ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICINE ppt. Second Year B.Pharm Sem-IV
- 1. Dr.Narendra.R.Dighade PhD(Pharmacognosy) Nagpur College of Pharmacy ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
- 2. INTRODUCTION: In India, alternative systems of medicine include Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH). These systems emphasize holistic health approaches, herbal remedies, and traditional practices, alongside conventional medicine. They are regulated by the government and have a significant presence in healthcare, catering to diverse healthcare needs and preferences across the country.
- 3. A YUR VEDA Ayurveda-- Sanskrit word Ayur means life and veda means to gain knowledgeor science Ayurveda deals with different types of plants, minerals and animal products. Charak samhita -Charak includes the principle components or theory of Ayurveda. Sushrut samhita - by Sushrut is about the surgical treatments in Ayurveda. Fundamental Principle The table gives glimpses of the fundamental principles of Ayurvedic system.
- 4. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OFAYURVEDIC SYSTEM. Tridosha Concept: Ayurveda revolves around balancing three energies or doshas - Vata, Pitta, and Kapha - within the body to maintain health. Panchamahabhutas: The human body is composed of five elements - space, air, fire, water, and earth - and imbalances in these elements can lead to illness. Dhatus: Ayurveda recognizes seven bodily tissues that need to be nourished properly for overall health. Agni: Digestive fire is crucial for proper digestion and metabolism, and Ayurveda focuses on maintaining strong Agni. Malas: Regular elimination of waste products is essential for maintaining health. The human body is made up of five elements: space, air, fire, water, and earth. Imbalances
- 5. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF AYURVEDIC SYSTEM Prakriti: Each individual has a unique constitution or Prakriti, which determines their susceptibility to disease and guides personalized treatments. Ama: The accumulation of toxins in the body due to poor digestion and lifestyle habits can lead to disease. Srotas: These channels of circulation must remain clear and functional to ensure the proper flow of nutrients and energy throughout the body. Mind-Body Connection: Ayurveda emphasizes the interconnectedness of mental and physical health, promoting practices like meditation and yoga for holistic well-being. These principles form the foundation of Ayurvedic medicine, guiding diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle recommendations for maintaining optimal health.
- 6. DIAGNOSISANDTREA TMENT Asper Ayurveda, imbalance among all of the above causesillness. Hence, diagnosis includes observation of skin, eyes, hair, nail, tongue, pulse reading and investigation of raktam, mala and virya. Panchkarma is an important treatment in Ayurveda which includes Snehan (massage), Vaman (vomit), Swedan (steam), Virechan (expulsion) and Basti (medicated enemas). Themedicines are given in the form of powder (churna, bhasma), liquid (asava, arishta and taila), semisolid (leha or paka) and tablets (gutika, vati). Panchkarma is a significant Ayurvedic therapy that comprises massage, vomiting, steam, expulsion, and medicinal enemas.
- 7. B H A S M A Bhasma is a solid Ayurvedic preparation in which metals, minerals and animal products are burnt to ash. Sometimesherbs are added which are called herbometalic preparations. Bhasmas are generally white, pale yellow, black or red. The color of preparation mostly depends upon the parent material. Examples are Suvarnabhasma, Pravalbhasma, Lauhbhasma, Shankhbhasma. Preparation and Characteristics: Bhasmasare prepared by a two stage method, i.e., Shodhana and then Marana.
- 8. PREP ARA TIONANDEV ALUA TIONOFA YUR VEDIC FORMULA TIONS Shodhana: InAyurveda, the very first stage of metal purification is called Shodhana. Chemical purification is different from this purification. In chemical purification, there is only elimination of foreign matter, however, Shodhana eliminates harmful matter, modifies or converts undesirable properties to desirable enhanced therapeutic actions. Shodhana is of two types, Samanya shodhana and Vishesh shodhana. Samanya shodhana involves the immersion of thin sheets of metals in taila, gomutra or dukdha, etc. Vishesh shodhana is applicable only to certain drugs and certain preparations.
