sonpari 2000 Alphonso x Baneshan heavy yielder regular bearer, fruits are obliquely oval in shape like Baneshan, avg fruit wt.(360–550g), good keeping quality (>10 days at room temperature), fruits mature in second week of June.
ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari Ambika Arunika Neeleshwari Neeleshan Gujarat Sonpari Neelphonso
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra Ratna 1981 Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, large size, beak absent, greenish orange colour with prominent oil glands, free from spongy tissue, cluster bearing habits, Yield: 250-300 fruits/tree Sindhu 1992 Ratna x Alphonso Thin stone (6-7 g), higher percentage of pulp, regular bearer, attractive red blush, free from spongy tissue cluster bearing habit, Yield: 200-250 fruits/tree Konkan Ruchi 1999 Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, large fruit size, thick skin, acidic, best for pickle purpose, Yield: 250 fruits per tree Suvarna 2009 Alphonso x Neelum It has good qualities of Alphonso and has tendency to bear every year like Neelum, cluster bearing habit, high percentage of hermaphrodite flowers in panicle, Yield: 260-280 fruits per tree Konkan Raja 2010 Bangalora x Himayuddin better fruit size (616 g). Less sour, best for salad purpose, high percentage of perfect flowers (28.8 %), regular bearer, higher pulp percentage (83 %), early maturing, good attractive shape and colour, yield (65.85 kg/plant) Konkan Samrat 2014 Alphonso x Tommy Atkins Medium fruit size (284.50 g), pulp percentage (73.28), high percentage of perfect flowers (27.52 %). Regular bearing, cluster bearing, spongy tissue free and low fibre.
Ratna Sindhu Konkan Ruchi Konkan Raja Konkan Samrat Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra Suvarna
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters The Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC&RI) (TNAU)-Periyakulam PKM-1 1981 Chinnaswarnarek ha x Neelum Regular bearer, suitable for long distance transport, fruit weight 250-300 g, long, narrow with prominent beak, Yield - 336 fruit(102.7kg/tree). PKM-2 1990 Neelum x Mulgoa Large size fruits (681.3 g) high pulp content (67.5% ), good keeping quality with high TSS. The fruit comes to harvest during May. Fruit Research Station, Kodur (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Swarna Jehangir Chinnasuvarnarekha x Jehangir fruit resembles Jehangir in shape and skin characters, but slightly less in size weighing 230 g. fibreless, excels both the parents in yield and bears 600 fruits. Harvest in June and stands transport KMH-1 (Kodur mango hybrid - 1) Cherukurasam x Khader regular bearer, fibreless Neeluddin Neelum x Himayuddin medium sized (200 g), fibreless, 500 to 700 fruits per tree, harvest in last week of May.
The Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC&RI) (TNAU)- Periyakulam Fruit Research Station, Kodur (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) PKM-1 PKM-2 Swarna Jehangir Neeluddin
HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Developed by Parentage Key characters Neeleshan H.R.S., Anantharajupet (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Neelum x Baneshan Medium size fruit, fibreless, matures 15 days later than Baneshan Neelgoa H.R.S., Anantharajupet (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Neelum x Yerramulgoa The fruits are akin to Neelum but bigger in size and smooth skinned, fibreless, avg fruit weight (270 g) regular bearer, yield: 1000 fruits per tree (like Neelum), harvest (May). Manjeera Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Rumani x Neelum dwarf variety, Tolerant to powdery mildew and hoppers. AU Rumani Horticultural Research Station, Anantharajupet Rumani x Mulgoa Fruit medium to large, fibreless Sai Sugandha Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri Totapuri x Kesar (1998) Late bearing, table purpose (National Mango Database)
Neeleshan Neelgoa Manjeera AU Rumani Sai Sugandha
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 POPULATION OF MANGO Research Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand (Jana, 2017) Cross combinations Tree type Bearing habit Hermaphrodite flowers (%) Langra x Vanraj (Hybrid-1) Medium erect Regular 45.24 Langra x Vanraj (Off Type-1) Medium erect Alternate 25.62 Langra x Kesar (Off Type-2) Medium erect Alternate 23.89 Langra x Kesar (Hybrid-2) Medium spreading Alternate 54.65 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-3) Wild type Alternate 24.96 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-4) Wild type Alternate 18.75 Chausa x Vanraj (Hybrid-3) Medium spreading Alternate 19.67 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-5) Dwarf Alternate 22.82 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-6) Medium spreading Alternate 16.25 Dashehari x Kesar (Off Type-7) Dwarf Alternate 19.64 Dashehari x Swarnarekha (Hybrid-4) Dwarf Alternate 35.32 (CRD) CD at 5% 5.86
FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 POPULATION OF MANGO Research Centre Ranchi, Jahrkhand (Jana, 2017) Cross combinations Fruit weight (g) TSS (⁰B) Total sugar (%) Plant yield (kg/plant) Langra x Vanraj (Hybrid-1) 230.56 19.5 11.42 10.07 Langra x Vanraj (Off Type-1) 200.45 16.3 9.87 4.25 Langra x Kesar (Off Tyoe-2) 212.85 15.7 8..88 5.63 Langra x Kesar (Hybrid-2) 250.12 20.5 12.37 12.50 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-3) 152.00 14.8 8.24 5.97 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-4) 174.64 12.8 7.99 3.89 Chausa x Vanraj (Hybrid-3) 140.67 11.5 8.88 4.05 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-5) 262.75 11.5 7.45 8.72 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-6) 128.45 11.5 7.41 8.42 Dashehari x Kesar (Off Type-7) 205.86 10.31 6.65 7.69 Dashehari x Swarnarekha (Hybrid-4) 188.52 12.25 7.58 6.83 (CRD) CD at 5% 34.08 2.49 1.82 2.61
Fig. 15. Fruits of Hybrid-2 (Langra X Kesar) Fig. 16. Fruits of Hybrid-1 (Langra X Vanraj)
MUTATION BREEDING
SPONTANEOUS MUTATION Mutant cultivar Original variety Nature of mutation Traits Reference Rosica (Peru) Rosado de Lea Bud sports Precocious, regular bearer, and larger fruit size Medina (1977) Davis-Haden (Florida) Haden Large fruit size, Young and Ledin (1954) Hongmang 6 (China) Zill High yield, better quality fruits, skin- red to purplish red, flesh- dark yellow, juicy with 15.8 per cent TSS Li et al., 1996 IAC 100 Bourbon Bourbon Resistant to wilt Rossetto et al., 1997
