![Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49]
45
IJPCR |Volume 3 | Issue 1 | Jan - Jun - 2019
www.ijpcr.net
Research article Clinical research
Antifeedant activity of medicinal plants
Mrs.S.Sudha1*
, Nikhila.V.S1
, Ragul.S1
, Najiya Nasri.K.V1
, Niji Anna John1
, Rajesh.R1
,
Prathap.S1
, Dr.R.Sundaraganapathy1
, Dr.S.Mohan2
1*
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher
Education, Coimbatore.
2
Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore.
*
Address for correspondence: S. Sudha
*E-mail: sudhakums@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the antifeedant effect of Gomphrena serrata extracts on
sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil) belongs to the family Curculionidae. Antifeedants are natural or synthetic
compounds that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Gomphrena serrata- Amaranthacae
family comprises many species which are used in nutrition and traditional folk medicine. Study was done to
find the new active substance in the plant which could show antifeedant activity and compared with standard
Strychnos nuxvomica. The extracts of both sample and standard were obtained by cold maceration process. The
residue formed is collected and both the extracts were subjected to study the antifeedant activity. The activity is
performed by dilution method and found to be showing the antifeedant activity. The primary objective of our
work is simple and cost effective method to find out the active substance from natural resources.
Indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to problems such as the resurgence of primary pests,
secondary pest’s outbreak, resistance development, insecticide residue, health hazards, environmental
contamination and increased cost of insect control. So this study will be solution for these problems by utilizing
plant’s bioactive molecules. Plants are the most efficient producers of phytochemicals in the environment,
including secondary metabolites that are used by the plant in defence against insects. The secondary metabolites
produced from Gomphrena serrata could be utilized in the development of new biopesticides.
Keywords: Antifeedant Activity, Bioassay, Biopesticides, Secondary metabolites, Phytochemicals.
INTRODUCTION
A natural or synthetic substance that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Pesticides
derived from plants such as neem tree, which act as antifeedant and replellants. Antifeedant are organic
compounds produced by plants to inhibit attack by insects and grazing animals. These chemical compounds are
typically classified as secondary metabolism in that they are not essential for the metabolism of the plant, but
instead confer long. Antifeedant exhibit a wide range of activities and chemical structure as biopesticides.
International Journal of Pharmacology and
Clinical Research (IJPCR)
ISSN: 2521-2206](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-191216123607/85/Antifeedant-activity-of-medicinal-plants-1-320.jpg)
![Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49]
46
A family of about 65 genera and 900 species, Amaranthaceae are mostly distributed in tropical but also in
temperate regions. About 18 genera and over 50 species have been reported from India. Some of the larger
genera with the number of their approximately reported species and common names are Alternanthera (200,
alligator weed), Gomphrena (100, globe amaranth), Iresine (80, gizzard plant), Amaranthus (60, pigweed), and
Celosia (60, Celosia). Ornamental plants of the family known for their multicoloured foliage and beautiful
inflorescence are Amaranthus caudatus (Foxtail), A. tricolor, A. salixifolius, Celosia cristata (cocks comb;
white, purple or yellowishred panicles), Deeringia amaranthoides, Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth),
Iresine herbtsii (purplish-red foliage) and I. lindenii (red foliage). Edible plants of the family, of which the
leaves and young shoots are used as vegetable are Amaranthus blitum (Amaranth or Chaulai), A. caudatus, A.
hybridus, A. spinosus (Katili Chaulai), A. tricolor (Bari Chaulai), A. viridis, Celosia argenta and Digera
muricata (Lehsua). Inflorescence paste of Achyranthes aspera (Latjeera or Chirchita) is used as an antidote
against snake and scorpion bites [1].
In recent years, attempts are being made to identify plants, including herbs and weeds, for their insecticidal
property with a view to find out suitable alternatives to replace hazardous synthetic pesticides utilized in large
scale in India. Great emphasis is given on the use of natural products, which are non-toxic, safe and
biodegradable alternative to the conventional control of insects by synthetic pesticides [2].
