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Application of Proteomic Science and Immunotherapeutics.pptx
- 1. 1 Dr. Rajendra Gode Institute of Pharmacy, Amravati “ Application of Proteomic Science & Immunotherapeutics” Presented by Shraddha S. Raut M. Pharm (Pharmacology) Guided by Prof. Shubhangi Bhagat M. Pharm (Pharmacology)
- 2. Contents Introduction Genomics Proteomics Metabolomics Functionomics Nutrigenomics Immunotherapeutics Types of Immunotherapeutics Humanized Antibody therapy Immunotherapeutics in clinical practice 2
- 3. Introduction 3 • Proteomic tools Proteomic tools are methods used to study the structure, function and interactions of proteins in biological system. • Importance of Proteomic Tools 1. To identify and validate targets for drug discovery 2. To monitor drug responses 3. To personalize therapies
- 4. 4 Genome : It is a complete set of gene in an organism. Gene + Non-coding DNA + Genetic material of mitochondria Genomics It is an interdisciplinary branch of science which deals with study of structure, comparison, function and evaluation of genome. • It studies the expression of genes to produce proteins along with sequencing and analysis of genome. Genomics
- 5. 5 Types of Genomics Functional genomics Structural genomics Comparative genomics Epigenomics Metagenomics • Application of Genomics Biotechnology Conservation of species
- 7. 7 Proteome : It is a complete set of protein in an organism. • It is derived from genome by gene expression. • It differs from cell-to-cell and time-to-time. Proteomics It involves identification and analysis of total protein of an individual. It also provides direct measure of quantity present. Proteomics
- 9. 9 • Application of Proteomics 1) To understand structure and function of different proteins 2) To understand protein-protein interaction 3) To detect defect in protein structure, function or expression pattern 4) Useful in identifying biomarkers that may be used to diagnose disease 5) Plays important role in drug development process
- 10. 10 Metabolome : All metabolites of cell, tissue, organ or organism. Metabolomics It is a scientific study of metabolome or chemical processes involving metabolites. • It involves study of biological fluid to analyze changes in metabolite and corelate with disease development. • GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy is used. Metabolomics
- 11. 11 Types of metabolites In Human In Plants • Endogenous metabolites • Exogenous metabolites • Primary metabolites • Secondary metabolites • Application of Metabolomics 1) Disease diagnosis 2) Toxicity assessment 3) In functional genomics 4) Environmental metabolomics
- 12. 12 • It is a field that deals with creating a unique profile of vital functions of an individual. • It is also called as “Fingerprinting of vital functions of an individual.” Unique profile used to predict the future aspects of health, disease and lifespan of an individual Functionomics
- 13. 13 • Application of Functionomics 1) To understand function of genes 2) To measure molecular activities 3) To study the arterial function, fitness, metabolism and ANS of the person under investigation and then compare it with normal person of same age and gender.
- 14. 14 Nutriome : Ideal combination of micronutrients and their doses that promotes stability to genome and DNA. Nutrigenomics • It is a branch of genomics which studies the influence of genetic variation on nutrition nutrients on gene • It deals with correlation of gene expression with absorption, metabolism and elimination of nutrients. • It gives the concept of “personalized nutrition.” Nutrigenomics
- 15. 15 • Examples of Nutrigenomics 1) Lactose intolerance 2) Phenylketonuria 3) Caffeine
- 16. 16 • Application of Nutrigenomics 1) Obesity - Used to take preventive measures to treat and manage obesity. 2) Cancer - Prevent DNA damage and cancer development 3) Anti-ageing - Prevent premature ageing of cell 4) Used for prevention of disease 5) It develops neuroprotective mechanism 6) It helps to classify genes that trigger diet-related disease
- 17. Immunotherapeutics 17 Agents that are used to either activate or suppress the immune response are called as Immunotherapeutics. • And therapy is termed as Immunotherapy which works by 3 different mechanism 1. Non-specific activation of body’s immune system 2. Specific activation of immune cells 3. Supplementation of immune system with immune products
- 18. 18 Types of Immunotherapeutics Monoclonal antibodies Fusion protein Recombinant Cytokine Soluble Cytokine receptor Cellular therapies 1 2 3 4 5
- 19. 19 1) Monoclonal antibodies • It bound to same epitope of an antigen. • These are produced by immune cells which are clones of unique parent cell by Hybridoma technology. • Types : Murine antibody Chimeric antibody Humanized antibody Fully Humanized antibody
- 20. 20 2) Fusion Proteins • Two or more genes encoding for different proteins are fused to form fusion protein . • Also called as chimeric or hybrid protein. • These are made by rDNA technology. • Purpose : To incorporate desirable properties of two or more proteins in a single protein molecule. • Examples : Etanercept Aflibercept
- 21. 21 3) Recombinant Cytokines • Cytokines are small proteins which plays key role in cell communication and cell signaling. • Cytokines includes Chemokines, Interferons, Interleukins and Lymphokines which are released by immune cells. • Theses are made by rDNA technology and use to stimulate immune response. • Example : Interferons Interleukins
- 22. 22 4) Soluble Cytokine receptors • These agents bind to circulating cytokines and prevent its binding to their actual receptors located on immune cells and prevent activation of immune system. • These are made by rDNA technology. • Ex : Anakinra 5) Cellular therapy • In this immune cells are isolated (Leukapheresis) and then activated by incubating with antigen and colony stimulating factor. • The activated immune cells are returned to human to attack on antigen. • Ex : Sipuleucel-T
- 23. 23 Humanization Antibody Therapy • Antibody : Protein used by immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects.
- 25. 25 Humanization of antibody therapy • It is the process of removing mice antigenic portion from monoclonal antibody and replacing with human variants is called as humanization of antibody. • Such antibodies are called as Humanized antibody. • Monoclonal antibodies are produced by one type of parent cell using Hybridoma technology. • Humanized antibodies are produced by using rDNA technology.
- 26. 26
- 27. 27 Examples of Humanized antibodies with their Uses
- 28. 28 Immunotherapeutics in Clinical practices 1. Immunotherapy in Cancer treatment • Identifying targets Scientists are discovering new targets on cancer cells that can be exploited by immunotherapy, leading to more effective treatment options. • Combination therapies Combining different types of immunotherapies with other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation can lead to synergistic effects, improving outcomes for patients. • Increasing survival rates Immunotherapeutics have shown promising results in improving long-term survival rates in various types of cancer, offering new hope and extended quality of life for patients.
- 29. 29 2. Immunotherapy in Autoimmune disorder • Immunotherapy is not only transforming cancer treatment but also providing novel approaches to manage autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus. • By modulating the immune response, immunotherapies can help reduce disease symptoms and improve patients' quality of life.
- 30. 30 3. Immunostimulant • To boost immune system Ex. Bacillus Calmette Guerin • To stimulate bone marrow to make WBCs for treatment of neutropenia. Ex. Sargramostin 3. Immunosuppressant • Organ transplantation • Selective immunosuppression • Severe inflammatory bowel diseases
- 31. 31 References 1) A Text Book of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology by Dr. Sahu and Dr. Tiwari,1st edition, Nirali Prakashan, Pg no. 4.9 - 4.14 2) Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 8th Edition by KD Tripathi, Pg no. 937-945
- 32. T H A N K Y O U 32 Any questions