Aspects of Network Security
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This document discusses various aspects of network security. It outlines four key aspects: 1) Privacy - ensuring confidentiality of messages by encrypting transmissions so only the intended recipient can understand them. 2) Message integrity - ensuring data arrives at its destination exactly as sent with no changes, which is important for financial transactions. 3) Endpoint authentication - authenticating the identity of the sender to prevent impersonation. 4) Non-repudiation - providing proof of transmission to prevent senders from denying messages. The document also discusses three levels of network security controls: physical, technical, and administrative. Physical controls restrict access to network infrastructure. Technical controls protect stored and transmitted data. Administrative controls manage user
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Computer Security
Computer Security Goals
Computer security must be viewed in a holistic manner and provide an end-to-end protection
as data moves through its lifecycle. Data originates from a user or sensor, passes over a
network to reach a computing system that hosts software. This computer system has software
and processes the data and stores in in a storage device. That data is backed up on a device
and finally archived. The elements that handle the data need to be secure. Computer security
pertains to all the means to protect the confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity,
utility, and possession of data throughout its lifecycle.
Confidentiality: A security principle that
works to ensure that data is not disclosed to
unauthorized persons.
Integrity: A security principle that makes sure
that information and systems are not
modified maliciously or accidentally.
Availability: A security principle that assures
reliable and timely access to data and
resources by authorized individuals.
Authenticity: A security principle that the
data, transactions, communications or
documents are genuine, valid, and not
fraudulent.
Utility: A security principle that addresses
that the information is usable for its intended
purpose. .
Possession: A security principle that works to
ensure that data remains under the control of
the authorized individuals.
Figure 1. Parkerian Hexad (PH) security model.
The Parerian Hexad (PH) model expands on the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA)
triad that has been the basic model of Information Security for over 20 years. This framework is
used to list all aspects of security at a basic level. It provides a complete security framework to
provide the means for information owners to protect their information from any adversaries
and vulnerabilities. It adds Authenticity, Utility, and Possession to CIA triad security model. It
addresses security aspects for data throughout its lifecycle.
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from known cyber-attack. The first 5 controls will provide effective defense against the most
common cyber-attacks, approximately 85% of attacks. The 5 controls are:
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5. Controlled User of Administrative Privileges
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Search for CIS controls.
Security Standards and Regulations
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Computer Security Division, provides
security standards in its Federal Information Processing Standards (.
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Security and Ethical Challenges Contributors Kim Wanders.docxfathwaitewalter Security and Ethical Challenges
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Computer Security
Computer Security Goals
Computer security must be viewed in a holistic manner and provide an end-to-end protection
as data moves through its lifecycle. Data originates from a user or sensor, passes over a
network to reach a computing system that hosts software. This computer system has software
and processes the data and stores in in a storage device. That data is backed up on a device
and finally archived. The elements that handle the data need to be secure. Computer security
pertains to all the means to protect the confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity,
utility, and possession of data throughout its lifecycle.
Confidentiality: A security principle that
works to ensure that data is not disclosed to
unauthorized persons.
Integrity: A security principle that makes sure
that information and systems are not
modified maliciously or accidentally.
Availability: A security principle that assures
reliable and timely access to data and
resources by authorized individuals.
Authenticity: A security principle that the
data, transactions, communications or
documents are genuine, valid, and not
fraudulent.
Utility: A security principle that addresses
that the information is usable for its intended
purpose. .
Possession: A security principle that works to
ensure that data remains under the control of
the authorized individuals.
Figure 1. Parkerian Hexad (PH) security model.
The Parerian Hexad (PH) model expands on the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA)
triad that has been the basic model of Information Security for over 20 years. This framework is
used to list all aspects of security at a basic level. It provides a complete security framework to
provide the means for information owners to protect their information from any adversaries
and vulnerabilities. It adds Authenticity, Utility, and Possession to CIA triad security model. It
addresses security aspects for data throughout its lifecycle.
