Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Jayprakash PATWARI
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The document discusses brick production in India. It notes that India is the second largest brick producer globally, with over 100,000 brick kilns producing around 140 billion bricks annually. These kilns are classified as either intermittent or continuous, depending on their firing process. The document then examines the traditional processes of soil winning, preparation, moulding, drying and firing of bricks in India. It focuses on the brick kilns of Udgir, Maharashtra, analyzing their resource usage and pollution levels from 2012-2014. The study finds sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter levels higher than standards, posing a threat to local communities. It recommends adopting cleaner kiln technologies and renewable energy to reduce environmental impacts.
Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Jayprakash PATWARI
- 1. by Jayprakash Patwari Maharashtra Udayagiri Mahavidyalaya, Udgir, Maharashtra, India October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 1Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 2. • In India fired clay bricks are produced in traditional unorganized small scale industries • India is the second largest producer of bricks in the world next to China producing about 140 billion bricks annually • There are more than 100000 brick kilns all over India employing workers on a large scale • Energy consumption is about 1.5-3.0 MJ/kg October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 2Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 3. • From energy utilization view point Brick kilns are classified : a) Intermittent kilns b) Continuous kilns October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 3Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 4. Intermittent Kilns • Bricks are fired in branches • These are down drought kilns used in several countries of Asia, Africa, South and Central America Continuous kilns • Fire is always burning and Bricks are being warmed, fired and cooled simultaneously in different parts of kiln October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 4Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 5. Soil winning:- • In India mostly surface soils from agricultural fields are used for Brick making • The excavation depth is generally one metre Soil mix preparation:- • In this preparation water is added moisture content is 25-35 % W/W • All operations are carried out manually Moulding:- • In this clay mass is transformed in to the shape of brick • A clot of prepared soil mix is thrown to fill wooden and metallic mould • Excess soil is scraped off and brick is demoulded October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 5Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 6. Drying: • Freshly moulded green bricks contain about 25 % W/W moisture • The bricks are left in the open for drying • The combined action of sun and wind removes the moisture in the bricks • After drying moisture content is about 3-15 W/W Firing : • In this process the peak temperature holding is 1000 °c and cooling back to ambient temperature October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 6Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 7. • Severe labour shortage • Most of the owners wants to semi mechanize the process for reducing the dependency of labour • Fuel prices are gone up 100-175 % during last five years October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 7Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 8. • Udgir is one of the major taluka in the Latur District in State of Maharashtra • The population of the town is 2,00,111 according to 2014 census data • Udgir is famous for the historic war between the Marathas and the Nizam, led By Sadashivrao Bhau who defeated Nizam in 1759 when the treaty of Udgir was made October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 8Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 9. • The fort of Udgir still stands in all its glory, speaking volumes about the Indian history and Indian Culture • The fort is bounded by a 40-feet-deep trench, as the fort is built at the ground level • In the fort are several Palaces and Durbar halls • The town is named after Udagir Maharaj (Saint) who’s tomb is 60 feet below the ground level in the fort October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 9Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 10. October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 10Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 11. • In Udgir there are 600 brick kilns in these brick kilns material used is clay, Coal, salt and Saw dust. • Daily 50,000 bricks are prepared by employing 8 to 10 labours in every kiln • Requirement for each kiln is Water -70,000 liters Wood- 5000 kg Saw dust -12,500 kg Coal-6000 kg Salt -500 kg October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 11Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 12. In the present investigation High Volume Air Sampler Envirotech APM 460BL approved by Central Pollution Control Board, Govt. of India October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 12Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 13. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. S.S.1 S.S.2 S.S.3 S.S.4 October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 13Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 14. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 S.S.1 S.S.2 S.S.3 S.S.4 October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 14Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 15. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. S.S.1 S.S.2 S.S.3 S.S.4 October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 15Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 16. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. S.S.1 S.S.2 S.S.3 S.S.4 October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 16Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 17. • Sulphur dioxide was highest 110 µgm in the month of February -2014 at sampling station 4. • The lowest value was obtained in the month of October 22 µgm at sampling station 1. • Average values for SS1 is 63.08 µgm, for SS2 it is 64.91 µgm, for SS3 66.5 µgm and forSS4 105.83 µgm. October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 17Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 18. • The level of Nitrogen dioxide were observed maximum in the month of May, it was 82 µgm at sampling station 1 • The minimum was observed in the month of June at sampling station 1 it was 41 µgm. • Average values for SS1 66 µgm, for SS2 53.91 µgm, for SS3 63.5 µgm and for SS4 74.41 µgm. October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 18Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 19. • RSPM was found highest in the month of Jan-it was 160 µgm at sampling station four • It was found lowest in the month of July 55 µgm at sampling station 1. • Average values for SS1 93.66 µgm, for SS2 73.25 µgm, for SS3 85 µgm, for SS4 143.41 µgm. • NRSPM found in all four stations among that highest value was 520 µgm the lowest value was observed 130 µgm • The average values obtained for SS1 is 390.83 µgm, SS2 148.75 µgm, SS3 173.33 µgm and for SS4 415.83 µgm. October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 19Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 20. • Adoption of cleaner kiln technologies • Use of mechanized coal stoking systems • Diversifying products such as Hollow and Perforated bricks, this will reduce amount of clay and fuel • Use of modern renewable energy technologies (Biomass gasifires and solar products) October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 20Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 21. • Educating / training brick kiln owners • Supporting a modest research and development programme • Conducting Environmental Monitoring October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 21Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 22. • The above study envisages that the level of SO2, NO2 and RSPM was higher than that of the permissible standards of MoEF India • It is causing threat to the local level population • It is contributing in the Global and Regional air pollution by releasing the dangerous gases also having the impact on the climate which will come in effect after long term October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 22Head, Department of Environmental Science
- 23. Thank you… October 05, 2015Dr. J. M. Patwari 23Head, Department of Environmental Science