An introduction to Competitive Programming

Dec 7, 2015Download as PPT, PDF2 likes4,090 views

Gaurav Agarwal

A guide to the basic dynamics of Competitive Programming to help beginners get started with Competitive Coding.

What is it?
 Writing programs to solve problems in a
contest environment.
 One has a limited time to solve the
problems. Ranging from a few hours to
a few days.
 The solution should be efficient in terms
of execution time, memory used or in
some cases even the length of code.

What’s new?
 The code will be executed on an Online Judge (OJ).
 Which means you should write code which conforms
to the specific format of input and gives the output in
the required format.
 With tough constraints on execution time, it is crucial
that you use faster algorithms to avoid TLE(s) on
your test cases.
 This requires a good knowledge of time complexities.

For example:
 Say you want to write a function to
calculate x^4.
We can simply solve this with:
z=x*x*x*x;
return z; //required 3 multiplication instructions.
but a better solution will be:
z=x*x;
z=z*z;
return z; //required 2 multiplication instructions.

Contd…
 In the previous example, one instruction did not seem to make a
difference.
 But if you had to solve the problem for a few million test cases
(not uncommon in competitive coding), then you saved yourself
from a few million instructions and thereby reduced your
execution time correspondingly.
 Using such clever techniques is just a small part of competitive
programming 
 Thus devising new and better algorithms is crucial for
competitive programming.

Understanding the input format
 Input on OJ’s is very straightforward. You don’t need
to prompt for it like we usually do.
 The first line of input is usually the number of test
cases, followed by the test cases.

For example:
 If the input format states something like: “The first line
of input gives the no. of test cases with each test
case having 2 numbers n and m.”, then it would look
something like this:
3
2 5
6 8
3 9

And its code in C would be:
int a,b,c;
scanf("%d",&a);
while(a>0)
{
a--;
scanf("%d %d",&b,&c);
}

Getting started with competitive
coding:
Solving the problems in a coding contest is not easy.
Many online judges have problems of similar difficulty
and similar environment. A list of such judges are:-
TopCoder
SPOJ
Codechef
HackerEarth
HackerRank
Codeforces
And many more…

A few tips to perform better:
 Have a thorough grasp on the basic
concepts first.
 Develop a good understanding of data
structures like lists, trees and graphs.
 Try to learn as many new and efficient
algorithms and implement them when
required.

Some prestigious contests:
 ACM – ICPC
 Google Code Jam
 Topcoder Open
 Facebook Hacker Cup (Recent)
Students who perform well in these contests are
some of the finest brains in the world and
instantly recognized by top institutions
(companies, academia).

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An introduction to Competitive Programming

1. Competitve Programming Analyzing and Solving problems By Gaurav Agarwal

2. What is it?  Writing programs to solve problems in a contest environment.  One has a limited time to solve the problems. Ranging from a few hours to a few days.  The solution should be efficient in terms of execution time, memory used or in some cases even the length of code.

3. What’s new?  The code will be executed on an Online Judge (OJ).  Which means you should write code which conforms to the specific format of input and gives the output in the required format.  With tough constraints on execution time, it is crucial that you use faster algorithms to avoid TLE(s) on your test cases.  This requires a good knowledge of time complexities.

4. For example:  Say you want to write a function to calculate x^4. We can simply solve this with: z=x*x*x*x; return z; //required 3 multiplication instructions. but a better solution will be: z=x*x; z=z*z; return z; //required 2 multiplication instructions.

5. Contd…  In the previous example, one instruction did not seem to make a difference.  But if you had to solve the problem for a few million test cases (not uncommon in competitive coding), then you saved yourself from a few million instructions and thereby reduced your execution time correspondingly.  Using such clever techniques is just a small part of competitive programming   Thus devising new and better algorithms is crucial for competitive programming.

6. Understanding the input format  Input on OJ’s is very straightforward. You don’t need to prompt for it like we usually do.  The first line of input is usually the number of test cases, followed by the test cases.

7. For example:  If the input format states something like: “The first line of input gives the no. of test cases with each test case having 2 numbers n and m.”, then it would look something like this: 3 2 5 6 8 3 9

8. And its code in C would be: int a,b,c; scanf("%d",&a); while(a>0) { a--; scanf("%d %d",&b,&c); }

9. Getting started with competitive coding: Solving the problems in a coding contest is not easy. Many online judges have problems of similar difficulty and similar environment. A list of such judges are:- TopCoder SPOJ Codechef HackerEarth HackerRank Codeforces And many more…

10. A few tips to perform better:  Have a thorough grasp on the basic concepts first.  Develop a good understanding of data structures like lists, trees and graphs.  Try to learn as many new and efficient algorithms and implement them when required.

11. Some prestigious contests:  ACM – ICPC  Google Code Jam  Topcoder Open  Facebook Hacker Cup (Recent) Students who perform well in these contests are some of the finest brains in the world and instantly recognized by top institutions (companies, academia).

12. What’s next?  Sign up on any of the plethora of online judges and start solving their practice problems.  You will run into a lot of errors in the beginning.  Also, participate in other online contests arranged by sites like codechef and SPOJ.  Many companies use these contests to hire students for jobs and internships as well. Welcome to the world of Competitive programming! 

An introduction to Competitive Programming

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