(Rime et al., 2019) ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru Effect of EMS on morphological parameters of putative mutant population of mango cv. Arka Puneet Treatments Plant ht. (cm) Stem girth (cm) Primary branches Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) L/W ratio Petiole length (cm) Internodal length (cm) Shoot length (cm) T1 (Control) 195.00 4.28 2 20.88 4.03 5.17 4.43 3.48 22.33 T2 (0.2%) 187.50 4.98 2 22 4.58 4.57 4.03 3 21.7 T3 (0.4%) 176.25 5 2.25 23.13 4.60 4.60 3.98 2.50 18.90 T4 (0.6%) 166.25 5.43 2.75 24.50 5.13 4.79 3.25 2.05 16.09 T5 (0.8%) 135.75 5.20 3.25 28.00 6.20 4.50 2.58 1.36 14.66 T6 (1.0%) 155.00 5.73 3.5 25.25 5.48 4.57 2.73 1.42 15.70 Mean 169.29 5.10 2.63 23.96 5.00 4.70 3.50 2.30 18.23 CD0.05 21.66 0.69 1.07 3.08 0.68 0.27 1.03 0.48 2.58
(Rime et al., 2019) ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru Effect of EMS on biochemical and phytohormone level of putative mutant population of mango cv. Arka Puneet Treatments Total Phenol (mg/g FW) Peroxidase (U/mg Protein) ABA (mg/g FW) GA (mg/g FW) T1 (Control) 34.51 0.16 12.67 1.45 T2 (0.2%) 36.15 0.18 13.64 0.78 T3 (0.4%) 42.62 0.19 14.88 0.57 T4 (0.6%) 44.39 0.20 14.53 0.47 T5 (0.8%) 53.87 0.22 17.61 0.39 T6 (1.0%) 47.40 0.23 19.20 0.45 Mean 43.16 0.20 15.42 0.68 CD0.05 7.96 0.02 0.92 0.02
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru (Rime et al., 2019) Comparison of EMS treated cv Arka Puneet plant with control plant
Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Uttarakhand Disease symptoms of bacterial black spot of mango as visible on leaves Disease symptoms of bacterial black spot of mango as visible on fruit (Mamta et al., 2017) Resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses
Bacterial black spot incidence and per cent disease index on twenty mango cultivars Treatments Disease incidence (%) Per cent disease index (%) Pantsindhuri 4.79 0.90 Dashehari 4.89 0.90 Amrapali 4.48 0.81 Neelum 3.76 0.76 Hathijhool 4.09 0.90 Rasgulla 4.00 0.81 Redtotapari 4.65 0.90 Langra 6.80 1.14 Nashpati 5.22 0.95 Ramkela 3.98 0.85 Gaurjit 5.94 0.95 Golazafrani 6.34 1.09 Gulabkhas 3.58 0.81 Gorakhpurlangra 6.11 1.00 Kalahafus 3.58 0.76 Karela 4.33 0.85 Tamaneha 3.83 0.76 Barahmasi 4.36 0.85 Husnara 6.47 1.14 Chausa 3.56 0.76 CD0.05 1.38 0.05 (Mamta et al., 2017) Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Uttarakhand
Varietal reaction of mango against maggot density and per cent fruit infestation of B. dorsalis Varieties Number of maggots per fruit Per cent fruit infestation (%) Resistance category Bombay Green 17.45±2.57 61.67±3.35 Highly Susceptible Gulab Khas 3.90±0.90 20.00±2.00 Resistant Jardalu 9.35±1.22 21.67±2.69 Moderately Resistant Himsagar 16.40±2.12 36.67±3.77 Susceptible Dashehari 3.85±0.72 15.00±1.91 Resistant Mallika 22.65±3.09 58.33±3.54 Highly Susceptible Amrapali 2.85±0.63 6.67±1.49 Highly Resistant Chausa 6.01±0.69 40.00±2.00 Highly Susceptible Fazli 19.8±2.38 58.33±3.54 Highly Susceptible Maldah 7.05±1.02 25.00±1.91 Moderately Resistant LSD (P= 0.05) 0.0001 0.002 Fcal 16.85 4.75 Error df 90 20 (Chaudhary et al., 2018) National Germplasm Repository of Sub-tropical Fruit Crops, at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Parental combination (‘cultivar’) Tetraploid PEMs line Somatic hybrid PEMs line Plant Kensington Pride’ + ‘Haden’ 27 4 3 Kensington Pride’ + ‘Tommy Atkins’ 6 0 0 Kensington Pride’ +’ Keitt’ 8 0 0 Total 41 4 3 Number of tetraploid and somatic hybrid PEMs line and somatic hybrid plants obtained following the protoplast fusion of mango at three parental combinations at cultivar level: ‘Tommy Atkins’ + ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Keitt’ + ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘Haden’+ ‘Kensington Pride’ (Rezazadeh et al., 2011) Iran Intraspecific somatic hybridization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) through protoplast fusion
(Rezazadeh et al., 2011) Iran Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid plantlet regeneration of cvs. ‘Kensington Pride’ + ‘Haden’.
MEDIA COMPOSITIONS FOR NUCELLAR EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION IN 6 MANGO CULTIVARS VIZ. ALPHONSO, AMRAPALI, DASHEHARI, ZAFRAN, CARABAO AND TURPENTINE. Oman (Shukla et al., 2016)
Effect of mango cultivars and fruit size on callus and primary somatic embryo induction Fruit size (A) Callus induction (%) Primary somatic embryo induction (%) cultivar (B) Small size fruit (2.0- 3.5 cm) Medium size fruit (3.5- 5.0 cm) Small size fruit (2.0- 3.5 cm) Medium size fruit (3.5- 5.0 cm) Alphonso 43.4 25.00 15.35b 4.17b Amrapali 42.71 70.83 4.86c 1.04b Dashehari 32.64 30.62b 0.00c 1.04b Zafran 31.11 36.81b 3.13c 1.39b Carabao 40.97 18.05b 25.00a 10.76a Turpentine 42.36 - 28.82a - Means within coloumn followed by the same letter(s) were not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level Oman (Shukla et al., 2016)
Somatic embryogenesis in Alphonso (a, b, c), Carabao (d, e, f,) and Turpentine (g,h,i). (Shukla et al., 2016) Oman
Hardening and ex-vitro survival of tissue culture raised mango plants. (Shukla et al., 2016) Cultivars Batch No. No. of plants transferred to green house for hardening No. of plants survived after 1 month of transfer No. of plants survived after 3 month of transfer Per cent plants survived after 3 months of transfer Mean per cent survival after 3 months of transfer Alphonso Batch 1 12 7 7 58.33 66.33 Batch 2 6 5 4 66.66 Batch 3 8 6 6 75.00 Carabao Batch 1 28 2 2 7.14 26.68 Batch 2 16 7 5 31.25 Batch 3 12 6 5 41.66 Turpentine Batch 1 8 5 3 37.50 49.16 Batch 2 6 5 3 50.00 Batch 3 5 4 3 60.00 Oman
Insertion of Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene in Mango Cultivar – Kent Gene and genetic transformation method – rolB gene, Agrobacterium rhizogenes Main objective – to develop protocol using Agrobacterium rhizogenes Results - enhancement of in vitro rooting in shoots without growth regulators (Chavvari et al., 2010) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration of mango cv. Kent after infection with wild strain of A. rhizogenes PCR analysis of Mango cv. Kent Venezuela
(Azmat et al., 2016) Pakistan UPGMA based Euclidian dendrogram developed using similarity coefficient data after SSR analysis Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Cluster D
 Material used: 168 mango accessions (China) SCoT Primers (45)  Results: total bands  337 (mean of 7.49 fragments/primer)  Polymorphic bands  244  UPGMA dendrogram  2 major clusters  Molecular variance analysis higher genetic diversity within each population than among population  Potential parent lines 34 seedling germplasm Evaluation of the genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seedling germplasm resources and their potential parents with start codon targeted (SCoT) markers (Li et al., 2020) China