Phytochemical constituents have been separated from the genus Gomphrena i.e., oleuropein3, stigmasterol,
βsitosterol, isochavicinic acid, campesterol, betalain, friedelin, 3–epi–friedelinol, allantoin, and chrysoeriol–
7–O–β–D–glucoside9. Ethnomedicinally, the genus Gomphrena has been documented various pharmacological
activities including antimicrobial10, anticancer11, antimalarial12, and analgesic13.Therefore the current
investigation had been carried out to study the morphological, microscopical, physicochemical and
phytochemical characteristics of the root of G. serrata with the purpose of contributing to the establishment of
monograph [3].
The chemical and medicinal plant commonly known as Globe Amaranth constituents present in the herbal
medicine or plants are or Bachelor Button, belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. the major part of the
physiological functions of living flora It comprises approximately 120 species found in the and hence they are
believed to have better compatibility America, Antartica and Indo-Malaysia. 46 species found with the human
body. in Brazil [4].
Rice weevil
Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) is a major pest of cereals like rice,
sorghum, wheat, barley and maize both in field before harvest and in storage. The white apodous grub and the
reddish brown adults are internal feeders and cause serious quantitative and qualitative losses to cereal grains.
Owing to the advantages of the botanical the synthetic ones in stored produce insect pest management these are
extensively studied. Different types of plant preparations such as powders, solvent extracts, essential oils and
whole plants are being investigated for their insecticidal activity including their action as fumigants, repellants,
anti-feedants, antiovipositants insect growth regulators.
Considerable efforts have been made to control rice weevil using the plant derived insecticides. Srinivasan
et al. (2003) reported that Calotrop is leaf extract recorded very low consumption rate besides exerting a
significant effect on the survival of S. oryzae adults. Similarly Roy et al. (2005) showed leaf extract of Blumea
lacera as botanical insecticides against lesser grain borer and rice weevil. Ethanol extract ofMelgota
(Macaranga postulata) was used for repellency and insecticidal activity against the rice weevil (Rahman et al.,
2007). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of medicinal plants in suppressing the rice weevil S.
oryzae damage in stored rice [10].
METHODOLOGY
The required plant sample was collected from waste lands, roadsides and dry sandy soil. It is collected and
cleaned using water. The unwanted materials in the collected plant is removed. It is kept for drying under a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-191216123607/85/Antifeedant-activity-of-medicinal-plants-2-320.jpg)
![Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49]
47
shade for a couple of weeks. The whole plant is taken including the flowers, stem, leaf and root. The
Nuxvomica seeds (standard) were collected and dried. The dried plant materials are then powdered into fine
particles sieved to separate the larger particles and then weighed. The weighed plant powder was then kept for
cold maceration for 24hrs at the ratio 1:5 that is 100g of sample and standard .Then to add 500ml water. We
have used water because of the cost effective and economical. Mostly polar solvents are used because they can
easily elute the compounds .After the maceration process it is filtered using a museline cloth .The filtrate is
then heated and evaporated at 600c temperature .After the complete evaporation of the moisture content the
residue is collected and weighed and stored in the cool place covered with aluminium foil. The rice weevil was
collected for the antifeedant activity from the stored grains. Now the collected residue is mixed in water for the
solubility test. We are using the dilution method for the antifeedant activity. As we are increasing the
concentration of the sample. The dilution method is as follows to prepare the stock solution of sample. Take a
volume of the residue and mix the same amount of water for example: We have 15.51 g of sample residue from
this 5gm of sample and the remaing 5g for the stock solution and 5ml of water is added to it is taken for the
solubility test and remaining 10g is used for the stock solution and 5.91g of standard residue was obtained.
Then to take 0.97g for the solubility test and the remaing 5g for the stock solution and 5ml of water is added to
it. To the 10gm of sample 10ml of water is added and 5g of standard 5ml of water is added. Now the stock
solution is used for dividing the desired concentration as follows 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 that is 1ml of water in
each petridish with 1,2,3,4,5ml of sample and standard .This is mixed with the vector or stored grain powder
for example rice powder. After adding the desired concentration equal number of pest is added to each Petridis.
