Art of a Medical Research (Art of making an Original Research Article)
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The document outlines the process of creating an original research article, emphasizing the importance of having significant findings to share and the ethical standards required in research. It details the necessary components of a research paper, including problem statements, methodologies, and outcomes, while also addressing common pitfalls in writing. Additionally, it provides guidelines for formatting, authorship criteria, and bibliographic references to ensure proper presentation and credibility in academic publishing.
![Search Commands
Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT, ( )
• Saves time and effort by eliminating
inappropriate articles
[British-born Irish mathematician: George Boole]
18](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-170324090125/85/Art-of-a-Medical-Research-Art-of-making-an-Original-Research-Article-18-320.jpg)
![Formatting
• Format: Justified
• Start every chapter/section in new page
• Margin: Left 1.5” (gutter), Right 1”,
Top 1”,bottom 1.25”
• Leave two spaces after punctuation.
• Two spaces to paragraph
• Not to keep any widow or orphan.
[Widow is single line of a new paragraph at the bottom of a
page]
[Orphan is single terminal line of a para at the top of a page]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-170324090125/85/Art-of-a-Medical-Research-Art-of-making-an-Original-Research-Article-28-320.jpg)
![Bibliography
• Wrong writing = immediate rejection
• Preferably in Vancouver style
• As appears in sequence
• Citing style: [1]
• et al. (el alia) after six authors
• 2 Main components:
1. Bibliographic elements
2. Punctuation marks](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-170324090125/85/Art-of-a-Medical-Research-Art-of-making-an-Original-Research-Article-47-320.jpg)
![example
With a long slender oblique retroperitoneal course
over the paravertebral psoas major muscles they
reach the deep inguinal ring, where they crosses the
ureter anteriorly, join with the ductus deferens to
pass through the inguinal canal to reach the testis
[1].
[1] Gabella G. Testicular artery. Anterolateral visceral arteries. In: Williams PL, Bannister LH,
Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Ferguson MW, eds. Gray’s Anatomy. 38th Ed.,
Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. 1995; 318, 1557–1558.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/1-170324090125/85/Art-of-a-Medical-Research-Art-of-making-an-Original-Research-Article-48-320.jpg)
Art of a Medical Research (Art of making an Original Research Article)
- 2. Art of making an original research article its journey from conceive to birth Dr. Hironmoy Roy MD (Anat), MBA (NIBM, Pune), MNAMS DHM (Hosp Management), FAIMER Fellow (CMCL) Asst. Secretary Dept. of Medical Education, WB
- 3. Prologue Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought ! Do not condemn the opinion of another because it differs from your own. You both may be wrong !
- 4. When you should write a paper You should have something important enough to share with others – new ideas – new facts or data – intelligent reviews of old facts and ideas Mature results – research milestone completed – can articulate the research • clear problem statement, solution, and contribution to discipline
- 5. When you should NOT write a paper Wrong reasons – want or need publications • increase publication count • fame • publish or perish – peer pressure – want to go to a conference Bad papers/work will reflect badly on you! – should always be proud of your paper What We usually do
- 7. Factors Constraining Research • Time • Finance • Feasibility • Ethics • Measurability
- 9. “Theory of change” • Step 1. Problem Statement. What is the problem or need your project is designed to address? Based on literature review: What is known about this problem or others like it?
- 10. • Step 2. Intervention Statement. What do you plan to do to address this problem? Based on literature review: What similar interventions have already been implemented and what were the results? • Step 3. Impact Statement. What measurable impact (goal, result) do you hope to achieve?
- 11. • Step 4. Outcomes and Outcomes Chain. In order to achieve your impact, who or what needs to change? Who or what will change in the next 1-2 years as a result of your project?
- 12. • Step 5: Ascertain the methodology- what honest steps you are going to do with your research? Are they feasible? Possible? Doable? Fund?
- 13. Your Guide……Literature review Print: • Books • Scientific journals • Govt. guidelines, documents • National / International agency reports, documents • Census, SRS, RGI, NFHS, reports • Conference Proceedings E-Resources: • Web search • Web-based Databases • E-journals, books 13
- 14. General Search Engines vs. Databases • Problem of plenty • Problem of acceptability • Anybody can upload anything there !! (Wikipedia) • Source authenticity checked beforehand • Data validation done in databases • Search can be focused by scientifically formed search query 14
- 15. 15
- 16. The MEDLINE database Source: US National Library of Medicine – MEDLARS (MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System) – MEDLAR on line - MEDLINE – Free to internet users – June 26, 1997 – Contains over 12 million citations from around 4800 journals – Contains abstracts and selected full text articles Updated every month 16
- 17. The MEDLINE database • Services are offered by the NLM: PubMED • Restricted use Full Text service: PubMed Central • http://www.nlm.nih.gov. • http://www.pubmed.com • http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov 17
- 18. Search Commands Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT, ( ) • Saves time and effort by eliminating inappropriate articles [British-born Irish mathematician: George Boole] 18
- 19. Search Command= Smoking tobacco causes cancer Articles with “smoking” Articles with “tobacco” Articles with “cancer” Articles with “smoking causes cancer” Articles with “tobacco causes cancer” Articles with “smoking & tobacco causes cancer” About 2,41,00,000 results (0.75 seconds) ~ 2 crore !!!! Articles with “causes”
- 20. Search Command= (Smoking OR tobacco) AND cancer Articles with “smoking causes cancer” Articles with “tobacco causes cancer” Articles with “smoking & tobacco causes cancer” About 22,50,000 results (0.16 seconds) ~ 22 lac !!!!