ONGOING RESEARCH WORK IN INDIA:  Multilocation trials of mango hybrids  Centres: Malda, Mohanpur, Neri, Pantnagar, Paria, Periyakulam, Ranchi, Sabour, Sangareddy and Vengurle Treatments Hybrids/Selections Source of availability V1 H-949 (Amrapali x Vanraj) Lucknow V2 H-1084 (Amrapali x Janardan Pasand) Lucknow V3 H-1739 (Neelum x Tommy Atkins) Lucknow V4 H-1-1 (Amrapali x Sensation) Pusa Pratibha New Delhi V5 H-1-6 (Amrapali x Sensation) Pusa Shreshta New Delhi V6 H-2-6 (Amrapali x Lal Sundari) Pusa Pitambar New Delhi V7 Hybrid-35 (Amrapali x Arka Anmol) Arka Udaya Bengaluru V8 Hybrid-311 (Alphonso x Neelum) Suvarna Vengurle V9 Hybrid-314 (Alphonso x Neelum) Vengurle V10 Hybrid-36 (Neelum x Alphonso) Vengurle V11 GMH-1 (Sonapari) Paria V12 Local Commercial Cultivar-1 - V13 Local Commercial Cultivar-2 - ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
RESULTS  Mohanpur: H-349 [Max. tree height (4.4 m)] followed by Himsagar (4.1 m) and H-1084 [Highest fruit weight (346.33 g)] followed by H-949 (345 g)  Pantnagar: H-1739 [ Max. yield (9.69 kg/tree) followed by H-314 (8.92 kg/tree) and H-360 [Highest fruit weight (1059 g) and TSS (19.53⁰B)]  Periyakulam: H-360 [Max. fruit weight (320.55 g)] followed by H-2-6 (215 g)  Sabour: H-360 [Max. fruit weight (508 g)] followed by H-311 (314.33 g) and TSS [max. in H-949 (23.37⁰B)]  Malda and Neri : Trial is in progress  Paria, Ranchi, Sangareddy and Vengurle : Crop is in juvenile stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
SCION BREEDING IN MANGO  Centres: Bengaluru, Lucknow, New Delhi, Rewa, Sabour and Vengurle  Methodology: cross combinations of Amrapali x Vanraj  Results: o Bengaluru: Amrapali (7605 flowers from 1428 panicles) x Vanraj  29 F1 progenies o Vengurle: total crosses (2007)  20 seedlings (evolved during report period) o Lucknow: 50040 flowers crossed on 11475 panicles (12 different cross combinations)  43 hybrid seeds obtained  32 stones germinated o New Delhi: 47 panicles having 276 flowers (crossed during March, 2019) 29 hybrid stones recovered  12 hybrid seedlings are surviving o Sabour: due to incidence of hailstorm  heavy fruit drop at marble stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
ROOTSTOCK BREEDING IN MANGO  Centres: Bengaluru, Lucknow, New Delhi, Rewa, Sabour and Vengurle  Methodology: cross combinations of Olour x Terpentine and Vellaikolumban x Terpentine  Results: • Bengaluru: Vellaikolumban (4210 flowers) x Terpentine and Olour (440 flowers) x Terpentine  raised 46 F1 progenies (from both the combinations) • Lucknow: ML-2 and ML-6 (salinity tolerant rootstock seedlings)  raised for field screening  > 100 flowers on 25 panicles has been crossed using salinity tolerant parental combinations (13-1 x ML-6) • New Delhi: female (Olour, Kurrukan and Bappakai) x male (13-1)  raised F1 progenies of 11, 9 and 5, respectively • Sabour: due to incidence of hailstorm  heavy fruit drop at marble stage • Vengurle: trees are in vegetative stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
MULTILOCATION TESTING OF NEW MANGO SELECTION  Centres: Lembucherra, Mohanpur, Neri, Pantnagar and Sabour  Methodology:  V1- Jammu Mango (Selection-5)  V2- Dashehari – Local Check  Results: Planting material is provided by SKUAST- Jammu to all the centres  The trial has been initiated and proposed for continuation ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
FUTURE PROSPECTS  Sources of resistance for disease, pest and disorder  Application of biotechnology tools  Introduction of dwarfing gene(s) to induce dwarfness  Development of genetic markers  Comprehensive knowledge about the inheritance patterns  Advanced techniques for hybridization
ADVANCES IN MANGO CROP IMPROVEMENT.pptx

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ADVANCES IN MANGO CROP IMPROVEMENT.pptx

  • 1. ADVANCES IN MANGO CROP IMPROVEMENT submitted SPEAKER Megha Ahir (H-2018-21-D) (FSC-691) Seminar Incharge Dr. JS Chandel Department of Fruit Science College of Horticulture Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP- 173230
  • 2. TAXONOMY Division Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Sub-class Rosidae Order Sapindales Family Anacardiaceae Botanical Name Mangifera indica L. Chromosome No 2n=40 (Amphidiploid) 2n=80 Origin Indo- Burma or South-East Asia Primary centre of Origin Burma, Thailand, Indo-china and Malay Peninsula Secondary centre of origin Sunda island (Java, Sumatra, Borneo)-the Philippines and Celebes- Banda-Timor group
  • 3. Distribution of Mangifera species Southeast Asia Country/Island Species Indian Peninsula M. indica India M. indica, M. andamanica, M. khasiana, M. sylvatica and M. camptosperma Eastern Himalayas (up to 1300 m altitude) in Sikkim, Darjeeling district, Khasi Hills, Upper Assam and Surma valley; and in the Andaman Islands Mangifera sylvatica Tropical, wet evergreen forests of Andaman Islands Mangifera andamanica (National Mango Database)
  • 4. GENETIC RESOURCES  World’s richest mango germplasm centre (India)  NAGS centre for mango:  ICAR-CISH, Lucknow – 775 Accessions  ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore – 750  FRS, Sangareddy - 470  FRS, Vengulara – 297  FRS, Kodur – 125  UAS, Dharwad - 102  IARI, New Delhi – 70
  • 5. IMPORTANT MANGO CULTIVARS IN MAJOR PRODUCING COUNTRIES Country Cultivars India 'Alphonso', 'Banganapalli', 'Bombay', 'Bombay Green', 'Chausa', 'Dashehari', 'Fazli', 'Fernandian', 'Himsagar', 'Kesar', 'Kishen Bhog', 'Langra', 'Mallika', 'Mankurad, 'Mulgoa', 'Neelum', 'Pairi', 'Samar Behisht Chausa’, 'Suvarnarekha', 'Totapuri', 'Vanraj', 'Zardalu', 'Amrapali', 'Bangalora', 'Gulabkhas' Australia 'Kensington Pride', 'Banana', 'Earlygold', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Zill' Bangladesh 'Aswina', 'Fazli', 'Gopal Bhog', 'Himsagar','Khirsapati', 'Langra', 'Kishan Bhog', 'Kohinoor', 'Kua Pahari', 'Mohan Bhog' Brazil 'Bourbon', 'Carlota', 'Coracao', 'Espada', 'Itamaraca', 'Maco', 'Magoada', 'Rosa', 'Tommy Atkins' China 'Baiyu', 'Guixiang', 'Huangpi', 'Huangyu', 'Macheco', 'Sannian', 'Yuexi No. 1' Philippines 'Carabao', 'Manila Super', 'Pico', 'Binoboy', 'Dudul', 'Pahutan', 'Senora' Indonesia 'Arumanis', 'Dodol', 'Gedong', 'Golek', 'Madu', 'Manalagi', 'Cengkir', 'Wangi' Mexico 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Kent', 'Manila', 'Palmer', 'Sensation', 'Tommy Atkins', 'Van Dyke' Pakistan 'Anwar Ratol', 'Baganapalli', 'Chausa', 'Dashehari', 'Gulab Khas', 'Langra', 'Siroli', 'Sindhri', 'Suvarnarekha', 'Zafran' Thailand 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Ngar Charn', 'Okrong', 'Rad', 'Choke Anand', 'Kao Keaw', 'Keow Savoey', 'Pimsenmum (National Mango Database)