To mix the concentration with rice powder use your hands with gloves. Make as a pressed ball and kept in hot
air oven for 15min at 60 0
c. Takeout the mixture and powder it and place the equal number of pest. The pest
inside the desired concentration are kept under observation in a time interval 1 hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs,
and 12hrs the number of pest alive and death is recorded in each time interval. The results are noted and
tabulated.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The conventional extraction of sample (Gomphrena serrate) gave yield of 15.5g. Activity is performed by
dilution method, the sample extract is divided into desired concentration(1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5) then Pest is
collected and equal amount (10) of pest were introduced into desire concentration and different duration were
tried. At 1:1 and 1:2 sample concentration pest counts were more when compared to the other concentrations in
first two time interval. At 1:1 and 1:2 concentrations of pest count was reduced as time increased. At 1:5
concentration pest counts reduced in first time interval more than in other concentrations. After the 6th hour
duration in 1:5 concentration pest counts reduced double the count of 1:1 concentration.
The conventional extraction of sample (Gomphrena serrata) used to prove the antifeedant activity against
the pests (rice weevil) by the dilution method .Maximum antifeedant activity of sample was found in 1:5
concentrations in 6 hours which is equal to that of standard.
In conclusion we have developed in simple, safe, fast, clean, eco-friendly, cost effective and efficient
isolation procedure for the proved the antifeedant activity of Gomphrena serrata.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-191216123607/85/Antifeedant-activity-of-medicinal-plants-3-320.jpg)
![Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49]
48
Table 1: Standard Concentration
S.NoNo.of Pest (Rice Weevil) Time Intervals(Hrs) No.Of Pest Dead(Standard)
Concentration
1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5
01 10 1 7 8 10 10 10
02 10 2 8 8 10 10 10
03 10 3 8 9 10 10 10
04 10 4 10 10 10 10 10
05 10 5 10 10 10 10 10
06 10 6 10 10 10 10 10
Table 2: Sample Concentration
S.No No.of.Pest(Rice Weevil) Time Intervels(Hrs) No of pest dead(sample)
Concentration
1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5
01 10 1 0 1 2 3 5
02 10 2 1 2 3 4 6
03 10 3 2 3 3 4 9
04 10 4 2 4 4 5 9
05 10 5 3 5 5 6 10
06 10 6 4 6 6 7 10
CONCLUSION
Plant-based pesticides have been used as
pesticides from ancient time. To control insects, the
use of conventional pesticides introduces many
risks to the environment. Plant origin products
with insecticidal properties have been tried for
controlling of variety of insects. The present
investigation was carried out to find out the bio-
active potentials of this test plant for its possible
use in agriculture. For this purpose, the three
stored product pests were used as the test
organisms. Compared to HPLC method this is
done in low cost and simple method used to isolate
active ingredients from the natural resources.
In conclusion, we have developed a simple,
safe, fast, clean, eco-friendly, cost effective and
efficient extraction procedure for the detection of
antifeedant activity. The maximum antifeedant
activity is shown by Gomphrena serrata at the
concentration 1:5 in 6 hours. The procedure can be
used as a standard protocol for the above
experiment.
REFERENCES
[1]. A Review of Gomphrena serrata Nandini K N*1, Palaksha M N1, Gnanasekaran D1,Dept.of
Pharmacology, Bharathi college of Pharmacy, Bharathi Nagara 571422.
[2]. Antifeedant activity, developmental indices and morphogenetic variations of plant extracts against
Spodoptera litura (Fab) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) S. Arivoli * and Samuel Tennyson. Department of
Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632 115, Tamil Nadu, India.
[3]. Pharmacognostic Evaluation Of Gomphrena Serrata Root DSNBK Prasanth, M Mohini Prasanna, M
Priyanka, N Neelot Pala, P Bhagya Lakshmi, Y Mounika, A Lakshmana Rao Department of
Pharmacognosy, V.V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, Indiva.
[4]. Biological Potential and Phytopharmacological Screening of Gomphrena Species Muhammad Ilyas,
Arsia Tarnamand Nargis Begum department of botany jamal mohamed college, tiruchirapalli](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-191216123607/85/Antifeedant-activity-of-medicinal-plants-4-320.jpg)
![Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49]
49
Department Of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, P. Box. No.808, 7, Race Course Road, Khajanagar,
Tiruchirapalli-620 020, India.
[5]. Pharmacognostic Study of Gomphrena Serrata stem D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth*, M. Mohini Prasanna, M.
Priyanka, N. Neelothpala, P. Bhagya Lakshmi, Y. Mounika, A. Lakshmana Rao Department of
Pharmacognosy, V. V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, India.
