Arithmetic and Logic instructions in Embedded C

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This document contains information about various topics related to 8051 microcontrollers and C programming including: - Arithmetic and logical operators used in C programming like addition, subtraction, AND, OR, etc. - Examples of 8051 C code that perform operations like toggling ports, adding delays, and performing bitwise logic operations. - Solutions to problems asking to write 8051 C code that toggles bits of ports with delays, toggles a specific bit a number of times, and performs bitwise logic operations. - Notes about factors that affect accuracy of delays in 8051 programs like the microcontroller design and crystal frequency.

DR. VIKAS J. DONGRE
HOD ELECTRONICS & TELECOM
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM (MS)
EMAIL: DONGREVJ1@GMAIL.COM

Arithmetic operations
• Add +
• Subtract –
• Multiply *
• Divide /
• Mod %

#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned char a,b,c;
while(1)
{
P1=0xff;
P2=0xff;
a=P1;
b=P2;
c=a+b;
P3=c;
}
}

Logical operations
 Logical operators
 AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!)
 Bit-wise operators
 AND (&), OR (|), EX-OR (^), Inverter (~), Shift Right
(>>), and Shift Left (<<)
 These operators are widely used in software
engineering for embedded systems and control

AND OR EX-OR Inverter
A B A&B A|B A^B ~B
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0
Bit-wise Logic Operators for C

P1= 0x9A >> 3;
P2= 0x77 >> 4;
P0= 0x6 << 4;

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1
continuously forever with some delay.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever with some delay between “on” and “off”
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
unsigned int x;
for (;;) //repeat forever
{
p1=0x55;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown
p1=0xAA;
for (x=0;x<40000;x++);
}
}

Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1
continuously.
Solution:
//Toggle P1 forever
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void)
{
for (;;)
{
P1=0x55;
P1=0xAA;
}
}

$Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0) 50,000 times. Solution: #include <reg51.h> sbit MYBIT=P1^0; void main(void) { unsigned int z; for (z=0;z<=50000;z++) { MYBIT=0; MYBIT=1; } }$

To create Time delay --
Three factors that can affect the accuracy of the delay-
1. The 8051 design..
The number of machine cycle
The number of clock periods per machine cycle
2. The crystal frequency connected to the X1 – X2 input pins
3. Compiler choice
C compiler converts the C statements and functions to Assembly
language instructions
Different compilers produce different code

Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports
continuously with a 250 ms.
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void MSDelay(unsigned int);
void main(void)
{while (1)
{
P1=0x55;
MSDelay(250);
P1=0xAA;
MSDelay(250);
}
}
void MSDelay(unsigned int itime)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for (i=0;i<itime;i++)
for (j=0;j<1275;j++);
}

$Logic Operations in C #include <reg51.h> void main (void) { P0= 0x35 & 0x0F; P1= 0x04 | 0x68; P2= 0x54 ^ 0x78; P0= ~0x55; P1= 0x9A >> 3; P2= 0x77 >> 4; P0= 0x6 << 4; }$

Arithmetic and Logic instructions in Embedded C

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This paper presents a Devnagari Numerical recognition method based on statistical discriminant functions. 17 geometric features based on pixel connectivity, lines, line directions, holes, image area, perimeter, eccentricity, solidity, orientation etc. are used for representing the numerals. Five discriminant functions viz. Linear, Quadratic, Diaglinear, Diagquadratic and Mahalanobis distance are used for classification. 1500 handwritten numerals are used for training. Another 1500 handwritten numerals are used for testing. Experimental results show that Linear, Quadratic and Mahalanobis discriminant functions provide better results. Results of these three Discriminants are fed to a majority voting type Combination classifier. It is found that Combination classifier offers better results over individual classifiers.

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In handwritten character recognition, benchmark database plays an important role in evaluating the performance of various algorithms and the results obtained by various researchers. In Devnagari script, there is lack of such official benchmark. This paper focuses on the generation of offline benchmark database for Devnagari handwritten numerals and characters. The present work generated 5137 and 20305 isolated samples for numeral and character database, respectively, from 750 writers of all ages, sex, education, and profession. The offline sample images are stored in TIFF image format as it occupies less memory. Also, the data is presented in binary level so that memory requirement is further reduced. It will facilitate research on handwriting recognition of Devnagari script through free access to the researchers.

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Document segmentation is one of the critical phases in machine recognition of any language. Correct segmentation of individual symbols decides the accuracy of character recognition technique. It is used to decompose image of a sequence of characters into sub images of individual symbols by segmenting lines and words. Devnagari is the most popular script in India. It is used for writing Hindi, Marathi, Sanskrit and Nepali languages. Moreover, Hindi is the third most popular language in the world. Devnagari documents consist of vowels, consonants and various modifiers. Hence proper segmentation of Devnagari word is challenging. A simple histogram based approach to segment Devnagari documents is proposed in this paper. Various challenges in segmentation of Devnagari script are also discussed.

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Arithmetic and Logic instructions in Embedded C

1. DR. VIKAS J. DONGRE HOD ELECTRONICS & TELECOM GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC WASHIM (MS) EMAIL: [email protected]

2. Arithmetic operations • Add + • Subtract – • Multiply * • Divide / • Mod %

3. #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned char a,b,c; while(1) { P1=0xff; P2=0xff; a=P1; b=P2; c=a+b; P3=c; } }

4. Logical operations  Logical operators  AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!)  Bit-wise operators  AND (&), OR (|), EX-OR (^), Inverter (~), Shift Right (>>), and Shift Left (<<)  These operators are widely used in software engineering for embedded systems and control

5. AND OR EX-OR Inverter A B A&B A|B A^B ~B 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Bit-wise Logic Operators for C

6. P1= 0x9A >> 3; P2= 0x77 >> 4; P0= 0x6 << 4;

7. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 continuously forever with some delay. Solution: //Toggle P1 forever with some delay between “on” and “off” #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { unsigned int x; for (;;) //repeat forever { p1=0x55; for (x=0;x<40000;x++); //delay size//unknown p1=0xAA; for (x=0;x<40000;x++); } }

8. Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of P1 continuously. Solution: //Toggle P1 forever #include <reg51.h> void main(void) { for (;;) { P1=0x55; P1=0xAA; } }

9. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bit D0 of the port P1 (P1.0) 50,000 times. Solution: #include <reg51.h> sbit MYBIT=P1^0; void main(void) { unsigned int z; for (z=0;z<=50000;z++) { MYBIT=0; MYBIT=1; } }

10. To create Time delay -- Three factors that can affect the accuracy of the delay- 1. The 8051 design.. The number of machine cycle The number of clock periods per machine cycle 2. The crystal frequency connected to the X1 – X2 input pins 3. Compiler choice C compiler converts the C statements and functions to Assembly language instructions Different compilers produce different code

11. Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 ports continuously with a 250 ms. Solution: #include <reg51.h> void MSDelay(unsigned int); void main(void) {while (1) { P1=0x55; MSDelay(250); P1=0xAA; MSDelay(250); } } void MSDelay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for (i=0;i<itime;i++) for (j=0;j<1275;j++); }

12. Logic Operations in C #include <reg51.h> void main (void) { P0= 0x35 & 0x0F; P1= 0x04 | 0x68; P2= 0x54 ^ 0x78; P0= ~0x55; P1= 0x9A >> 3; P2= 0x77 >> 4; P0= 0x6 << 4; }

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