AI in Higher Education – Challenges & Opportunities #edlw2019
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The document discusses the impact and applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education, highlighting anticipated growth of AI technology and investments in educational initiatives. It distinguishes between general and narrow AI and presents systematic reviews examining the nature, ethical implications, and applications of AI in educational contexts. The document also points out significant gaps in the involvement of educators in AI research and the limited discussion of ethical issues in the studies reviewed.
![Folie 3
EDUCAUSE Horizon Report 2019 Higher Education Edition:
Experts anticipate AI in education to grow by 48 anually until 2022
Contact North (2018): "there is little
doubt that the [AI] technology is inex-
orably linked to the future of higher
education" (p. 5)
Heavy investments: TU of Eindhoven
will launch an AI Systems Institute with
50 new professorships for education
and research in AI
Relevance of AI in Education (AIEd)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/14112019olafzawacki-richteredenki1-191118142455/85/AI-in-Higher-Education-Challenges-Opportunities-edlw2019-3-320.jpg)
![Folie 7
Hinojo-Lucena et al. (2019, S. 1):
"This technology [AI] is already being introduced in the field
of higher education, although many teachers are unaware
of its scope and, above all, of what it consists of."
Hinojo-Lucena, F.-J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M.-P., & Romero-Rodríguez,
J.-M. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Bibliometric Study on
its Impact in the Scientific Literature. Education Sciences, 9(1), 51.
https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010051
So… what is AI in Education (AIEd)?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/14112019olafzawacki-richteredenki1-191118142455/85/AI-in-Higher-Education-Challenges-Opportunities-edlw2019-7-320.jpg)
AI in Higher Education – Challenges & Opportunities #edlw2019
- 1. AI in Higher Education – Challenges & Opportunities Prof. Olaf Zawacki-Richter, Ph.D. University of Oldenburg, Germany European Distance Learning Week organized by EDEN 14. November 2019
- 2. Folie 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law (CC-BY-SA) Moore's Law BIG Data
- 3. Folie 3 EDUCAUSE Horizon Report 2019 Higher Education Edition: Experts anticipate AI in education to grow by 48 anually until 2022 Contact North (2018): "there is little doubt that the [AI] technology is inex- orably linked to the future of higher education" (p. 5) Heavy investments: TU of Eindhoven will launch an AI Systems Institute with 50 new professorships for education and research in AI Relevance of AI in Education (AIEd)
- 4. Folie 4
- 5. Slide 5 Artificial Intelligence – Machine Learning – Deep Learning Copeland (2016): https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/07/29/whats-difference-artificial-intelligence- machine-learning-deep-learning-ai/
- 6. Folie 6 General Artificial Intelligence o aka "strong AI" o still only science fiction Narrow Artificial Intelligence o aka "weak AI" o aka "good old-fashioned AI" (Haugeland, 1985) o aka "machine learning" o a one-trick horse Haugeland, J. (1985). Artificial intelligence: The very idea. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
- 7. Folie 7 Hinojo-Lucena et al. (2019, S. 1): "This technology [AI] is already being introduced in the field of higher education, although many teachers are unaware of its scope and, above all, of what it consists of." Hinojo-Lucena, F.-J., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, M.-P., & Romero-Rodríguez, J.-M. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Bibliometric Study on its Impact in the Scientific Literature. Education Sciences, 9(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci9010051 So… what is AI in Education (AIEd)?
- 9. Folie 9 learner-facing (e.g. adaptive LMS or ITS) teacher-facing (e.g. assessment and plagiarism detection tools) system-facing AIEd (e.g. monitoring tools on institutional level) AI in Education (AIEd) Baker, T., & Smith, L. (2019). Educ-AI-tion Rebooted? Exploring the future of artificial intelligence in schools and colleges. Nesta Foundation.
- 10. Systematic Review on AIEd in HE
- 11. Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
- 12. Zawacki-Richter, O., Kerres, M., Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., & Buntins, K. (Eds.). (2019). Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and application. Heidelberg: Springer Open, Verlag für Sozialwissen- schaften.
- 13. Folie 13 Systematic Review Questions Mapping: How have publications on AI in higher education developed over time, in which journals are they published, and where are they coming from in terms of geographical distribution and the author's disciplinary affiliations? Concept and Ethics: How is AI in education conceptualised and what kind of ethical implications, challenges and risks are considered? Applications: What is the nature and scope of AI applications in the context of higher education?
- 14. Folie 14 Context of AIEd Studies Higher Education (n = 146) K-12 (n = 6) Cont. Ed. / Corporate Training (n = 1) Vocational Training (n = 1)
- 15. Folie 15 Only 13 papers (8.9%) by first authors with an Education background.
- 16. Folie 16 Student life-cycle (Reid, 1995): administrative services (e.g. admission, counselling, library services) – 92 studies (63.0 %) academic support services (e.g. assessment, feedback, tutoring) – 48 studies (32.8 %) Six studies (4.1 %) covered both levels Reid, J. (1995). Managing learner support. In F. Lockwood (Ed.), Open and distance learning today (pp. 265–275). London: Routledge.
- 18. Folie 18 Profiling and prediction: admissions Chen and Do (2014): "the accurate prediction of students' academic performance is of importance for making admission decisions as well as providing better educational services" (p. 18). Acikkar and Akay (2009) predict admission decisions based on a physical ability test, scores in the National Selection and Placement Examination, and GPA Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey Accuracy: 97% in 2006 using SVM
- 19. Folie 19 ITS: Duolingo chat bots for language learning
- 20. Folie 20 Automated Essay Scoring (Gierl et al., 2014) AES for large scale assessment Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Clinical Decision Making Constructed-Response Items (CDM-DCR) 5.540 students took the test in 2013 100 raters need 4 days (2.800 to 3.200 hours) to score the items Gierl, M. J., Latifi, S., Lai, H., Boulais, A., & Champlain, A. (2014). Automated essay scoring and the future of educational assessment in medical education. Medical Education, 48(10), 950–962.
- 21. Folie 21 Automated Essay Scoring (Gierl et al., 2014) LightSIDE software (open source) for machine learning classification Agreement between 97.3 and 98.2 % Kappa values: almost perfect agreement Required 3.5 hours of one rater of coding to prepare the data, and 10 s to score the 2013 examination
- 22. Folie 22 Adaptive Systems CENTURY Intelligent Learning Platform "CENTURY is the first teaching and learning platform to use AI. Our technology, named CAI, provides students with a truly personalised education and enables teachers to make evidence- based interventions." https://www.century.tech/the-platform/
- 24. Folie 24 Intelligent Classroom Behavior Management System https://www.businessinsider.de/china-school-facial-recognition-technology-2018-5?r=US&IR=T
- 25. Folie 25 Ethical issues and challenges Only 2 out of 146 included studies discussed ethical issues associated with AIEd applications! "All AI researchers should be concerned with the ethical implications of their work" Russel & Norvig (2010, p. 1020) Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2010). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
- 26. Prof. Dr. Olaf Zawacki-Richter Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Center for Lifelong Learning (C3L) Center for Open Education Research (COER) [email protected] @Zawacki_Richter http://www.uni-oldenbur.de/coer/ Thanks for your attention!