[6]. Effects of Several Plant Leaves on Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Productivity and Stored Rice Qualities Nur Aida Hashim1,*, Nurul Nadia Samsuddin2, Khadijah Saad3,
Vu Thanh Tu Anh41 School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030
Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences (ISSN: 2321 1571)
Volume 05 Issue 03, June 2017
[7]. Antifeedant and Repellent Effects of Extracts of Three Plants from Córdoba (Argentina) Against
Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adriana I. Viglianco1, Ricardo J. Novo1, Clara I.
Cragnolini1, Mirta Nassetta2 E Alicia Cavallo1 1Departamento de Protección Vegetal. Facultad de
Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. C.C. 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
[8]. Biological Control Of Rice Weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) In Stored Milled Rice By The Extracts Of
Mintweed, Kitchen Mint And Kaffir Lime Saowanee Buatone A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology ,Suranaree
University of Technology.
[9]. Effects of the Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract on the Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) R. Nalini*, D.S.
Rajavel and A. Geetha Department of Agricultural Entomology Agricultural College and Research
Institute, Madurai 625 104 Tamil Nadu.
[10]. Pesticidal Properties on the Leaf Extracts of Strychnos-Nux-Vomica Plant
[11]. Mity Thambi1, Tom Cherian 1Department of Chemistry, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala,
India. 2Department of Chemistry, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India.
[12]. Efficacy of two plant extracts on rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L.A. B. M. S. Hasnat, S.N. Reza1, M. S.
Ullah and Masum Ahmad Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.
[13]. Safety Of Ec Formulations of Strychnus nux-vomica Extracts to Trichogramma chilonis IShII and
Chrysoperla zastrowi silemi Esben-Petersen C Selvaraj*, J S Kennedy and M Suganthy Department of
Agricultural Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu.
[14]. Insect Antifeedants, Pterocarpans and Pterocarpol, in Heartwood of Pterocarpus macrocarpus
Kruz.Masanori Morimoto, Hiromi Fukumoto, Masaru Hiratani, Warinthorn Chavasiri, Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University.
[15]. Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Gomphrena Serrata Root, Prasanth, D., M. Prasanna, P. M, N. Pala, P.
Lakshmi, M. Y, and A. Rao. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(4), 2017.
[16]. Antifeedant Activity of Ginkgobiloba Secondary Metabolites against Hyphantria cunea Larvae:
Mechanisms and Applications, LongPan, LiliRen, FangChen, YuqianFeng, Youqing Luo*
[17]. Key Laboratory for Silvi culture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry
University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/06-191216123607/85/Antifeedant-activity-of-medicinal-plants-5-320.jpg)
Antifeedant activity of medicinal plants
- 1. Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49] 45 IJPCR |Volume 3 | Issue 1 | Jan - Jun - 2019 www.ijpcr.net Research article Clinical research Antifeedant activity of medicinal plants Mrs.S.Sudha1* , Nikhila.V.S1 , Ragul.S1 , Najiya Nasri.K.V1 , Niji Anna John1 , Rajesh.R1 , Prathap.S1 , Dr.R.Sundaraganapathy1 , Dr.S.Mohan2 1* Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore. 2 Karpagam College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore. * Address for correspondence: S. Sudha *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A laboratory bioassay was conducted to investigate the antifeedant effect of Gomphrena serrata extracts on sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil) belongs to the family Curculionidae. Antifeedants are natural or synthetic compounds that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Gomphrena serrata- Amaranthacae family comprises many species which are used in nutrition and traditional folk medicine. Study was done to find the new active substance in the plant which could show antifeedant activity and compared with standard Strychnos nuxvomica. The extracts of both sample and standard were obtained by cold maceration process. The residue formed is collected and both the extracts were subjected to study the antifeedant activity. The activity is performed by dilution method and found to be showing the antifeedant activity. The primary objective of our work is simple and cost effective method to find out the active substance from natural resources. Indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides has led to problems such as the resurgence of primary pests, secondary pest’s outbreak, resistance development, insecticide residue, health