  • 6. COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF MANGO IN INDIA Variety State Bombay Green Uttar Pradesh and Haryana Dashehari Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab Langra Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Punjab Fazli Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal Chausa Uttar Pradesh and Punjab Himsagar West Bengal and Bihar Kishen Bhog West Bengal and Bihar Zardalu West Bengal, Bihar Banganapalli (Baneshan, Safeda) Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu Neelum Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa Suvernarekha Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Bangalora (Totapuri) Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Mulgoa Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Alphonso (Happus) Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh Kesar Gujarat (National Mango Database)
  • 7. S. No Centre No. of germplasms No. of centres-8 No. of germplasms 1. IIHR, Bangaluru 767 Total no. of germplasm 1797 2. FRS, Sangareddy 477 No. of duplicates 415 3. FRS, Vengulara 79 Total no. of germplasms 1382 4. Pantnagar 220 Most repeated varieties across all centres 272 5. Rahuri 52 6. Udaipur centre 69 7. Mohanpur 109 8. Imphal 24 Total 1797 ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020) Identification of duplicates in genetic resources of mango
  • 8. S. No. Species Special characteristics 1. M. caesia White pulp, sweet, Fragrant 2. M. decandra Rootstock for water logged conditions 3. M. gedebe Rootstock for water logged conditions 4. M. indica var. mekongensis Fruit twice a year 5. M. inocarpoides Rootstock for water logged conditions 6. M. pajang Fruit can be peeled like banana 7. M. similis free stone mangoes 8. M. laurina Resistance to anthracnose 9. M. magnifica Fibreless 10. M. rufocostat and M. swintonioides OFF-season bearing habbit 11. M. Pajang and M. foetida Good quality fruits 12. M. casturi Prolific bearer with small black sweet fruit 13. M. altissima Unaffected by hoppers, tip and seed borers Promising characteristics of some wild Mangifera species (Mukherjee, 1985)
  • 9. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND INCOMPATIBILITY Cultivar Suitable pollinizer Reference Dashehari Bombay Green Singh and Chadha, 1979 Chausa Dashehari Sant Ram et al., 1976 Kesar Langra Chaudhary and Desai, 1995 Vanraj Kesar Chaudhary and Desai, 1995 •Sporophytic self incompatibility (Sharma and Singh, 1970) •Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay Green (Sharma and Singh, 1970) •Neelum (partially self compatible) •Mallika (self incompatible) Sex form- Andromonoecious Flower bud differentiation: Oct-Dec Flowering time: Sep-Dec (S.I.) Feb- March (N.I.) Mode of pollination: entomophily (house fly, syrphid flies and Melipona species
  • 10. GENETICS AND INHERITANCE PATTERN OF IMPORTANT TRAITS Character Inheritance pattern Reference Dwarfness, regular bearing and precocity Recessive genes Sharma and Majumder, 1988 Flesh colour Multigenic Sharma, 1987; Iyer and Subramanyam, 1987 Flesh colour (Alphonso and Neelum) Light yellow colour is dominant over orange yellow Iyer, 1991 Bunch bearing and presence of beak Dominant character Iyer and Subramanyam, 1979 Bacterial canker (Neelum) Cytoplasmic Sharma and Majumder, 1989 Malformation susceptibility Dominant Upright tree habit Dominant over spreading Yadav, 1997 Spreading Dominant over dwarfness Yadav, 1997 Biennial bearing Dominant over regular bearing Yadav, 1997 Fruit size Polygenes Sharma and Majumder, 1985 Polyembryony Single dominant gene Aron et al., 1998 Resistance to floral malformation and spongy tissue Recessive genes Iyer, 1991 Red skin colour Dominant over green Sharma, 1987
  • 11. SOURCES OF DESIRABLE TRAITS Source Desirable trait Reference Neelum, Fazli, Kalapady, Khas-ul- khas, Banganapalli, Peddarasam, Kuurd, Alampur Baneshan Regular bearer Iyer, 1991 Taimuria, Olur, Rumani, Neelum, Nakkave, Kurukkan, Creeping, Latara Dwarfness Iyer and Subramanyam, 1986 Janardan Pasand, Suvarnarekha (IIHR, Bangalore), Sensation, Tommy Atkins (CISH, Lucknow), Kensington, Irwin, Haden, Julie, Kent, Zill Red colour Iyer, 1991 Neelum Flesh colour Iyer, 1991 Elaichi, Bhadayam Dula, Samar Bahist Rampur, Mian Saheb Free from Malformation Ram Nath et al., 1987; Negi et al., 1996 Latif, Hurr Free from powdery mildew Negi et al., 1996 Bombay Green Physiological resistance to canker Om Prakash and Srivastava, 1987 Tommy Atkins Tolerant to anthracnose (Yee, 1958)
  • 12. OBJECTIVE OF CROP IMPROVEMENT  Dwarf tree size  Medium size fruit (5 fruits per kg)  Attractive (Golden apricot) colour on ripening  Good quality fruit (high pulp: stone ratio, firm and fibreless flesh)  Precocious and regular in bearing  Highly tolerant to various diseases including malformation and pests  High keeping quality (Singh, 1990)
  • 13. BREEDING METHODS  Introduction  Selection  Hybridization  Mutation breeding  Biotechnological approaches
  • 14. Tommy Atkin Kensington Zilete Carabao Haden 13-1 Julie Sensation INTRODUCTION
  • 15. SELECTION Variety Research station/Universities Selection Key characters Pusa Surya IARI, New Delhi (2002) Selection from Eldon Long shelf life Arka Neelachal Kesari Central Horticultural Experiment Station (IIHR), Bhubaneshwar Clonal Selection Early ripening (march), free from fruit fly, crimson red peel colour Dashehari - 51 ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Clone of Dashehari Regular bearer, free from malformation Paiyur 1 Fruit Research Station, Paiyur, Tamil Nadu (1992) Clonal selection from Neelum Dwarf, regular bearer, good keeping quality Menaka Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (1994) Selection from Zardalu Regular bearer Subhash Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (1994) Chance seedling selection from Zardalu Regular bearer, High TSS (24⁰ B) Niranjan Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (1984) Chance seedling selection Off season bearer
  • 16. SELECTION Variety Research station/Universities Selection Key characters Selection-5 Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricltural Science & Technology, Jammu Seedling selection Moderately resistant to floral malformation, higher fruit set (14.66 %), 446.75 fruits per tree Phule Abhiruchi Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri Selection-GK-PM-5 Pickle purpose Chattisgarh Nandiraj Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur clonal selection of local mango from Nayapara, Jagdalpur Good keeping quality, TSS (21.30⁰B), Suitable for export, 280 kg per tree Pant Sindhuri G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Clonal selection from Dashehari Fruit mature- last week of May to First week of June, 150 kg per tree Pant Chandra G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar Clonal selection from Dashehari Better shelf life, fibreless pulp (78.29 %), regular bearer Dashehari-35 ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Clonal selection from Dashehari free from malformation
