Apache hadoop, hdfs and map reduce Overview

Apache Hadoop, HDFS and MapReduce Overview
Nisanth Simon

Agenda

Motivation behind Hadoop
− A different approach to Distributed computing
− Map Reduce paradigm- in general

Hadoop Overview
− Hadoop distributed file system
− Map Reduce Engine
− Map Reduce Framework

Walk thru First MR job

Data Explosion

Modern systems has to deal with far more data than in
the past. Many organizations are generating data at a rate
of terabytes per day.
Facebook – over 15Pb of data
eBay – over 5Pb of data
Telecom Industry

Hardware improvements through the years...

CPU Speeds:
− 1990 - 44 MIPS at 40 MHz
− 2000 - 3,561 MIPS at 1.2 GHz
− 2010 - 147,600 MIPS at 3.3 GHz

RAM Memory
− 1990 – 640K conventional memory (256K extended memory recommended)
− 2000 – 64MB memory
− 2010 - 8-32GB (and more)

Disk Capacity
− 1990 – 20MB
− 2000 - 1GB
− 2010 – 1TB

Disk Latency (speed of reads and writes) – not much improvement in last 7-10 years, currently around 70 –
80MB / sec

How long it will take to read 1TB of data?

1TB (at 80Mb / sec):
− 1 disk - 3.4 hours
− 10 disks - 20 min
− 100 disks - 2 min
− 1000 disks - 12 sec

Distributed Data Processing is the answer!

Distributed computing is not new

HPC and Grid computing
− Move data to computation- Network bandwidth becomes a bottleneck; compute nodes
idle

Works well for compute intensive jobs
− Exchanging data requires synchronization– very tricky
− Scalability is programmer’s responsibility

Will require change in job implementation

Hadoop’s approach
− Move computation to data- data locality, conserves network bandwidth
− Shared nothing Architecture- no dependencies between tasks
− Communication between nodes in frameworks responsibility
− Designed for scalability

Adding increased load to a system should not cause outright failure, but a
graceful decline

Increasing resources should support a proportional increase in load capacity

Without modifying the job implementation

Map Reduce Paradigm

Calculate the number of occurrences of each word in this book
− Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, Third Edition

623 Pages

Apache

A scalable fault-tolerant distributed system for data storage and processing
(open source under the Apache license).
− Meant for heterogeneous commodity hardware

Inspired by Google technologies
− MapReduce
− Google file system

Originally built to address scalability problems of Nutch, an open source Web
search technology
− Developed by Douglass Read Cutting (Doug cutting)

Core Hadoop has two main systems:
− Hadoop Distributed File System: self-healing high-bandwidth clustered
storage.
− MapReduce: distributed fault-tolerant resource management and scheduling
coupled with a scalable data programming abstraction.

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS)
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a distributed file system designed
to run on commodity hardware.
HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost
hardware.
HDFS provides high throughput access to application data and is suitable for
applications that have large data sets.

HDFS Architecture – Master/Slaves

NameNode(Master)

Manages the file system namespace
− Maintains file system tree and meta data for all files/directories in the tree

Maps blocks to DataNodes, filenames, etc
− Two persistent files (namespace image and edit log) plus additional in-memory data

Safemode - Read only state, no modification to HDFS allowed
− Single point of failure. Name node loss renders file system inaccessible

Hadoop V1 has no built-in failover mechanism for NameNode
− Coordinates access to DataNodes but data never goes on NameNode

Centralizes and manages file system metadata in memory
− Metadata size limited to available RAM of NameNode.
− Bias toward modest number of large files, not large number of small files (where metadata can
grow too sizeable)
− NameNode will crash if it runs out of RAM

DataNode (Slave)
•
Files on HDFS are chopped into blocks and stored on
DataNodes
• Size of blocks is configurable
• Different blocks from the same file are stored on different
DataNodes if possible
•
Performs block creation, deletions, and replication as
instructed by NameNode
•
Serves read and write requests to clients

HDFS user interfacesHDFS user interfaces
•
HDFS Web UI for NameNode and DataNodes
• NameNode front page is at http://localhost:50070 (default configuration of a
Hadoop in pseudo-distributed mode)
• Distributed File System Browser (read only)
• Display basic cluster statistics
•
Hadoop shell commands
• $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfs –ls /user/biadmin
• $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfs –chown hdfs:biadmin /user/hdfs
• $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop dfsadmin –report
•
Programmatic interface
• HDFS Java API: http://hadoop.apache.org/core/docs/current/api/
• C wrapper over java APIs

HDFS Commands
Download the Airline Dataset
– stat-computing.org/dataexpo/2009/1987.csv.bz2
•
Creating a directory in HDFS
– hadoop fs –mkdir /user/hadoop/dir1
– hadoop fs -mkdir hdfs://nn1.example.com/user/hadoop/dir
hdfs://nn2.example.com/user/hadoop/dir
•
Delete a directory in HDFS
– hadoop fs -rm hdfs://nn.example.com/file
– hadoop fs -rmr /user/hadoop/dir
– hadoop fs -rmr hdfs://nn.example.com/user/hadoop/dir
•
List a directory
– hadoop fs -ls /user/hadoop/file1