hazards, environmental contamination and increased cost of insect control. So this study will be solution for these problems by utilizing plant’s bioactive molecules. Plants are the most efficient producers of phytochemicals in the environment, including secondary metabolites that are used by the plant in defence against insects. The secondary metabolites produced from Gomphrena serrata could be utilized in the development of new biopesticides. Keywords: Antifeedant Activity, Bioassay, Biopesticides, Secondary metabolites, Phytochemicals. INTRODUCTION A natural or synthetic substance that stops or inhibits feeding by a pest and especially an insect. Pesticides derived from plants such as neem tree, which act as antifeedant and replellants. Antifeedant are organic compounds produced by plants to inhibit attack by insects and grazing animals. These chemical compounds are typically classified as secondary metabolism in that they are not essential for the metabolism of the plant, but instead confer long. Antifeedant exhibit a wide range of activities and chemical structure as biopesticides. International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Research (IJPCR) ISSN: 2521-2206
- 2. Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49] 46 A family of about 65 genera and 900 species, Amaranthaceae are mostly distributed in tropical but also in temperate regions. About 18 genera and over 50 species have been reported from India. Some of the larger genera with the number of their approximately reported species and common names are Alternanthera (200, alligator weed), Gomphrena (100, globe amaranth), Iresine (80, gizzard plant), Amaranthus (60, pigweed), and Celosia (60, Celosia). Ornamental plants of the family known for their multicoloured foliage and beautiful inflorescence are Amaranthus caudatus (Foxtail), A. tricolor, A. salixifolius, Celosia cristata (cocks comb; white, purple or yellowishred panicles), Deeringia amaranthoides, Gomphrena globosa (globe amaranth), Iresine herbtsii (purplish-red foliage) and I. lindenii (red foliage). Edible plants of the family, of which the leaves and young shoots are used as vegetable are Amaranthus blitum (Amaranth or Chaulai), A. caudatus, A. hybridus, A. spinosus (Katili Chaulai), A. tricolor (Bari Chaulai), A. viridis, Celosia argenta and Digera muricata (Lehsua). Inflorescence paste of Achyranthes aspera (Latjeera or Chirchita) is used as an antidote against snake and scorpion bites [1]. In recent years, attempts are being made to identify plants, including herbs and weeds, for their insecticidal property with a view to find out suitable alternatives to replace hazardous synthetic pesticides utilized in large scale in India. Great emphasis is given on the use of natural products, which are non-toxic, safe and biodegradable alternative to the conventional control of insects by synthetic pesticides [2]. Phytochemical constituents have been separated from the genus Gomphrena i.e., oleuropein3, stigmasterol, βsitosterol, isochavicinic acid, campesterol, betalain, friedelin, 3–epi–friedelinol, allantoin, and chrysoeriol– 7–O–β–D–glucoside9. Ethnomedicinally, the genus Gomphrena has been documented various pharmacological activities including antimicrobial10, anticancer11, antimalarial12, and analgesic13.Therefore the current investigation had been carried out to study the morphological, microscopical, physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of the root of G. serrata with the purpose of contributing to the establishment of monograph [3]. The chemical and medicinal plant commonly known as Globe Amaranth constituents present in the herbal medicine or plants are or Bachelor Button, belongs to the family Amaranthaceae. the major part of the physiological functions of living flora It comprises approximately 120 species found in the and hence they are believed to have better compatibility America, Antartica and Indo-Malaysia. 46 species found with the human body. in Brazil [4]. Rice weevil Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) is a major pest of cereals like rice, sorghum, wheat, barley and maize both in field before harvest and in storage. The white apodous grub and the reddish brown adults are internal feeders and cause serious quantitative and qualitative losses to cereal grains. Owing to the advantages of the botanical the synthetic ones in stored produce insect pest management these are extensively studied. Different types of plant preparations such as powders, solvent extracts, essential oils and whole plants are being investigated for their insecticidal activity including their action as fumigants, repellants, anti-feedants, antiovipositants insect growth regulators. Considerable efforts have been made to control rice weevil using the plant derived insecticides. Srinivasan et al. (2003) reported that Calotrop is leaf extract recorded very low consumption rate besides exerting a significant effect on the survival of S. oryzae adults. Similarly Roy et al. (2005) showed leaf extract of Blumea lacera as botanical insecticides against lesser grain borer and rice weevil. Ethanol extract ofMelgota (Macaranga postulata) was used for repellency and insecticidal activity against the rice weevil (Rahman et al., 2007). