arduino simulators OR microcontroller.pptx

Button-
controlled LED
Arduino Basic

Input and Output Functions
An I/O (Input/Output) port serves as
an interface for both input and
output operations in electronic
circuits. Up until now, we have
primarily focused on the output
function, such as controlling an LED
or other external components. In this
discussion, we will explore the input
function, specifically how a
microcontroller reads the output
value of a connected device.

Push Button as an Input
Device
A push button is a common
electronic component used to
control circuits. It provides a
digital signal (HIGH or LOW)
depending on whether it is
pressed or not. When pressed,
the circuit becomes closed
(conducting state), and the
microcontroller can detect this
change.

LED as an Output Device
An LED (Light Emitting Diode)
serves as the output component
in this experiment. The
microcontroller will turn the LED
on or off based on the input
signal from the push button.

Working
Principle
1.The push button is connected to a digital
input pin of the microcontroller.
2.The LED is connected to a digital output pin.
3.When the push button is pressed, the
microcontroller detects a HIGH signal
(depending on circuit configuration) and
responds by turning the LED on.
4.When the button is released, the signal
returns to LOW, and the LED turns off.

Hardware Required
1. Uno R3 Board *1
2.USB Cable *1
3.Push Button*1
4.Red M5 LED*1
5.220Ω Resistor*1
6.10KΩ Resistor*1 7.Breadboard*1
8.Breadboard Jumper Wires* Several

Program
int ledpin = 11; // initialize pin 11 for LED
int inpin = 7; // initialize pin 7 for button
int buzzer = 9; // initialize pin 9 for buzzer
int val; // define val
void setup() {
pinMode(ledpin, OUTPUT); // set LED pin as output
pinMode(inpin, INPUT); // set button pin as input
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); // set buzzer pin as output
}
void loop() {
val = digitalRead(inpin); // read the level value of pin 7 and assign it to val
if (val == LOW) { // check if the button is pressed
digitalWrite(ledpin, LOW); // turn off the LED
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW); // turn off the buzzer
} else {
digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH); // turn on the LED
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); // turn on the buzzer
delay(100); // buzzer beeps for 100ms
}
}

Introduction to Active
Buzzers
Active buzzers are widely used in
various electronic applications such
as computers, printers, alarms,
electronic toys, telephones, and
timers. They function as sound-
making elements and contain an
internal vibration source. By simply
connecting an active buzzer to a 5V
power supply, it will continuously
produce sound.

Hardware Required
•Uno R3 Board 1
•USB Cable 1
•Active Buzzer 1
•Breadboard 1
•Breadboard Jumper Wires Several

Program
Sample Program
Program is simple. You control the buzzer by outputting
high/low level.
int buzzer=8;// initialize digital IO pin that controls the
buzzer
void setup()
{
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);// set pin mode as “output”
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); // produce sound
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
delay(1000);
}

Combining led ,
button and buzzer
int ledpin = 11; // initialize pin 11 for LED
int inpin = 7; // initialize pin 7 for button
int buzzer = 9; // initialize pin 9 for buzzer
int val; // define val
void setup() {
pinMode(ledpin, OUTPUT); // set LED pin as output
pinMode(inpin, INPUT); // set button pin as input
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); // set buzzer pin as output
}
void loop() {
val = digitalRead(inpin); // read the level value of pin 7 and assign it to val
if (val == LOW) { // check if the button is pressed
digitalWrite(ledpin, LOW); // turn off the LED
} else {
digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH); // turn on the LED
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH); // turn on the buzzer
delay(100); // buzzer beeps for 100ms
}
}

Tricolor principle to display various
colors PWM controlling ports to
display full color Can be driven
directly by Arduino PWM interfaces
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a technique
used to control the power supplied to electronic
components by rapidly switching the signal on
and off. The duty cycle (ratio of on-time to off-
time) determines the brightness of LEDs or the
speed of motors. In Arduino, PWM is available
on pins marked with a (~) symbol and is used
with the analogWrite() function to create
variable voltage levels for smooth dimming and
color mixing in RGB LEDs.
RGB LED

Three Primary Colors
Color mixing works because our
eyes have red, green, and blue
receptors that blend light into
different colors. By adjusting
RGB LED brightness, we trick the
eye into seeing various hues.
This same principle is used in
TVs and LCD screens, where tiny
RGB dots form images.

arduino simulators OR microcontroller.pptx

Hardware Required
• 1. Uno R3 Board *1
• 2.USB Cable *1
• 3.RGB LED *1
• 4.220Ω Resistor*3
• 5.Breadboard*1
• 6.Breadboard Jumper
Wires* Several

// Define RGB LED pins
const int redPin = 9;
const int greenPin = 10;
const int bluePin = 11;
void setup() {
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
setColor(255, 0, 0); // Red
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 255, 0); // Green
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 0, 255); // Blue
delay(1000);
setColor(255, 255, 0); // Yellow
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 255, 255); // Cyan
delay(1000);
setColor(255, 0, 255); // Magenta
delay(1000);
setColor(255, 255, 255); // White
delay(1000);
}
// Function to set RGB color
void setColor(int red, int green, int blue) {
analogWrite(redPin, red);
analogWrite(greenPin, green);
analogWrite(bluePin, blue);
}
Simple Example
Program

Different Program
// Define RGB LED pins
int redpin = 11; // Red LED connected to pin 11
int bluepin = 10; // Blue LED connected to pin 10
int greenpin = 9; // Green LED connected to pin 9
int val; // Variable to store brightness values
void setup() {
// Set the RGB LED pins as outputs
pinMode(redpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluepin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenpin, OUTPUT);
// Initialize serial communication at 9600 baud rate
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// Gradually decrease brightness from 255 to 0
for (val = 255; val > 0; val--) {
analogWrite(11, val); // Adjust Red LED brightness
analogWrite(10, 255 - val); // Adjust Blue LED brightness
inversely
analogWrite(9, 128 - val); // Adjust Green LED brightness
delay(1); // Small delay for smooth fading
}
// Gradually increase brightness from 0 to 255
for (val = 0; val < 255; val++) {
analogWrite(11, val); // Adjust Red LED brightness
analogWrite(10, 255 - val); // Adjust Blue LED brightness
inversely
analogWrite(9, 128 - val); // Adjust Green LED brightness
delay(1); // Small delay for smooth fading
}
// Print the current value of 'val' to the Serial Monitor
Serial.println(val, DEC);
}

arduino simulators OR microcontroller.pptx

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