  • 17. SEEDLING SELECTION (PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA) Variety Key characters Gangian Sandhuri (GN-19) (2006) Fruit matures in end of July. Fruit large, peel thick, tough, Sindhuri blush at shoulders with yellow base, juice abundant, stone and fibre. Average fruit yield is 83.7 kg per tree. GN1 (1981) Regular bearer, mature in 2nd week of July. Fruit is medium in size, stone small and fibre absent. GN2 (1981) matures in the 3rd week of July, medium to large size, skin thick, TSS 25%, stone small GN3 (1981) matures in 2nd week of July. Fruits medium in size, TSS 22%, stone medium in size. GN4 (1981) mature in 3rd week of July. Fruit extra large, Peel yellowish green with sparse glands. 21% TSS, stone large and sparsely fibrous. GN5 (1981) Late maturing, medium size, TSS 22%. Stone medium in size, fibre absent GN6 (1981) matures in mid July. Fruit large, peel colour yellow with red blush at basal end. Popularly known as Punjab Beauty. Stone medium, oblong and fibrous all over. GN7 (1981) maturity occurs in middle of July. medium in size, peel smooth with numerous glands, stone large in size and fibrous all over the stone
  • 18. Pusa Surya Arka Neelachal Kesari Dashehari-51 Menaka Subhash Amrutang
  • 19. Pant Chandra Chattisgarh Nandiraj Dashehari-35 Paiyur-1 Selection- 5
  • 20. Suitability of different mango seedling selections for sucking purpose Suitability of different mango seedling selections for table purpose (Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Selection and characterization of superior genotypes from seedling tree population of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Himachal Pradesh
  • 21. (Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Mango selection ‘SiH2’ Mango selection ‘JrH1’ Mango selection ‘RiH1’ Mango selection ‘RsH1’ Mango selection ‘GuH1’ Mango selection ‘KgH1’
  • 22. (Bhoyar Mahesh, 2016) Mango selection ‘SiH1’ Mango selection ‘BdH1’ Mango selection ‘HbH1’ Mango selection ‘TrK1’ Mango selection ‘MiH1’
  • 24. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi Mallika 1971 Neelum x Dashehari Regular bearing, 307 g (avg fruit wt.), TSS (24⁰B), fibreless, 3rd week of july (harvesting), suitable for processing and export, 18-20 kg per tree (10th year) Amrapali 1979 Dashehari x Neelum dwarf, highly regular and precocious, late maturing, 120-160 g (avg fruit wt.), fibreless, 15-20 kg per tree (10th year), Pusa Peetamber 2001 Amrapali x Lal Sundari Regular bearing, 213 g (avg fruit wt.), resistant to mango malformation, 20-25 kg per tree (10th year) Pusa Lalima 2011 Dashehari x Sensation Regular bearer, red peel, avg fruit wt. (209 g), higher pulp content (70.1%), good shelf life (5 to 6 days) at room temperature, 50-60 kg per trees Pusa Arunima 2002 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearer, avg fruit wt. (230 to 250 g), attractive red peel, long shelf-life (10 to 12 days) at room temperature, 15- 20 kg per tree (10th year). Pusa Shreshtha 2011 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearing, red peel and orange pulp, avg fuit wt. (228g), higher pulp content (71.9%), long shelf life (7 to 8 days) at room temperature, 20-22 kg per tree Pusa Pratibha 2012 Amrapali x Sensation Regular bearing, bright red peel, 7 to 8 days shelf- life at room temperature yields about 3.0 times higher than Dushehari, which includes ‘On’ and ‘Off’ year fruiting, good sugar: acid blend and above all uniformity in fruit size, which is lacking in Amrapali
  • 25. Pusa Lalima Mallika Amrapali Pusa Peetamber Pusa Arunima Pusa Shreshtha Pusa Pratibha Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi
  • 26. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Parentage Key characters ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru Arka Anmol Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand regular bearing, late season variety, avg fruit wt. (300-330 g), free from fibre and spongy tissue with good sugar-acid blend. pulp recovery (70- 75%). Good keeping quality Arka Neelum Alphonso x Neelum late season variety, harvesting (last week of June), avg fruit wt. (270-280g). free from fibre and spongy tissue. Pulp recovery (70%). Good Keeping quality Arka Puneet Alphonso x Banganapalli mid- season variety. regular bearing. red blush. free from fibre and spongy tissue. TSS (21°B). pulp recovery is about 65-70%. Good keeping quality Arka Aruna Banganapalli x Alphonso Avg fruit wt. (500 g), free from fibre and spongy tissue. Pulp recovery (80%), Regular bearing, dwarf, a mid- season variety Arka Udaya (2016) Arka Amprapali x Arka Anmol Sweet, high-yielding , long shelf-life (10 days at room temperature), late- season variety, regular bearer. Arka Suprabhath (2019) Amrapali (Dashehari x Neelam) x Arka Anmol (Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand) regular and bunch bearing, high yielding (35-40 kg/plant after 4 years of planting), fruit wt. (240-250g), fruit shape is like Alphonso and has pulp colour of Amrapali, pulp recovery (>70%), TSS(>22⁰B), shelf life (8-10 days at room temperature).
  • 27. Arka Anmol Arka Puneet Arka Aruna Arka Udaya Arka Suprabhath ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru
  • 28. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Ambika 2000 Amrapali x Janardan Pasand red blush, low fibre and weighs about 300-350g, regular bearer, late in maturity,Yield (80 kg/plant by about 10 years of planting) Arunika 2008 Amrapali x Vanraj Dwarf, red blush, avg fruit wt. (190-210 g), medium sized, firm with scanty fibre, TSS (24.6°B), Average fruit yield (69 kg/plant at 8 years of planting) Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari Neelphonso 1986 Neelam x Alphonso regular bearer, late season, medium in size(200g free from spongy tissue, moderate resistant against fruit fly. pulp texture firm, non- fibrous, excellent keeping quality, TSS (> 21.5%). Neeleshwari 1986 Neelam x Dashehari Medium size (228g) with prominent sinus non-fibrous juicy moderate keeping quality, TSS (>19.00%) Neeleshan Gujarat 1986 Neelam x Baneshan heavily and regular bearer, avg wt. (318g), high pulp content (76%), firm non-fibrous pulp, good keeping quality (>10 days after ripening). Sonpari 2000 Alphonso x Baneshan heavy yielder regular bearer, fruits are obliquely oval in shape like Baneshan, avg fruit wt.(360–550g), good keeping quality (>10 days at room temperature), fruits mature in second week of June.