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of medicinal plants in suppressing the rice weevil S. oryzae damage in stored rice [10]. METHODOLOGY The required plant sample was collected from waste lands, roadsides and dry sandy soil. It is collected and cleaned using water. The unwanted materials in the collected plant is removed. It is kept for drying under a
- 3. Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49] 47 shade for a couple of weeks. The whole plant is taken including the flowers, stem, leaf and root. The Nuxvomica seeds (standard) were collected and dried. The dried plant materials are then powdered into fine particles sieved to separate the larger particles and then weighed. The weighed plant powder was then kept for cold maceration for 24hrs at the ratio 1:5 that is 100g of sample and standard .Then to add 500ml water. We have used water because of the cost effective and economical. Mostly polar solvents are used because they can easily elute the compounds .After the maceration process it is filtered using a museline cloth .The filtrate is then heated and evaporated at 600c temperature .After the complete evaporation of the moisture content the residue is collected and weighed and stored in the cool place covered with aluminium foil. The rice weevil was collected for the antifeedant activity from the stored grains. Now the collected residue is mixed in water for the solubility test. We are using the dilution method for the antifeedant activity. As we are increasing the concentration of the sample. The dilution method is as follows to prepare the stock solution of sample. Take a volume of the residue and mix the same amount of water for example: We have 15.51 g of sample residue from this 5gm of sample and the remaing 5g for the stock solution and 5ml of water is added to it is taken for the solubility test and remaining 10g is used for the stock solution and 5.91g of standard residue was obtained. Then to take 0.97g for the solubility test and the remaing 5g for the stock solution and 5ml of water is added to it. To the 10gm of sample 10ml of water is added and 5g of standard 5ml of water is added. Now the stock solution is used for dividing the desired concentration as follows 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 that is 1ml of water in each petridish with 1,2,3,4,5ml of sample and standard .This is mixed with the vector or stored grain powder for example rice powder. After adding the desired concentration equal number of pest is added to each Petridis. To mix the concentration with rice powder use your hands with gloves. Make as a pressed ball and kept in hot air oven for 15min at 60 0 c. Takeout the mixture and powder it and place the equal number of pest. The pest inside the desired concentration are kept under observation in a time interval 1 hr, 2hrs, 3hrs, 4hrs, 5hrs, 6hrs, and 12hrs the number of pest alive and death is recorded in each time interval. The results are noted and tabulated. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The conventional extraction of sample (Gomphrena serrate) gave yield of 15.5g. Activity is performed by dilution method, the sample extract is divided into desired concentration(1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5) then Pest is collected and equal amount (10) of pest were introduced into desire concentration and different duration were tried. At 1:1 and 1:2 sample concentration pest counts were more when compared to the other concentrations in first two time interval. At 1:1 and 1:2 concentrations of pest count was reduced as time increased. At 1:5 concentration pest counts reduced in first time interval more than in other concentrations. After the 6th hour duration in 1:5 concentration pest counts reduced double the count of 1:1 concentration. The conventional extraction of sample (Gomphrena serrata) used to prove the antifeedant activity against the pests (rice weevil) by the dilution method .Maximum antifeedant activity of sample was found in 1:5 concentrations in 6 hours which is equal to that of standard. In conclusion we have developed in simple, safe, fast, clean, eco-friendly, cost effective and efficient isolation procedure for the proved the antifeedant activity of Gomphrena serrata.