The Center for Internet Security has identified 20 controls necessary to protect an organization
from known cyber-attack. The first 5 controls will provide effective defense against the most
common cyber-attacks, approximately 85% of attacks. The 5 controls are:
1. Inventory of Authorized and Devices
2. Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Software
3. Secure Configurations for Hardware and Software
4. Continuous Vulnerability Assessment and Remediation
5. Controlled User of Administrative Privileges
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Shell and its types in LINUX
Shell and its types in LINUXSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Shells are programs that interpret commands from the user and translate them into a language computers understand. The main types of shells in Linux are the Bourne shell, C shell, Korn shell, and Bourne Again shell (bash). Bash has become the default shell in most Linux distributions as it incorporates features from other shells while maintaining compatibility with the Bourne shell syntax used for scripts.
Unix and its Components
Unix and its ComponentsSHUBHA CHATURVEDI The UNIX system consists of two main components: utilities/commands and the kernel. Utilities are programs that can be executed, like the date and who commands. Commands refer to programs and any arguments used to change their behavior. The kernel is the core of the operating system that manages resources and performs tasks like I/O, process, device, file, and memory management. It loads utilities into memory for execution and remains resident even when utilities are not running.
Linux Advantages and Disadvantages
Linux Advantages and DisadvantagesSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Linux has several advantages such as being open source, having low costs, stability, network friendliness, performance, flexibility, security, fast and easy installation, compatibility, and multitasking. However, it also has some disadvantages like being difficult for beginners to learn, lacking certain software and games, and not supporting all hardware drivers.
Linux Features
Linux FeaturesSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Linux has several key features: it is portable and can run on different hardware; it is open source with freely available source code that can be collaboratively enhanced; it allows for multiprogramming by executing multiple applications simultaneously and is multi-user by allowing multiple users to access resources like memory at the same time. It also has a hierarchical file system, security features like access control and encryption, and a shell program for executing OS commands.
Architecture of Linux
Architecture of LinuxSHUBHA CHATURVEDI The document discusses the architecture of the Linux operating system. It contains five main components: the kernel, system libraries, hardware layer, system utilities, and shell. The kernel is the core of the operating system that facilitates interactions between hardware and software. It connects applications to system hardware. The system libraries help applications access the kernel's features through system calls. System utilities provide specialized functions to users. The hardware layer refers to physical machine components like RAM and CPU. The shell acts as an interface between the kernel and user, running kernel functions and taking user commands.
Introduction and history of linux
Introduction and history of linuxSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Linux was created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds as a free and open-source kernel. It has since grown significantly and is now widely used both for personal computers and in other devices like servers, embedded systems, and smartphones through Android. Some key points in Linux's history include the first Linux distribution Red Hat in 1994, the creation of desktop environments like KDE in 1996, and Android's adoption of the Linux kernel which has given it the largest installed base of any OS. There are now over 600 Linux distributions available for different use cases like Ubuntu, Debian, and Fedora for personal computers and embedded distributions for devices.
Block Cipher and Operation Modes 
Block Cipher and Operation Modes SHUBHA CHATURVEDI Block cipher modes of operation describe how a block cipher can be used for encrypting messages larger than the cipher's block size. The document discusses the five main modes of operation - electronic codebook (ECB), cipher block chaining (CBC), cipher feedback (CFB), output feedback (OFB), and counter (CTR) mode. It provides details on how each mode works, including diagrams, as well as advantages and disadvantages of some of the modes.
Block Cipher and its Design Principles
Block Cipher and its Design PrinciplesSHUBHA CHATURVEDI This document discusses block ciphers, including their definition, structure, design principles, and avalanche effect. A block cipher operates on fixed-length blocks of bits and uses a symmetric key. It encrypts bits in blocks rather than one by one. Block ciphers have advantages like high diffusion but are slower than stream ciphers. They are built using the Feistel cipher structure with a number of rounds and keys. Important design principles for block ciphers include the number of rounds, design of the round function, and key schedule algorithm. The avalanche effect causes a small input change to result in a significant output change.
Stream Ciphers
Stream CiphersSHUBHA CHATURVEDI This document discusses stream ciphers. It explains that stream ciphers encrypt one byte at a time, compared to block ciphers that encrypt around 128 bits at a time. A key is supplied to a pseudorandom number generator to produce a keystream. Encryption is done by XORing the plaintext and keystream bit-by-bit to produce ciphertext. Decryption reverses this process by XORing the ciphertext and keystream. Stream ciphers aim to make cryptanalysis more difficult by using long keystreams and including more 1s and 0s. They also require less code than block ciphers. Examples are given to encrypt plaintexts using a stream cipher.