  • 29. ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari Ambika Arunika Neeleshwari Neeleshan Gujarat Sonpari Neelphonso
  • 30. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra Ratna 1981 Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, large size, beak absent, greenish orange colour with prominent oil glands, free from spongy tissue, cluster bearing habits, Yield: 250-300 fruits/tree Sindhu 1992 Ratna x Alphonso Thin stone (6-7 g), higher percentage of pulp, regular bearer, attractive red blush, free from spongy tissue cluster bearing habit, Yield: 200-250 fruits/tree Konkan Ruchi 1999 Neelum x Alphonso Regular bearer, large fruit size, thick skin, acidic, best for pickle purpose, Yield: 250 fruits per tree Suvarna 2009 Alphonso x Neelum It has good qualities of Alphonso and has tendency to bear every year like Neelum, cluster bearing habit, high percentage of hermaphrodite flowers in panicle, Yield: 260-280 fruits per tree Konkan Raja 2010 Bangalora x Himayuddin better fruit size (616 g). Less sour, best for salad purpose, high percentage of perfect flowers (28.8 %), regular bearer, higher pulp percentage (83 %), early maturing, good attractive shape and colour, yield (65.85 kg/plant) Konkan Samrat 2014 Alphonso x Tommy Atkins Medium fruit size (284.50 g), pulp percentage (73.28), high percentage of perfect flowers (27.52 %). Regular bearing, cluster bearing, spongy tissue free and low fibre.
  • 31. Ratna Sindhu Konkan Ruchi Konkan Raja Konkan Samrat Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra Suvarna
  • 32. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Year Parentage Key characters The Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC&RI) (TNAU)-Periyakulam PKM-1 1981 Chinnaswarnarek ha x Neelum Regular bearer, suitable for long distance transport, fruit weight 250-300 g, long, narrow with prominent beak, Yield - 336 fruit(102.7kg/tree). PKM-2 1990 Neelum x Mulgoa Large size fruits (681.3 g) high pulp content (67.5% ), good keeping quality with high TSS. The fruit comes to harvest during May. Fruit Research Station, Kodur (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Swarna Jehangir Chinnasuvarnarekha x Jehangir fruit resembles Jehangir in shape and skin characters, but slightly less in size weighing 230 g. fibreless, excels both the parents in yield and bears 600 fruits. Harvest in June and stands transport KMH-1 (Kodur mango hybrid - 1) Cherukurasam x Khader regular bearer, fibreless Neeluddin Neelum x Himayuddin medium sized (200 g), fibreless, 500 to 700 fruits per tree, harvest in last week of May.
  • 33. The Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC&RI) (TNAU)- Periyakulam Fruit Research Station, Kodur (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) PKM-1 PKM-2 Swarna Jehangir Neeluddin
  • 34. HYBRIDS OF MANGO DEVELOPED IN INDIA Hybrids Developed by Parentage Key characters Neeleshan H.R.S., Anantharajupet (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Neelum x Baneshan Medium size fruit, fibreless, matures 15 days later than Baneshan Neelgoa H.R.S., Anantharajupet (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Neelum x Yerramulgoa The fruits are akin to Neelum but bigger in size and smooth skinned, fibreless, avg fruit weight (270 g) regular bearer, yield: 1000 fruits per tree (like Neelum), harvest (May). Manjeera Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy (Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, West Godavari) Rumani x Neelum dwarf variety, Tolerant to powdery mildew and hoppers. AU Rumani Horticultural Research Station, Anantharajupet Rumani x Mulgoa Fruit medium to large, fibreless Sai Sugandha Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri Totapuri x Kesar (1998) Late bearing, table purpose (National Mango Database)
  • 35. Neeleshan Neelgoa Manjeera AU Rumani Sai Sugandha
  • 36. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 POPULATION OF MANGO Research Centre Ranchi, Jharkhand (Jana, 2017) Cross combinations Tree type Bearing habit Hermaphrodite flowers (%) Langra x Vanraj (Hybrid-1) Medium erect Regular 45.24 Langra x Vanraj (Off Type-1) Medium erect Alternate 25.62 Langra x Kesar (Off Type-2) Medium erect Alternate 23.89 Langra x Kesar (Hybrid-2) Medium spreading Alternate 54.65 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-3) Wild type Alternate 24.96 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-4) Wild type Alternate 18.75 Chausa x Vanraj (Hybrid-3) Medium spreading Alternate 19.67 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-5) Dwarf Alternate 22.82 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-6) Medium spreading Alternate 16.25 Dashehari x Kesar (Off Type-7) Dwarf Alternate 19.64 Dashehari x Swarnarekha (Hybrid-4) Dwarf Alternate 35.32 (CRD) CD at 5% 5.86