- 21. Search Command= (Smoking AND tobacco) AND cancer Articles with “smoking & tobacco causes cancer” About 10,30,000 results (0.14 seconds) ~ 10 lac !!!!
- 23. Making of the study • The research protocol needs approval of Institutional Ethics Committee- MUST • In multicentric research, IEC approval is essential from all centres.- MUST • If questionnaire based study, it must be made validated & pre-tested • If used the pre-validated & pre-published questionnaire; permission is MUST
- 24. Making of the study • We shall be aware of “informed consent” • We shall be honest about our data collection • It may happen, to change some steps, but still we shall remain honest. • Data to be collected personally • If questionnaire based study, as max as anonymous • Calculation with 100% honesty, it may not provide the dreamed result. But honesty is essential.
- 26. Flow • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Objective • Material and methods • Result • Discussion • Acknowledgement • Bibliography
- 27. Paper and font • A4 • Double spacing • Single side • Font size: 12 • Font type: Times new roman (Arial, verdana, georgia, palatino)
- 28. Formatting • Format: Justified • Start every chapter/section in new page • Margin: Left 1.5” (gutter), Right 1”, Top 1”,bottom 1.25” • Leave two spaces after punctuation. • Two spaces to paragraph • Not to keep any widow or orphan. [Widow is single line of a new paragraph at the bottom of a page] [Orphan is single terminal line of a para at the top of a page]
- 29. 1. Title page • Title of the work • Running title • Authors’ name • Authors’ affiliations • Name of the institute, where the work has been done • Source of fund • Conflict of interest • Address of correspondence
- 30. Authorship criteria • Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND • Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND • Final approval of the version to be published; AND • Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
- 31. Name of the contribut ors Planning of the work Question naire making & validatin g Data collectio n Result analysis Writing the report Reviewin g the report Overall guidance Financial support (if any) A B C D E Most Vital part Should not be the criteria for authorship
- 32. • Title: BRIEF but COMPLETE Scientific Crisp Meaningful Punch-line message
- 33. 2. Abstract • Compulsory to provide • Majority people read it • Should be 250-300 words • Factually possible points only included • Should be informative not indicative • Key words to Indexing
- 34. 3. Introduction (Rationale/background) • Rationality of the work • 3 - 4 paragraphs 1st Paragraph: Concise description of the topic 2nd Paragraph: Global and national burden, rationality 3rd and 4th Paragraph: What the world is thinking of it ? What the nation is thinking of it? Different studies/ researches in this topic- their any point of contradiction /lacunae, which draws your attention to carry on this work.
- 35. Why you have chosen it? Researches world and nationwide in the viewpoint of the work, their deficiencies/ lacunae Global and national burden, rationality of the topic Concise description of the topic
- 36. 4. Objective (the research question) • Specific, pin-point • Carrying one objective in one point • May be in question format
- 37. 5. Material and method • Most important segment of a work • Determines the strength of a study • Compulsory segments: Study design= (cross-sectional/ longitudinal/case-control/RCT) Study setting= Place of conducting the study Study duration= Time framing
- 38. Study population = In whom the study is done? Sampling = How the author has selected subjects from the population? What was the selection criteria? What was the exclusion criteria? Tools used = Mention only important tools, mention their details of make and brand
- 39. Data collection = Documentation of every details of the steps followed to collect the data (Figures) Exploration of variables = Operational definition of each variable is to be mentioned Analysis tool = How the variables were analysed to be mentioned FLOW CHART OF THE STUDY PLAN (optional)
- 40. 6. Result-Analysis • Section wise • 1st Section: Demographic distribution of the study subjects • Rest sections according to objective • Each objective should carry individual tables
- 41. • Table: 1. Not more than 3 variables 2. Numbered in roman 3. Should have a title 4. Should have foot-description 5. Easy statistics
- 42. • Corresponding graph 1. Numbered in arabics 2. Should have title 3. Should have foot-description 4. Easy to interpret
- 43. 7. Discussion • Self narrating/reflecting whole work • 1st paragraph: rationale (in brief) • 2nd paragraph: objectives (narration) • 3rd paragraph: result, objective-wise • 4th paragraph: explanation in support to your result (main essence) • Comparison to previous works ; how your finding is newer in the field; NOT mere factual comparison
- 44. 8. Summary & Conclusion • ‘At a glance’ presentation • One paragraph • Importance of the work • How far the objectives fulfilled? • Limitations of this work • Scope for future work
- 45. • Acknowledgement: optional Acknowledge, to whom, who have really helped in the process May be faculties, colleagues, juniors, family members Never forget to acknowledge ground staffs and your subjects of the study It masks the potential “conflict of interest”
- 46. • Consent form Should be in local vernacular Should carry provision for withdrawal Should carry place of signature of the subject and witness
- 47. Bibliography • Wrong writing = immediate rejection • Preferably in Vancouver style • As appears in sequence • Citing style: [1] • et al. (el alia) after six authors • 2 Main components: 1. Bibliographic elements 2. Punctuation marks
- 48. example With a long slender oblique retroperitoneal course over the paravertebral psoas major muscles they reach the deep inguinal ring, where they crosses the ureter anteriorly, join with the ductus deferens to pass through the inguinal canal to reach the testis [1]. [1] Gabella G. Testicular artery. Anterolateral visceral arteries. In: Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, Collins P, Dyson M, Dussek JE, Ferguson MW, eds. Gray’s Anatomy. 38th Ed., Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone. 1995; 318, 1557–1558.