Symmetric Key Algorithm
Symmetric Key AlgorithmSHUBHA CHATURVEDI This document discusses symmetric-key algorithms and provides details on stream ciphers and block ciphers. Symmetric-key algorithms use the same key for encryption and decryption. Stream ciphers encrypt bits or characters one at a time using a pseudorandom generator, while block ciphers encrypt fixed-length blocks of bits at once. The document also notes that symmetric-key encryption requires both parties to share a secret key, unlike public-key encryption.
Product Cipher
Product CipherSHUBHA CHATURVEDI This document discusses product ciphers, which combine substitution and transposition ciphers for stronger encryption. It provides an example of encrypting the plaintext "COMPUTER" using a two-step product cipher. First, substitution encryption is done using a 6x6 matrix. Then, transposition encryption is performed by rearranging the ciphertext columns according to a keyword. The document explains how to encrypt another plaintext "CRYPTOGRAPHY" using the same technique with a different keyword.
Transposition cipher techniques
Transposition cipher techniquesSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Here are the solutions to the questions:
Q1. Rail Fence Cipher for "Networking" using 2 lines:
Nkttn
eorwige
Ciphertext: Nkttnorwige
Q2. Single columnar transposition for "COMPUTERSCIENCE" using keyword "ORANGE":
C O M P U T
E R S C I E N
C E
Ciphertext: COEMNPUSTIERC
Q3. Single columnar transposition for "COMPUTERSCIENCE" using keyword "PINEAPPLE":
C O M P U T
E R S C I E N
C E
Ciphertext
Polygraphic Substitution Cipher - Part 2
Polygraphic Substitution Cipher - Part 2SHUBHA CHATURVEDI The document discusses polygraphic substitution ciphers and the Hill cipher. The Hill cipher is a polygraphic cipher that represents letters as numbers and encrypts blocks of text by multiplying them by a random key matrix. To decrypt, the cipher text is multiplied by the inverse of the key matrix. An example is given showing how a 3x3 key matrix is used to encrypt the plaintext "ACT" into ciphertext and then decrypt it back by multiplying the ciphertext by the inverse key matrix. The steps of encrypting a message using a Hill cipher are outlined.
Polygraphic Substitution Cipher -Part 1
Polygraphic Substitution Cipher -Part 1SHUBHA CHATURVEDI The document discusses the Playfair cipher encryption method. It consists of generating a 5x5 key square using the keyword, with each letter appearing only once. To encrypt a pair of letters: if they are in the same column, take the letters below; if the same row, take the letters to the right; otherwise, take the letters at the opposite corners of the rectangle formed by the letters. An example is then provided to encrypt the plaintext "cryptography" using the keyword "playfair".
Homophonic Substitution Cipher
Homophonic Substitution CipherSHUBHA CHATURVEDI The document discusses two cipher techniques:
1) Homophonic substitution cipher where each plaintext letter can be replaced by multiple ciphertext letters. This makes it more difficult to break than a standard substitution cipher.
2) The Polybius square cipher which maps letters to numbers based on their coordinates in a 5x5 grid. An example is provided to encrypt the word "university".
Polyalphabetic Substitution Cipher
Polyalphabetic Substitution CipherSHUBHA CHATURVEDI The document discusses various cipher techniques including polyalphabetic ciphers, the Vigenere cipher, homophonic substitution cipher, and the Polybius square. It provides examples of encrypting and decrypting messages using the Vigenere cipher and Polybius square. It also gives the formula for encrypting and decrypting messages using the Vigenere cipher algebraically by converting letters to numbers.
Monoalphabetic Substitution Cipher
Monoalphabetic Substitution CipherSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Here is the cipher text using the Vigenere cipher with the given key and plaintext:
Ciphertext: "Sbkbtibn"
Q2. Decrypt the above cipher text:
Classical encryption techniques
Classical encryption techniquesSHUBHA CHATURVEDI 1. There are two basic building blocks of encryption techniques: substitution and transposition.
2. Substitution involves replacing plaintext symbols like letters, numbers or bits with ciphertext symbols. Transposition rearranges the order of letters in the plaintext without changing them.
3. A product cipher combines both substitution and transposition ciphers, subjecting the output of one cipher to another encryption for greater security.