  • 37. FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF F1 POPULATION OF MANGO Research Centre Ranchi, Jahrkhand (Jana, 2017) Cross combinations Fruit weight (g) TSS (⁰B) Total sugar (%) Plant yield (kg/plant) Langra x Vanraj (Hybrid-1) 230.56 19.5 11.42 10.07 Langra x Vanraj (Off Type-1) 200.45 16.3 9.87 4.25 Langra x Kesar (Off Tyoe-2) 212.85 15.7 8..88 5.63 Langra x Kesar (Hybrid-2) 250.12 20.5 12.37 12.50 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-3) 152.00 14.8 8.24 5.97 Langra x Swarnarekha (Off Type-4) 174.64 12.8 7.99 3.89 Chausa x Vanraj (Hybrid-3) 140.67 11.5 8.88 4.05 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-5) 262.75 11.5 7.45 8.72 Chausa x Swarnarekha (Off Type-6) 128.45 11.5 7.41 8.42 Dashehari x Kesar (Off Type-7) 205.86 10.31 6.65 7.69 Dashehari x Swarnarekha (Hybrid-4) 188.52 12.25 7.58 6.83 (CRD) CD at 5% 34.08 2.49 1.82 2.61
  • 38. Fig. 15. Fruits of Hybrid-2 (Langra X Kesar) Fig. 16. Fruits of Hybrid-1 (Langra X Vanraj)
  • 40. SPONTANEOUS MUTATION Mutant cultivar Original variety Nature of mutation Traits Reference Rosica (Peru) Rosado de Lea Bud sports Precocious, regular bearer, and larger fruit size Medina (1977) Davis-Haden (Florida) Haden Large fruit size, Young and Ledin (1954) Hongmang 6 (China) Zill High yield, better quality fruits, skin- red to purplish red, flesh- dark yellow, juicy with 15.8 per cent TSS Li et al., 1996 IAC 100 Bourbon Bourbon Resistant to wilt Rossetto et al., 1997
  • 41. (Rime et al., 2019) ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru Effect of EMS on morphological parameters of putative mutant population of mango cv. Arka Puneet Treatments Plant ht. (cm) Stem girth (cm) Primary branches Leaf length (cm) Leaf width (cm) L/W ratio Petiole length (cm) Internodal length (cm) Shoot length (cm) T1 (Control) 195.00 4.28 2 20.88 4.03 5.17 4.43 3.48 22.33 T2 (0.2%) 187.50 4.98 2 22 4.58 4.57 4.03 3 21.7 T3 (0.4%) 176.25 5 2.25 23.13 4.60 4.60 3.98 2.50 18.90 T4 (0.6%) 166.25 5.43 2.75 24.50 5.13 4.79 3.25 2.05 16.09 T5 (0.8%) 135.75 5.20 3.25 28.00 6.20 4.50 2.58 1.36 14.66 T6 (1.0%) 155.00 5.73 3.5 25.25 5.48 4.57 2.73 1.42 15.70 Mean 169.29 5.10 2.63 23.96 5.00 4.70 3.50 2.30 18.23 CD0.05 21.66 0.69 1.07 3.08 0.68 0.27 1.03 0.48 2.58
  • 42. (Rime et al., 2019) ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru Effect of EMS on biochemical and phytohormone level of putative mutant population of mango cv. Arka Puneet Treatments Total Phenol (mg/g FW) Peroxidase (U/mg Protein) ABA (mg/g FW) GA (mg/g FW) T1 (Control) 34.51 0.16 12.67 1.45 T2 (0.2%) 36.15 0.18 13.64 0.78 T3 (0.4%) 42.62 0.19 14.88 0.57 T4 (0.6%) 44.39 0.20 14.53 0.47 T5 (0.8%) 53.87 0.22 17.61 0.39 T6 (1.0%) 47.40 0.23 19.20 0.45 Mean 43.16 0.20 15.42 0.68 CD0.05 7.96 0.02 0.92 0.02
  • 43. ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hesaraghatta, Bengaluru (Rime et al., 2019) Comparison of EMS treated cv Arka Puneet plant with control plant
  • 44. Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Uttarakhand Disease symptoms of bacterial black spot of mango as visible on leaves Disease symptoms of bacterial black spot of mango as visible on fruit (Mamta et al., 2017) Resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses
  • 45. Bacterial black spot incidence and per cent disease index on twenty mango cultivars Treatments Disease incidence (%) Per cent disease index (%) Pantsindhuri 4.79 0.90 Dashehari 4.89 0.90 Amrapali 4.48 0.81 Neelum 3.76 0.76 Hathijhool 4.09 0.90 Rasgulla 4.00 0.81 Redtotapari 4.65 0.90 Langra 6.80 1.14 Nashpati 5.22 0.95 Ramkela 3.98 0.85 Gaurjit 5.94 0.95 Golazafrani 6.34 1.09 Gulabkhas 3.58 0.81 Gorakhpurlangra 6.11 1.00 Kalahafus 3.58 0.76 Karela 4.33 0.85 Tamaneha 3.83 0.76 Barahmasi 4.36 0.85 Husnara 6.47 1.14 Chausa 3.56 0.76 CD0.05 1.38 0.05 (Mamta et al., 2017) Horticulture Research Center (HRC), Uttarakhand
  • 46. Varietal reaction of mango against maggot density and per cent fruit infestation of B. dorsalis Varieties Number of maggots per fruit Per cent fruit infestation (%) Resistance category Bombay Green 17.45±2.57 61.67±3.35 Highly Susceptible Gulab Khas 3.90±0.90 20.00±2.00 Resistant Jardalu 9.35±1.22 21.67±2.69 Moderately Resistant Himsagar 16.40±2.12 36.67±3.77 Susceptible Dashehari 3.85±0.72 15.00±1.91 Resistant Mallika 22.65±3.09 58.33±3.54 Highly Susceptible Amrapali 2.85±0.63 6.67±1.49 Highly Resistant Chausa 6.01±0.69 40.00±2.00 Highly Susceptible Fazli 19.8±2.38 58.33±3.54 Highly Susceptible Maldah 7.05±1.02 25.00±1.91 Moderately Resistant LSD (P= 0.05) 0.0001 0.002 Fcal 16.85 4.75 Error df 90 20 (Chaudhary et al., 2018) National Germplasm Repository of Sub-tropical Fruit Crops, at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand
  • 48. Parental combination (‘cultivar’) Tetraploid PEMs line Somatic hybrid PEMs line Plant Kensington Pride’ + ‘Haden’ 27 4 3 Kensington Pride’ + ‘Tommy Atkins’ 6 0 0 Kensington Pride’ +’ Keitt’ 8 0 0 Total 41 4 3 Number of tetraploid and somatic hybrid PEMs line and somatic hybrid plants obtained following the protoplast fusion of mango at three parental combinations at cultivar level: ‘Tommy Atkins’ + ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Keitt’ + ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘Haden’+ ‘Kensington Pride’ (Rezazadeh et al., 2011) Iran Intraspecific somatic hybridization of mango (Mangifera indica L.) through protoplast fusion
  • 49. (Rezazadeh et al., 2011) Iran Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid plantlet regeneration of cvs. ‘Kensington Pride’ + ‘Haden’.