- 4. Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49] 48 Table 1: Standard Concentration S.NoNo.of Pest (Rice Weevil) Time Intervals(Hrs) No.Of Pest Dead(Standard) Concentration 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 01 10 1 7 8 10 10 10 02 10 2 8 8 10 10 10 03 10 3 8 9 10 10 10 04 10 4 10 10 10 10 10 05 10 5 10 10 10 10 10 06 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 Table 2: Sample Concentration S.No No.of.Pest(Rice Weevil) Time Intervels(Hrs) No of pest dead(sample) Concentration 1:1 1:2 1:3 1:4 1:5 01 10 1 0 1 2 3 5 02 10 2 1 2 3 4 6 03 10 3 2 3 3 4 9 04 10 4 2 4 4 5 9 05 10 5 3 5 5 6 10 06 10 6 4 6 6 7 10 CONCLUSION Plant-based pesticides have been used as pesticides from ancient time. To control insects, the use of conventional pesticides introduces many risks to the environment. Plant origin products with insecticidal properties have been tried for controlling of variety of insects. The present investigation was carried out to find out the bio- active potentials of this test plant for its possible use in agriculture. For this purpose, the three stored product pests were used as the test organisms. Compared to HPLC method this is done in low cost and simple method used to isolate active ingredients from the natural resources. In conclusion, we have developed a simple, safe, fast, clean, eco-friendly, cost effective and efficient extraction procedure for the detection of antifeedant activity. The maximum antifeedant activity is shown by Gomphrena serrata at the concentration 1:5 in 6 hours. The procedure can be used as a standard protocol for the above experiment. REFERENCES [1]. A Review of Gomphrena serrata Nandini K N*1, Palaksha M N1, Gnanasekaran D1,Dept.of Pharmacology, Bharathi college of Pharmacy, Bharathi Nagara 571422. [2]. Antifeedant activity, developmental indices and morphogenetic variations of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura (Fab) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) S. Arivoli * and Samuel Tennyson. Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632 115, Tamil Nadu, India. [3]. Pharmacognostic Evaluation Of Gomphrena Serrata Root DSNBK Prasanth, M Mohini Prasanna, M Priyanka, N Neelot Pala, P Bhagya Lakshmi, Y Mounika, A Lakshmana Rao Department of Pharmacognosy, V.V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, Indiva. [4]. Biological Potential and Phytopharmacological Screening of Gomphrena Species Muhammad Ilyas, Arsia Tarnamand Nargis Begum department of botany jamal mohamed college, tiruchirapalli
- 5. Sudha S et al / Int. J. of Pharmacology and Clin. Research Vol-3(1) 2019 [45-49] 49 Department Of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, P. Box. No.808, 7, Race Course Road, Khajanagar, Tiruchirapalli-620 020, India. [5]. Pharmacognostic Study of Gomphrena Serrata stem D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth*, M. Mohini Prasanna, M. Priyanka, N. Neelothpala, P. Bhagya Lakshmi, Y. Mounika, A. Lakshmana Rao Department of Pharmacognosy, V. V. Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gudlavalleru, Andhra Pradesh, India. [6]. Effects of Several Plant Leaves on Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Productivity and Stored Rice Qualities Nur Aida Hashim1,*, Nurul Nadia Samsuddin2, Khadijah Saad3, Vu Thanh Tu Anh41 School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences (ISSN: 2321 1571) Volume 05 Issue 03, June 2017 [7]. Antifeedant and Repellent Effects of Extracts of Three Plants from Córdoba (Argentina) Against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Adriana I. Viglianco1, Ricardo J. Novo1, Clara I. Cragnolini1, Mirta Nassetta2 E Alicia Cavallo1 1Departamento de Protección Vegetal. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. C.C. 509, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. [8]. Biological Control Of Rice Weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) In Stored Milled Rice By The Extracts Of Mintweed, Kitchen Mint And Kaffir Lime Saowanee Buatone A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology ,Suranaree University of Technology. [9]. Effects of the Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract on the Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) R. Nalini*, D.S. Rajavel and A. Geetha Department of Agricultural Entomology Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625 104 Tamil Nadu. [10]. Pesticidal Properties on the Leaf Extracts of Strychnos-Nux-Vomica Plant [11]. Mity Thambi1, Tom Cherian 1Department of Chemistry, Catholicate College, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. 2Department of Chemistry, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India. [12]. Efficacy of two plant extracts on rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L.A. B. M. S. Hasnat, S.N. Reza1, M. S. Ullah and Masum Ahmad Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. [13]. Safety Of Ec Formulations of Strychnus nux-vomica Extracts to Trichogramma chilonis IShII and Chrysoperla zastrowi silemi Esben-Petersen C Selvaraj*, J S Kennedy and M Suganthy Department of Agricultural Entomology Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu. [14]. Insect Antifeedants, Pterocarpans and Pterocarpol, in Heartwood of Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kruz.Masanori Morimoto, Hiromi Fukumoto, Masaru Hiratani, Warinthorn Chavasiri, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University. [15]. Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Gomphrena Serrata Root, Prasanth, D., M. Prasanna, P. M, N. Pala, P. Lakshmi, M. Y, and A. Rao. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(4), 2017. [16]. Antifeedant Activity of Ginkgobiloba Secondary Metabolites against Hyphantria cunea Larvae: Mechanisms and Applications, LongPan, LiliRen, FangChen, YuqianFeng, Youqing Luo* [17]. Key Laboratory for Silvi culture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.