Api crash
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This document provides an overview of APIs, including what they are, why they are useful, common data formats like JSON and XML, RESTful API design principles, and how to consume and create APIs. It discusses API concepts like resources, HTTP verbs, caching, authentication, and error handling. It also provides examples of consuming APIs with tools like Postman and creating a simple API in Node.js.
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The document introduces the Alloy Cache design which avoids tag serialization and keeps tags and data in the same DRAM row for lower latency. It also proposes a Memory Access Predictor to selectively use parallel or serial access models for the lowest latency. Simulation results show Alloy Cache with a predictor outperforms previous designs like SRAM-Tags. The design achieves most of the potential latency benefits with a simple approach.
Directory based cache coherence
Directory based cache coherenceHoang Nguyen The document discusses non-uniform cache architectures (NUCA), cache coherence, and different implementations of directories in multicore systems. It describes NUCA designs that map data to banks based on distance from the controller to exploit non-uniform access times. Cache coherence is maintained using directory-based protocols that track copies of cache blocks. Directories can be implemented off-chip in DRAM or on-chip using duplicate tag stores or distributing the directory among cache banks. Examples of systems like SGI Origin2000 and Tilera Tile64 that use these techniques are also outlined.
Cache recap
Cache recapHoang Nguyen The document discusses memory hierarchy and caching techniques. It begins by explaining the need for a memory hierarchy due to differing access times of memory technologies like SRAM, DRAM, and disk. It then covers concepts like cache hits, misses, block size, direct mapping, set associativity, compulsory misses, capacity misses, and conflict misses. Finally, it discusses using a second-level cache to reduce memory access times by capturing misses from the first-level cache.
Python your new best friend
Python your new best friendHoang Nguyen This document provides an introduction to Python programming for astronomers. It discusses:
- Setting up the Python environment and selecting the correct version (2.6/2.7 vs 3.x)
- Why Python is popular for astronomy (free, packages like CASA are in Python)
- Getting started with Python scripts and the Python interpreter
- Important syntax aspects like indentation, importing modules, and creating functions
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Python language data types
Python language data typesHoang Nguyen This document provides an introduction to the Python language and discusses Python data types. It covers how to install Python, interact with the Python interpreter through command line and IDLE modes, and learn basic Python parts like data types, operators, functions, and control structures. The document discusses numeric, string, and other data types in Python and how to manipulate them using built-in functions and operators. It also introduces Python library modules and the arcpy package for geoprocessing in ArcGIS.
Python basics
Python basicsHoang Nguyen A program is a sequence of instructions that are run by the processor. To run a program, it must be compiled into binary code and given to the operating system. The OS then gives the code to the processor to execute. Functions allow code to be reused by defining operations and optionally returning values. Strings are sequences of characters that can be manipulated using indexes and methods. Common string methods include upper() and concatenation using +.
Programming for engineers in python
Programming for engineers in pythonHoang Nguyen This document provides an agenda and notes for a programming lecture. The lecture covers sample problems, hash functions and dictionaries, simulating a car, functions as arguments, checking Fermat's Last Theorem, cumulative sums, estimating e and pi through Taylor expansions, finding words with triple double letters, PyGame for game development, and developing a single-player and two-player car game in PyGame. The document includes code examples and references to further resources.
Learning python
Learning pythonHoang Nguyen Python is a multi-paradigm programming language that is object-oriented, imperative and functional. It is dynamically typed, with support for complex data types like lists and strings. Python code is commonly written and executed using the interactive development environment IDLE.
Extending burp with python
Extending burp with pythonHoang Nguyen 1. Burp extensions can overcome web application hurdles through the Burp API. Interfaces like IMessageEditorTab and ITab allow creating new views of requests and responses, while processHTTPMessage and doPassiveScan can automate tasks by catching and rewriting traffic.
2. Examples include decoding custom encodings, signing requests, viewing unique response headers, and passively scanning for encoded values in cookies. Common problems are solved with minimal Python coding against the Burp API.
Cobol, lisp, and python
Cobol, lisp, and pythonHoang Nguyen The document provides information on three programming languages: COBOL, LISP, and Python. COBOL was released in 1959 and was used for 80% of business transactions due to its reliability. LISP was the second high-level language created in 1958 and introduced innovations like garbage collection and recursion using linked lists. Python was developed in the 1990s and prioritizes readability through features like whitespace and a simple grammar.
Object oriented programming using c++
Object oriented programming using c++Hoang Nguyen Object-oriented programming uses abstraction and encapsulation through abstract data types (ADTs). An ADT defines a data type and its interface independently of its implementation. This allows information hiding and modular program design. Common languages like C++, Java, and Ruby support ADTs through classes or modules, which package data with methods, support inheritance and polymorphism, and provide visibility control through private/public access specifiers. Parameterized ADTs allow a data type to work with different element types. Namespaces and packages provide separate scopes to avoid naming conflicts.
Object oriented analysis
Object oriented analysisHoang Nguyen Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) emphasizes investigating requirements rather than solutions, and conceptual solutions that fulfill requirements rather than implementations. OOAD focuses on identifying domain concepts and defining software objects and how they collaborate. The unified process model includes inception, elaboration, construction, and transition phases with iterations and milestones leading to final product releases. Main OO concepts are encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Object model
Object modelHoang Nguyen The document discusses the key elements of the object model, including abstraction, encapsulation, modularity, and hierarchy. It explains that abstraction is one of the fundamental ways to cope with complexity in software design. Abstraction focuses on the essential characteristics of an object that distinguish it from other objects, from the perspective of the viewer. The object model provides a conceptual framework for object-oriented programming that is based on these elements.