  • 50. MEDIA COMPOSITIONS FOR NUCELLAR EMBRYOGENESIS AND PLANT REGENERATION IN 6 MANGO CULTIVARS VIZ. ALPHONSO, AMRAPALI, DASHEHARI, ZAFRAN, CARABAO AND TURPENTINE. Oman (Shukla et al., 2016)
  • 51. Effect of mango cultivars and fruit size on callus and primary somatic embryo induction Fruit size (A) Callus induction (%) Primary somatic embryo induction (%) cultivar (B) Small size fruit (2.0- 3.5 cm) Medium size fruit (3.5- 5.0 cm) Small size fruit (2.0- 3.5 cm) Medium size fruit (3.5- 5.0 cm) Alphonso 43.4 25.00 15.35b 4.17b Amrapali 42.71 70.83 4.86c 1.04b Dashehari 32.64 30.62b 0.00c 1.04b Zafran 31.11 36.81b 3.13c 1.39b Carabao 40.97 18.05b 25.00a 10.76a Turpentine 42.36 - 28.82a - Means within coloumn followed by the same letter(s) were not significantly different according to Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level Oman (Shukla et al., 2016)
  • 52. Somatic embryogenesis in Alphonso (a, b, c), Carabao (d, e, f,) and Turpentine (g,h,i). (Shukla et al., 2016) Oman
  • 53. Hardening and ex-vitro survival of tissue culture raised mango plants. (Shukla et al., 2016) Cultivars Batch No. No. of plants transferred to green house for hardening No. of plants survived after 1 month of transfer No. of plants survived after 3 month of transfer Per cent plants survived after 3 months of transfer Mean per cent survival after 3 months of transfer Alphonso Batch 1 12 7 7 58.33 66.33 Batch 2 6 5 4 66.66 Batch 3 8 6 6 75.00 Carabao Batch 1 28 2 2 7.14 26.68 Batch 2 16 7 5 31.25 Batch 3 12 6 5 41.66 Turpentine Batch 1 8 5 3 37.50 49.16 Batch 2 6 5 3 50.00 Batch 3 5 4 3 60.00 Oman
  • 54. Insertion of Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolB gene in Mango Cultivar – Kent Gene and genetic transformation method – rolB gene, Agrobacterium rhizogenes Main objective – to develop protocol using Agrobacterium rhizogenes Results - enhancement of in vitro rooting in shoots without growth regulators (Chavvari et al., 2010) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration of mango cv. Kent after infection with wild strain of A. rhizogenes PCR analysis of Mango cv. Kent Venezuela
  • 55. (Azmat et al., 2016) Pakistan UPGMA based Euclidian dendrogram developed using similarity coefficient data after SSR analysis Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C Cluster D
  • 56.  Material used: 168 mango accessions (China) SCoT Primers (45)  Results: total bands  337 (mean of 7.49 fragments/primer)  Polymorphic bands  244  UPGMA dendrogram  2 major clusters  Molecular variance analysis higher genetic diversity within each population than among population  Potential parent lines 34 seedling germplasm Evaluation of the genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) seedling germplasm resources and their potential parents with start codon targeted (SCoT) markers (Li et al., 2020) China
  • 57. ONGOING RESEARCH WORK IN INDIA:  Multilocation trials of mango hybrids  Centres: Malda, Mohanpur, Neri, Pantnagar, Paria, Periyakulam, Ranchi, Sabour, Sangareddy and Vengurle Treatments Hybrids/Selections Source of availability V1 H-949 (Amrapali x Vanraj) Lucknow V2 H-1084 (Amrapali x Janardan Pasand) Lucknow V3 H-1739 (Neelum x Tommy Atkins) Lucknow V4 H-1-1 (Amrapali x Sensation) Pusa Pratibha New Delhi V5 H-1-6 (Amrapali x Sensation) Pusa Shreshta New Delhi V6 H-2-6 (Amrapali x Lal Sundari) Pusa Pitambar New Delhi V7 Hybrid-35 (Amrapali x Arka Anmol) Arka Udaya Bengaluru V8 Hybrid-311 (Alphonso x Neelum) Suvarna Vengurle V9 Hybrid-314 (Alphonso x Neelum) Vengurle V10 Hybrid-36 (Neelum x Alphonso) Vengurle V11 GMH-1 (Sonapari) Paria V12 Local Commercial Cultivar-1 - V13 Local Commercial Cultivar-2 - ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
  • 58. RESULTS  Mohanpur: H-349 [Max. tree height (4.4 m)] followed by Himsagar (4.1 m) and H-1084 [Highest fruit weight (346.33 g)] followed by H-949 (345 g)  Pantnagar: H-1739 [ Max. yield (9.69 kg/tree) followed by H-314 (8.92 kg/tree) and H-360 [Highest fruit weight (1059 g) and TSS (19.53⁰B)]  Periyakulam: H-360 [Max. fruit weight (320.55 g)] followed by H-2-6 (215 g)  Sabour: H-360 [Max. fruit weight (508 g)] followed by H-311 (314.33 g) and TSS [max. in H-949 (23.37⁰B)]  Malda and Neri : Trial is in progress  Paria, Ranchi, Sangareddy and Vengurle : Crop is in juvenile stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
  • 59. SCION BREEDING IN MANGO  Centres: Bengaluru, Lucknow, New Delhi, Rewa, Sabour and Vengurle  Methodology: cross combinations of Amrapali x Vanraj  Results: o Bengaluru: Amrapali (7605 flowers from 1428 panicles) x Vanraj  29 F1 progenies o Vengurle: total crosses (2007)  20 seedlings (evolved during report period) o Lucknow: 50040 flowers crossed on 11475 panicles (12 different cross combinations)  43 hybrid seeds obtained  32 stones germinated o New Delhi: 47 panicles having 276 flowers (crossed during March, 2019) 29 hybrid stones recovered  12 hybrid seedlings are surviving o Sabour: due to incidence of hailstorm  heavy fruit drop at marble stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
  • 60. ROOTSTOCK BREEDING IN MANGO  Centres: Bengaluru, Lucknow, New Delhi, Rewa, Sabour and Vengurle  Methodology: cross combinations of Olour x Terpentine and Vellaikolumban x Terpentine  Results: • Bengaluru: Vellaikolumban (4210 flowers) x Terpentine and Olour (440 flowers) x Terpentine  raised 46 F1 progenies (from both the combinations) • Lucknow: ML-2 and ML-6 (salinity tolerant rootstock seedlings)  raised for field screening  > 100 flowers on 25 panicles has been crossed using salinity tolerant parental combinations (13-1 x ML-6) • New Delhi: female (Olour, Kurrukan and Bappakai) x male (13-1)  raised F1 progenies of 11, 9 and 5, respectively • Sabour: due to incidence of hailstorm  heavy fruit drop at marble stage • Vengurle: trees are in vegetative stage ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
  • 61. MULTILOCATION TESTING OF NEW MANGO SELECTION  Centres: Lembucherra, Mohanpur, Neri, Pantnagar and Sabour  Methodology:  V1- Jammu Mango (Selection-5)  V2- Dashehari – Local Check  Results: Planting material is provided by SKUAST- Jammu to all the centres  The trial has been initiated and proposed for continuation ICAR-AICRP on Fruits (Research Report-2020)
  • 62. FUTURE PROSPECTS  Sources of resistance for disease, pest and disorder  Application of biotechnology tools  Introduction of dwarfing gene(s) to induce dwarfness  Development of genetic markers  Comprehensive knowledge about the inheritance patterns  Advanced techniques for hybridization

Editor's Notes

  • #50: Fig. 1. Protoplast fusion and somatic hybrid plantlet regeneration of cvs. ‘Kensington Pride’ + ‘Haden’. (a) Young leaves of cv. ‘Haden’. (b) PEM induction on ovular nucellus of cv. ‘Kensington Pride’. (c) PEM suspension culture. (d) Isolated protoplasts stained with Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) under UV. (e, f) PEG-induced binary protoplast fusion. (g) Early cell division after protoplast culture. (h) PEM formation. (i) Globular embryo production. (j) Heart and torpedo-shape embryo production. (k) Mature embryos. (l, m) Germination of embryos with elongated radicle. (n) Regenerated somatic hybrid plantlets. (o) Plantlet at early acclimatization stage. (p) Acclimatized plant after 5 months. (q) Chromosome number of diploid 2n=2x=40. (r) Chromosome number of somatic hybrid (2n=4x=80). Bars =1cm (a, b, c, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p); 10 μm (d,e, f, g, q, r).
  • #55: a. Somatic embryo ; b. in vitro mango plants with or without roots obtained from somatic embryos ; arrow showing amplified fragments of rolB gene at 720bp