Applied Linguistics.pptx
- 1. Applied Linguistics Lecture 1: An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Dr. Hanan Abdulqader Faculty of Arts Department of English
- 2. 2 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Main issues of this Lecture • What is linguistics? • What is the relation between linguistics and applied linguistics? How do they differ? • What is applied linguistics? • When did applied linguistics develop as an independent area of study? • What are the main areas of concern of applied linguistics? • What will this course focus on? How is this course organised?
- 3. 3 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Linguistics? • Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Linguists do work on specific languages, but their primary goal is to understand the nature of Language in general. • Linguistics is primarily concerned with the nature of language and communication. There are broadly three aspects to the study, including language form, language meaning, and language use in discursive and communicative contexts.
- 4. 4 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Linguistics? • Linguistics deals with the study of particular languages, and the search for general properties common to all languages or large groups of languages.
- 5. 5 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Some questions linguistics tries to answer • What distinguishes human language from other animal communication systems? • What features are common to all human languages? • How are the modes of linguistic communication (speech, writing, sign language of the deaf) related to each other?
- 6. 6 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Some questions linguistics tries to answer • How is language related to other types of human behaviour? • What is language and how is it organized? • How is it analysed? How are its units discovered and tested, etc.
- 7. 7 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Branches of linguistics LINGUISTICS Pragmatics Phonology Phonetics Morphology Syntax Semantics
- 8. 8 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Interdisciplinary Linguistics? Interdisciplinary studies involve two or more academic disciplines which are considered distinct. The most common interdisciplinary branches of Linguistics are: • Historical Linguistics, • Sociolinguistics, • Psycholinguistics, • Ethnolinguistics or Anthropological Linguistics, • Computational Linguistics, • Neurolinguistics.
- 9. 9 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics: When did it all begin? • The term Applied Linguistics (AL) is an Anglo- American coinage. • It was founded first at the University of Edinburgh School of Applied Linguistics in 1956. • Then at the Center of Applied Linguistics in Washington D.C. in 1957. • It was largely taken for granted in the 1960s and 1970s that applied linguistics was about language teaching.
- 10. 10 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Applied Linguistics? (1/4) • Applied Linguistics entails using what we know about language, about how it is used, and about how it is learned in order to solve some problem in the real world. • Applied Linguistics uses language-related research in a wide variety of fields (e.g. language acquisition, language teaching, literacy, gender studies, language policy, speech therapy, discourse analysis, censorship, workplace communication, media studies, translation, lexicography, forensic linguistics).
- 11. 11 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Applied Linguistics? (2/4) “AL is the utilisation of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.” (Corder, 1974, p. 24)
- 12. 12 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Applied Linguistics? (3/4) “Applied Linguistics is using what we know about (a) language, (b) how it is learned, and (c) how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world” (Schmitt & Celce-Murcia, 2002, p. 1).
- 13. 13 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is Applied Linguistics? (4/4) “The focus of applied linguistics is on trying to resolve language-based problems that people encounter in the real world, whether they be learners, teachers, supervisors, academics, lawyers, service providers, those who need social services, test takers, policy developers, dictionary makers, translators, or a whole range of business clients.” (Grabe, 2002, p. 9).
- 14. 14 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Defining characteristics of Applied Linguistics • Autonomous, multidisciplinary and problem solving: uses and draws on theory from other related fields concerned with language and generates its own theory in order to find solutions to language related problems and issues in the real world. • Practical concerns have an important role in shaping the questions that AL will address. • Language related problems concern learners, teachers, academics, lawyers, translators, test takers, service providers, etc.
- 15. 15 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What problems are related to language? Problems related to: • language learning, • language teaching, • literacy, • language contact (language & culture), • language policy and planning, • language assessment, • language use, • language and technology, • translation and interpretation, • language pathology.
- 16. 16 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics A sample of questions Applied Linguistics addresses • How can we teach languages better? • How can we diagnose speech pathologies better? • How can we improve the training of translators? • How can we develop valid language examinations?
- 17. 17 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics A sample of questions Applied Linguistics addresses • How can we determine the literacy levels of a population? • What advice can we give the ministry of education on proposals to introduce a new teaching method? • What advice can we give a defence lawyer on the authenticity of a police transcript of an interview with a suspect?
- 18. 18 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is the relationship between AL and other language related disciplines? • Applied linguistics occupies an intermediary, mediating position between language related disciplines (linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics) and professional practice. • It uses theories/principles from language related disciplines in order to understand language related issues and to solve language related problems. The choice of which disciplines are involved in applied linguistics matters depends on the circumstances.
- 19. 19 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics What is the relationship between AL and other language related disciplines? • Applied linguistics conducts research into professional practice and on the basis of the results develops theory.