- 9. MARANA: Now, the purified drug has to be put into a stone mortar (Khalva) and grounded with the specified metal, mineral and animal product (Kasaya) for a specified period of time. Then small cakes are made (Cakrikas) and dried under the sunlight. The heavier the drug, thinner are the cakes. The dried cakes are placed in a single layer in a mud tray and closed with another tray and the clay smeared with cloth of seven consecutive layers. Apit of appropriate size has to be dug in the open space according to the metal which is to be calcinated. Half of the pit is filled with dried cow dung cakes. The above processed clay tray is placed in it and the pit is again packed with the cow dung cake. Fire is lit from all sides and in the middle of the pit. After specified burning, it is allowed to cool at room temperature. The clay tray is removed and the seal is broken. The contents are taken out and finely powdered. The final Bhasma should be preserved in an airtight earthen container. The following are the characteristics of Bhamas.• The final bhasma should be free from metallic luster. • Bhasma,when rubbed between fingers should be so fine so as to get easily into the lines or crevices of finger. • In water, bhasma should float on the surface.
- 10. ASA V AANDARISHT A Asava and arishtas are the liquid Ayurvedic preparations or self generated herbal fermentations. Here, the powdered drugs are allowed to soak in the herbal juices or decoction (Kasaya) in the presence of sugar or jaggery for a specified period of time. Fermentation is brought about by the addition of dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) flowers. Fermented alcohol facilitates the extraction of active constituents in the drug and also acts as a preservative. Both asava and arishtas contain up to 12% of alcohol and are also called medicinal wines. Arishtas are prepared with decoctions of herbs in boiling water while asavas are prepared by direct useof fresh herbal juices.
- 11. ARISHT APREP ARA TIONA N DCHARACTERISTICS: Clean, dry and powder the crude drug and prepare the decoction in potable water. Filter the prepared decoction and transfer to wooden pots. The wooden pots should be fumigated with pimply churna and also smeared with ghee before addition of parent material or sugar. Then, add pure sugar (cane sugar), honey or jaggery (very old), according to the preparation, to the decoction. Now add dravas, other powder ingredients and dhataki pushpa, if mentioned. Close the vessel with the lid and seal the edges with the clay smeared cloth of seven consecutive layers. Place the vessels in the basement (underground cellar) all under a heap of paddy to ensure constant atmospheric temperature during the whole process of fermentation. After the specified period, generally from 7-10 days, remove the pot and decant the fluid. After 2-3 days when the fine particle of sediment is settled down, the arishta is bottled, e.g., Ashokarishta, Draksharishta, Dashmularishta.Arishta can be stored for any length of time in a well stoppered glass bottle.
- 12. Thefollowing are the characteristics of arishta. • Thefiltered final arishta should not contain any particle of sediment. • Thetaste should not be sour. • Thepreparation should have the characteristic odour of fermented liquid. • If any growth of mould is observed, reject immediately. • Mix equal quantity of water and aristha before consumption. Asava Preparation and Characteristics: In the preparation of asava, the required quantity of potable water is boiled; sugar, jaggery or honey is added, cooled and transferred to the wooden vessel. Then, the fine powdered drug mentioned in the formula is added. Thecontainer is covered with a lid and the edges are sealed with seven consecutive layers of clay smeared cloth.
- 13. The vessel is kept in the basement for a specified period of time, after which the pot is removed and the liquid is decanted or filtered. Examples are Kumaryasava, Chonclanasavo, Lauhasava.Asava can be stored for any length of time in a well stoppered glass bottle. The following are the characteristics of asava. The filtered final asava should not contain any particle of sediment. The taste should not be sour. The preparation should have the characteristic odour of fermented liquid. If any growth of mould is observed, reject immediately. Mix equal quantity of water and asava before consumption.