HDFS Commands
Copy a file to HDFS file
– hadoop fs -put localfile /user/hadoop/hadoopfile
– hadoop fs -put localfile1 localfile2 /user/hadoop/hadoopdir
– hadoop fs -put localfile hdfs://nn.example.com/hadoop/hadoopfile
•
Copy file in HDFS
– hadoop fs -cp /user/hadoop/file1 /user/hadoop/file2
•
Copy from Local File system to HDFS
– hadoop fs -copyFromLocal /opt/1987.csv
•
Copy from HDFS to Local File System
– hadoop fs –copyToLocal /user/nis/1987.csv /opt/res.csv
•
Display a content of a file
– hadoop fs –cat /user/nis/1987.csv

Hadoop MapReduce Engine
•
Framework which enables writing applications to process multi-terabyte
of data in-parallel on large clusters (thousands of nodes) of commodity
hardware
•
A clean abstraction for programmers
• No need to deal with internals of large scale computing
• Implement just Mapper and Reducer functions- most of the times
• Implement in the language you comfortable with
–
Java (assembly language for Hadoop)
–
With hadoop streaming, you can run any shell utility as mapper and reducer
–
Hadoop pipes to support implementation of mapper and reducer in C++.
•
Automatic parallelization & distribution
• Divides the job into tasks (map and reduce task)
• Schedules submitted jobs
• Schedules tasks as close to data as possible
• Monitors task progress
•
Fault-tolerance
• Re-execute failed or slow task instances.

MapReduce Architecture- Master/Slaves
•
Single master (JobTracker) controls job execution on multiple slaves (TaskTrackers).
•
JobTracker
• Accepts MapReduce jobs submitted by clients
• Pushes map and reduce tasks out to TaskTracker nodes
• Keeps the work as physically close to data as possible
• Monitors tasks and TaskTracker status
•
TaskTracker
• Runs map and reduce tasks; Reports status to JobTracker
• Manages storage and transmission of intermediate output
JobTracker
TaskTracker TaskTracker TaskTrackerTaskTracker
JobClient
clusterMaster node
Slave node 1

Map Reduce Family
•
Job – A MapReduce job is a unit of work that the client wants to
perform. It consists of the input data, output location the
MapReduce program, and configuration information.
•
Task – Hadoop runs the job by dividing it into tasks, of which there
are two types: map tasks and reduce tasks.
•
Task Attempt – A particular instance of an attempt to execute a
task on a machine
•
Input Split - Hadoop divides the input to a MapReduce job into
fixed-size pieces called inputsplits, or just splits.
• Default split size == Block size for the input
• Number of map task == no of splits of job’s input

Map Reduce Family…
•
Record – the unit of data from an input split, on which Map task
runs the user defined mapper function.
•
InputFormat - Hadoop can process many different types of data
formats, from flat text files to databases. This guy help’s hadoop in
dividing job’s input into Splits and interpret records from a split.
• File based InputFormat
•
Text Input Format
•
Binary Input Format
• DataBase InputFormat
•
OutputFormat – This guy helps hadoop writing job’s output to
specified output location. There are corresponding output formats
for each Inputformat.

How data flows in a map reduce job

Some more members …
•
Partitioner - Partitioner partitions the key space.
• Determines the destination Reducer task for intermediate map output.
• Number of partitions is equal to Number of Reduce task.
• HashPartitioner used by default
•
Uses key.hashCode() to return partition num
•
Combiner – Reduces the data transferred between MAP and REDUCE
tasks
• Takes outputs of multiple MAP functions and combines it into single input to
REDUCE function
• Example
•
Map task output - (BB, 1), (Apple,1), (Android,1), (Apple,1), (iOS,1),(iOS,1),(RHEL,1),
(Windows,1),(BB,1)
•
Combiner output – (BB,2),(Apple,2),(MicroSoft,1),(iOS,2),(RHEL,1),(Windows,1)

Word Count Mapper
public static class WordCountMapper extends MapReduceBase
implements Mapper<LongWritable, Text, Text, IntWritable> {
private final static IntWritable one = new IntWritable(1);
private Text word = new Text();
public void map(LongWritable key, Text value,
OutputCollector<Text, IntWritable> output,
Reporter reporter) throws IOException {
String line = value.toString();
StringTokenizer itr = new StringTokenizer(line);
while (itr.hasMoreTokens()) {
word.set(itr.nextToken());
output.collect(word, one);
} } }

Word count Reducer
public static class WordCountReducer extends MapReduceBase
implements Reducer<Text, IntWritable, Text, IntWritable> {
public void reduce(Text key, Iterator<IntWritable> values,
OutputCollector<Text, IntWritable> output,
Reporter reporter) throws IOException {
int sum = 0;
while (values.hasNext()) {
sum += values.next().get();
}
output.collect(key, new IntWritable(sum));
} }

Prepare and Submit job
public class WordCountJob {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
JobConf conf = new JobConf(WordCount.class);
// specify input and output dirs
FileInputFormat.addInputPath(conf, new Path("input"));
FileOutputFormat.addOutputPath(conf, new Path("output"));
// specify output types
conf.setOutputKeyClass(Text.class);
conf.setOutputValueClass(IntWritable.class);
//InputFormat and OutputFormat
conf.setInputFormat(TextInputFormat.class);
conf.setOutputFormat(TextOutputFormat.class);
conf.setMapperClass(WordCountMapper.class); // specify a mapper
conf.setReducerClass(WordCountReducer.class); // specify a reducer
conf.setCombinerClass(WordCountReducer.class);
conf.setNumberOfReducer(2); //Number of reducer
JobClient.runJob(conf); // Submit the job to Job Tracker
}}

Complete Picture
TaskTrackers (compute
nodes) and DataNodes co-
locate
= high aggregate
bandwidth across cluster

Apache hadoop, hdfs and map reduce Overview

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