- 20. 20 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Theoretical, Interdisciplinary and Applied Linguistics Theoretical linguistics Interdisciplinary linguistics Applied linguistics • Phonology, • Morphology, • Syntax and structural grammar, • Semantics, • Historical linguistics. • Psycholinguistics, • Sociolinguistics, • Pragmatics, • Discourse analysis. • Computational and corpus linguistics. • Applied linguistics to language education, • Applied linguistics to foreign language education, • Translation studies, • Lexicography.
- 21. 21 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Linguistics and Applied Linguistics • Linguistics is primarily concerned with language in itself and in findings ways of analysing language and building theories that describe language. • Applied linguistics is concerned with the role of language in peoples’ lives and problems associated with language use in peoples’ lives.
- 22. 22 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Linguistics Education Applied Linguistics
- 23. 23 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics Linguistics (the study of the nature, structure and variation of language). Education (teaching, learning, acquisition, assessment). Sociology (the scientific study of human behavior and the study of society). Psychology (the science of mind and behavior, and the application of such knowledge of various spheres of human activity). Anthropology (the scientific study of the origin and behavior of man).
- 24. 24 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Subfields of Applied Linguistics Language and education Language, work and the law Language, information and effect • First language education, • Second language education, • Foreign language education, • Clinical linguistics, • Language testing. • Workplace communication, • Language planning, • Forensic linguistics. • Literary stylistics, • Critical discourse analysis, • Translation and Interpretation, • Information design, • Lexicography.
- 25. 25 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Applied Linguistics to foreign language teaching and learning: Related sub-fields • EAP, ESP, EYL, • CALL/TELL, • Materials development and evaluation, • Syllabus design and language curriculum development, • Language testing, • Language teaching methods and techniques, • Language teacher training and education, • Research into second and foreign language learning, • Language education policies and language planning, • Educational technology and language learning, • Immersion education, • Language education in multilingual settings.
- 26. 26 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Focus of this course: Foreign language didactics What • How does one select and organise the content of what is to be taught and learnt? • What do you teach? How • How does one organise the teaching/learning process? • How does one develop knowledge and skills?
- 27. 27 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Issues discussed in the course What? • Methods in language teaching. • Language theories and their effect on foreign language teaching. • Syllabus design and curriculum development. • Communicative competence. • Communicative language teaching, task based language teaching and intercultural competence.
- 28. 28 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Issues discussed in the course How? • Theories of language learning and their effect on foreign language teaching/learning. • Individual characteristics and their effect on language learning.
- 29. Applied Linguistics Lecture 2: Topics in Applied Linguistics Dr. Hanan Abdulqader Faculty of Arts Department of English
- 30. 30 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Main Issues 1. Language : Give questions about language. What do you want to know about the study of language. 2. Applied Linguistics : Definition, Position 3. Competence vs. Performance 4. Acquisition vs. Learning 5. Language Acquisition and innate capacity
- 31. 31 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics 1. Language • Anthropological linguistics: language and culture • Biological linguistics: language and biological conditions • Clinical Linguistics: Language and disorders • Computational Linguistics: Language and computer science • Educational Linguistics: Language and Education
- 32. 32 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics 1. Language • Geographical Linguistics: Language and regional distribution • Mathematical Linguistics • Neurolinguistics • Philosophical Linguistics • Psycholinguistics • Sociolinguistics • Theo linguistics • Applied linguistics
- 33. 33 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics 2. Applied Linguistics • The application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to the elucidation of language problems that have been arisen in other domains. • The term is used in Foreign language teaching and learning, educational fields, language planning, language testing, and translation
- 34. 34 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics 2. Applied Linguistics • The application of linguistic theories, methods, and findings to the elucidation of language problems that have been arisen in other domains. • The term is used in Foreign language teaching and learning, educational fields, language planning, language testing, and translation
- 35. 35 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics 2. Applied Linguistics Linguistics AL LT/LL
- 36. 36 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Competence vs. Performance • Competence consists of the mental representations of linguistic rules. It is the speaker’s knowledge of the linguistic rules. It is implicit; it exists in the speaker’s mind and it can be exhibited via hisher performance. • Performance: consists of the use of this linguistic knowledge in the comprehension and production of language. It is explicit in that it is the actual use of the linguistic knowledge (speaking, writing). Thus, competence can be examined through the person’s performance.
- 37. 37 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics • There are rules of speaking without which the grammatical rules are useless. -Dell Hymes Communicative Competence: linguistic knowledge + pragmatic knowledge
- 38. 38 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Acquisition vs. Learning Learning Acquisition Conscious Unconscious Formal Informal Unnatural Learning Natural Learning Teaching is involved Effortless Explicit Learning Implicit Learning People get exposure to language in the . classroom People get exposure to language in real-life . situations
- 39. 39 An Introduction to Applied Linguistics Language Acquisition and innate capacity • Innate Capacity has to be activated through getting enough exposure to language in society. • Students of English should always be exposed much to English to be able to produce it. • Language Acquisition can be rich or poor depending upon the language environment.