- 14. Leha,also called as avaleha or paka, is a semisolidAyurvedic preparation consisting of kasayas or powder drugs along with jaggery, sugar or Khandasari and ghee or oil or liquid. Exmples are Vasavaleha, Drakshavaleha, Musalipaka, Suvarnleha. Preparation and Characteristics: Dissolve jaggery, sugar or sugar-candy in the liquid and strain to remove foreign particles. Boil this solution over a moderate fire. When paka becomesthready (Tantuvat), or when it sinks in water without getting easily dissolved, it should be removed from the fire. Then add fine powders of drugs with continuousstirring to form a homogenousmixture. Add ghee or oil, if mentioned, while the preparation is hot and mix well. Add honey, if mentioned, when the preparation becomescool and mix well until the paka is obtained. The following are the characteristics of leha. It shouldneither be hard nor be a thick fluid. It shouldroll between the fingers. It shouldbe kept in glass and porcelain jars. Normally, it shouldbe used within 1 year. LEHA (AVALEHA/PAKA)
- 15. C H U RN A Churna is a solid Ayurvedic preparation of fine powder of the drug/s which is often taken with some anupan suchas milk, ghee or honey. Finer the powder, the better it's therapeutic effect. Preparation and Characteristics: T ake accurately weighed drugs mentioned in the formula, clean, dry and powder them. Then sieve all separately through cloth. Thiscan be also done by a disintegrator or mechanical sifter. When there is more than one drug, each drug shouldbe separately powdered, sieved and weighed. As some of the drugs contain more fibrous material than the others, it should be treated by a special processas mentioned in the formula. Finally, mix all the powders well together. If salt, sugar, camphor is mentioned, then it shouldbe powdered and added separately at the end. The following are the characteristics of churna. Powder should be fine at least of 80 meshsize It should be kept in an air tight container It should be used within 6 months.
- 16. TAILA Taila is a liquid Ayurvedic preparation. This incorporates those active principles of natural drugs which gives better therapeutic effect in presence of oils. Examples are Anu taila, Kanaka taila, Narayan Taila. Preparation and Characteristics: The three important components involved in the preparation of Taila are drava (a liquid in the form of Kasaya or swarasa), kalka (fine paste of drug/s) and snehadrava (taila). Generally, unlessotherwise indicated, kalka, snehaand drava are taken in one, four and sixteen parts respectively. The kalka and drava are mixed together, snehais then added, boiled and stirred well to obtain desirable paka, i.e., Mrudu (useful for nasya), Madhyama (useful for pana or vasti) and Khara (useful for abhyanga). The exceptions for this rule are • If no drava is prescribed, 4 parts of water is added to the one part of sneha,the kalka is 1/4th of the weight of sneha. If number of drava are 4 or less than 4, each drava has to be taken 4 times the weight of sneha. If the drava are more than 4, each drava will be equal in weight to the sneha. If no kalka is prescribed in the formula, then the drugs of kasaya may be used as kalka which shouldbe 1/4th of sneha.
- 17. The following are the characteristics of taila. • It will have the color, odour and consistencyof the oil used. It should be preserved in a bottle. It should be taken with anupan (vehicle). • It should be used within 16 months
- 18. GUTIKA/V ATI ThisisasolidA yurvediccompositionconsistingoftinytabletscontainingmedicationsofplant,animal,ormineral origin.ExamplesareAstaksarigutikaandagnitundivati. Preparation and Characteristics: Dry and powder the mentioned drugs separately. Reduce the mineral to bhasma or sindura unless otherwise mentioned. If required, prepare kajjali of somedrugs. The processedkajjali is put in kalba and ground to a soft paste with the prescribed liquid. When more than one fluid is mentioned, use them in succession while grinding. When the massdoes not stick to the fingers then mold into the vati, add sugandha dravas like kasturi, kapoor with continuous grinding. Now, roll the pills and dry under sunor shed. Pills should be kept in an air tight container. The following are the characteristics of gutika/vati. It should not lose its original taste, color, smell and form.