Data structures and algorithms
Data structures and algorithmsHoang Nguyen The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs), specifically queues. It defines a queue as a linear collection where elements are added to one end and removed from the other end, following a first-in, first-out (FIFO) approach. The key queue operations are enqueue, which adds an element, and dequeue, which removes the element that has been in the queue longest. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
Data abstraction the walls
Data abstraction the wallsHoang Nguyen The document discusses abstract data types (ADTs) and their implementation in C++. It describes how ADTs use encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism to separate a data structure from its implementation. This allows operations on a data type to be defined independently of how its data is stored. The document also covers how C++ classes can be used to implement ADTs by bundling related data and functions into objects that hide their underlying representations. Exceptions are discussed as a mechanism for handling errors during program execution.
Data abstraction and object orientation
Data abstraction and object orientationHoang Nguyen This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides historical context on the development of these concepts over time in languages like Simula67, Smalltalk, C++, Java, and others. Key aspects covered include data abstraction, abstract data types, classes, inheritance hierarchies, visibility rules, constructors and destructors, virtual functions, and multiple inheritance.
Classes and data abstraction
Classes and data abstractionHoang Nguyen 1. The document discusses separating a class interface from its implementation by defining the class in a header file and defining member functions in a source code file.
2. It shows a Time class defined in the time1.h header file and member functions defined in the time1.cpp source file.
3. A driver program includes the header file, creates a Time object, and calls member functions to demonstrate the separation of interface and implementation.
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- 1. OUTLINE • What is an API? • Why are API’s useful? • What is HTTP? JSON? XML? • What is a RESTful API? • How do we consume an API? • How do we create an API? API’s are available from many large websites and businesses
- 2. WHAT IS AN API? • API = Application Programming Interface • You use API’s all the time. Scanner class Java • Web API: A set of methods exposed over the web via HTTP to allow programmatic access to applications. • Allows you to quickly add functionality/data that others have created. • Very similar to how a web page works
- 3. WHY API’S ARE USEFUL • Abstraction / DRY Principle • Less data transfer • Can be implemented or consumed in almost any language • Can expose some methods to public developers • Allows frontend developers and backend developers to agree on a common interface
- 4. HTTP, JSON, XML • Three important technologies that are often used by API’s • HTTP: Hyper text transfer protocol, transfers data over a network • GET : Read • POST : Create • PUT : Update • PATCH : Partial Update • DELETE : Delete • JSON: JavaScript Object Notation, a format for data transfer • {“key”: “value”, “key2”:{“subkey”: 2, “error”: false}} • XML: EXtensible Markup Language: a format for data transfer • Designed to be human and machine readable <?PHP json_decode(‘{“key”:true}’); ?>
- 5. WHAT IS A RESTFUL API? • Uniform Interface • Resources (Nouns) URI’s that HTTP Verbs act on. The uniform interface allows Client / Server to evolve independently. • Stateless • Ever have back button issues? Stateless does not care what order requests are made in. • Cacheable • Client-Server • Separation, client should not manage database, server should not manage UI. • Layered System • Can uses layered system, cache, middle ware, load balancing, redundancy etc. https://api.example.com/v1/resource/identifier/relation?filtersortParams=value GitHub's API lets you star a gist with PUT /gists/:id/star and unstar with DELETE /gists/:id/star.
- 6. HOW TO CONSUME AN API • Firefox: RESTClient • Chrome: Postman • Online: https://www.hurl.it/ • Examples: • http://nflarrest.com/api/v1/team • http://buscentral.herokuapp.com/suggestions POST (Feedback, message) or GET • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suHY8dLKzCU
- 7. HOW DO DESIGN AN API • Gather requirements from stakeholders • Create use cases, and decide the functionality needed • Think skeptically, make sure you explore your options • Think ahead, make a flexible system • Easy To learn and use, even without documentation • Hard to misuse • Easy to read and maintain code that uses it • Sufficiently powerful to satisfy requirements and Appropriate to audience • Easy to evolve (Use arrays for example) Rules for a good API
- 8. CREATING A SIMPLE API • You can use any hostable language with a HTTP library (Almost all of them) • Decide your resources, then decide the verbs. • Useful to wireframe the UI at this stage • Connect to persistent data store • Remember the principles of REST • Example in Node.JS: https://github.com/PatrickMurphy/VoteSmart
- 9. ADVANCED TOPICS • Use API Keys • pass as a parameter • Rate Limiting • Headers • X-Rate-Limit-Limit - The number of allowed requests in the current period • X-Rate-Limit-Remaining - The number of remaining requests in the current period • X-Rate-Limit-Reset - The number of seconds left in the current period • Authentication • A REST API should be stateless, send auth with every request • Use ssl, send auth username and base64 password over authentication header • Caching • HTTP Provides this! • Last-Modified header • Etag header, hash or checksum, If-None-Match: “etag” • Errors • { "code" : 1234, "message" : "Something bad happened :(", "description" : "More details about the error here" } • Send HTTP Status 400 level • 401 unauthorized • 403 forbidden • 404 not found • 405 method not allowed • 410 gone (depreciated) • 422 Unprocessable entity (validation) • 429 Too many requests (Rate limit)