- 50. Bibliographic elements • Authors’ name (use et al. after name of SIX authors)- Full surname followed by initial of first name • Article name (Full name) • Journal name (PubMed abbreviation may be used) • Year of publication • Volume or issue no. • Page no.
- 51. Style of writing Roy H, Pradhan PP, Deb S. A rare coexistence of axillo-brachial neurovascular variations with embryological review. Int J Anat Var 2011;4: 15-8 Authors’ name Article name Journal name Year of publication Volume Page
- 52. Punctuation Roy H, Pradhan PP, Deb S. A rare coexistence of axillo-brachial neurovascular variations with embryological review. Int J Anat Var 2011;4: 15- 8 Comma Full stop Just one space gap semicolon Colon hyphen fullstop
- 53. Name of authors. Title of the article. Journal name Year of publication; volume (issue): page no
- 55. Bibliographic elements • Author/editor of the chapter • Title of the chapter • Chief editor of the book • Name of the book • City of publication • Name of the publisher • Edition no. • Year of publication • Page no.
- 56. Style of writing Johnson D (ed.). Axillary artery. In, Standring S, Borley N, Collin P (eds). Gray’s Anatomy. The Anatomical basis of Clinical Practice. 40th Edn., Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone-Elsevier, 2008; 814-5. Section editor Chapter title Book editor Place of publication Publisher Yr of publication Book title Edition Page no
- 57. Punctuation Johnson D (ed.). Axillary artery. In, Standring S, Borley N, Collin P (eds). Gray’s Anatomy. The Anatomical basis of Clinical Practice. 40th Edn., Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone-Elsevier, 2008; 814-5. (ed.) In, Semi-colon Comma Full stop Full stop Full stop
- 58. Section editor (eds.). Chapter title. In, Book editors (eds.). Book title, Edition. Place of publication, publisher, year of publication; page no.
- 60. Bibliographic elements • About the article: as for journal reference • About the website: Web address Cited on Visited on
- 61. Internet reference Roy H, Pradhan PP, Deb S. A rare coexistence of axillo- brachial neurovascular variations with embryological review.Int J Anat Var 2011;4:15 (online) Available from URL http://www.ijav.org (accessed on 23 August 2011)
- 62. Avoid Plagiarism
- 64. Publishing • We shall search for a peer reviewed “indexed journal” • Where “money” is not THE criteria for publication
- 65. lndexing agencies: Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Embase/Excerpta Medica, index medicus and index Copernicus Types of articles :Original research articles and original research papers. Journal: (i) Published by a National/lnternational Specialty (ii) Journal of a National/lnternational Society provided it included in one of the indexes mentioned above. Authorship: First author, second author. E-journals: e-journals not included
- 67. Typical Questions on a Referee Form 1. Briefly summarize the paper (50-100 words) – can they extract a main message from your paper? – “If you can’t, there is probably something wrong with the paper”
- 68. 2. What is new and significant in the work reported? – New: • has it been done before? • is it a rehash / republication of old stuff (yours or others)? – Significance • in five years time, would the work have an identifiable impact? (rare)
- 69. 3. Would it stimulate further work in this area? • is it a reasonable increment that keeps the research area going (frequent)? • does it have innovations? • is it interesting? • is it timely to the community?
- 70. 4. How does it relate to existing work? – bibliographies, background, important omissions... 5. How reliable are the methods used? – are they adequate to support the conclusions – is it correct? • are there any errors (math, loopholes...)
- 71. 6. How reasonable are the interpretations? 7. unethical to publish something that can’t be reproduced 8. Any grammatical error 9. Is bibliography properly framed? 10. How will you categorise? a) Accepted b) Accepted after minor change c) Accepted after major change d) Not to be accepted Dream of every author