CLASSICAL ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE- PART 1
CLASSICAL ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE- PART 1SHUBHA CHATURVEDI Here is the cipher text using the Vigenere cipher with the given key and plaintext:
Ciphertext: "Sbkbtibn"
Q2. Decrypt the above cipher text:
CONVENTIONAL ENCRYPTION
CONVENTIONAL ENCRYPTIONSHUBHA CHATURVEDI Conventional Encryption, also known as symmetric encryption, uses the same key for both encryption and decryption. It has the following properties:
- The sender encrypts the plaintext using a secret key known to both sender and receiver.
- The encrypted data called ciphertext is transmitted to the receiver.
- The receiver decrypts the ciphertext using the same secret key to retrieve the original plaintext.
- It is a fast and simple encryption technique as it uses a single key. However, secure key distribution between communicating parties is a challenge.
- The encryption and decryption algorithms are reversible i.e. decrypting the ciphertext using the secret key reproduces the original plaintext.
- Popular symmetric encryption algorithms are AES
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Aspects of Network Security
- 1. 1 ASPECTS OF NETWORK SECURITY Prof. Neeraj Bhargava Mrs. Shubha Chaturvedi Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering & System Sciences MDS University Ajmer, Rajasthan
- 2. Aspects of Network Security:
- 3. 1. Privacy Privacy means both the sender and the receiver expects confidentiality. The transmitted message should be sent only to the intended receiver while the message should be opaque for other users. Only the sender and receiver should be able to understand the transmitted message as eavesdroppers can intercept the message. Therefore, there is a requirement to encrypt the message so that the message cannot be intercepted. This aspect of confidentiality is commonly used to achieve secure communication.
- 4. 2. Message Integrity • Data integrity means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as it was sent. There transmission, either maliciously or accident, in a transit. As there are more and more monetary exchanges over the internet, data integrity is more crucial. The data integrity must be preserved i.e there must be no changes in the data content during secure communication.
- 5. 3. End-point authentication • Authentication means that the receiver is sure of the senders identity, i.e.no imposter has sent the message .
- 6. Non-Repudiation Non-Repudiation means that the receiver must be able to prove that the received message has come from a specific sender. The sender must not deny sending a message that he or she send. The burden of proving the identity comes on the receiver. For example, if a customer sends a request to transfer the money from one account to another account, then the bank must have a proof that the customer has requested for the transaction.
- 7. Network Security Controls It consists of three different controls: 1.Physical 2.Technical 3.Administrative.
- 8. Physical Network Security Physical security controls are designed to prevent unauthorized personnel from gaining physical access to network components such as routers, cabling cupboards and so on. It protects from acquiring the control over the confidentiality of the network. Controlled access, such as locks, biometric authentication and other devices, is essential in any organization.
- 9. Physical Network Security Physical security controls are designed to prevent unauthorized personnel from gaining physical access to network components such as routers, cabling cupboards and so on. It protects from acquiring the control over the confidentiality of the network . Controlled access, such as locks, biometric authentication and other devices, is essential in any organization.
- 10. Technical Network Security Technical security controls protect data that is stored on the network or which is in transit across, into or out of the network. Protection is twofold; it needs to protect data and systems from unauthorized personnel, and it also needs to protect against malicious activities from employees.
- 11. Administrative Network Security This level of network security protects user behaviour like how the permission has been granted and how the authorization process takes place. This also ensures the level of sophistication the network might need for protecting it through all the attacks. This level also suggests necessary amendments that have to be done over the infrastructure.
- 12. To protect a system, we must take Security Measures at 4 levels LEVEL 1 : Physical : The site or sites containing the computer systems must be physically secured against entry by intruders. Both the machine rooms and the terminals or workstations that have access to the machines must be secured.
- 13. LEVEL 2 :Human Authorizing users must be done carefully to assure that only appropriate users have access to the system. Even authorized users, however, may be "encouraged" to let others use their access (in exchange for a bribe, for example). Phishing Dumpster Diving
- 14. LEVEL 3: Operating System The system must protect itself from accidental or purposeful security breaches. A runaway process could constitute an accidental denial-of-service attack. A query to a service could reveal passwords. A stack overflow could allow the launching of an unauthorized process. The list of possible breaches is almost endless. LEVEL 4: Network Much computer data in modern systems travels over private leased lines, shared lines like the Internet, wireless connections, or dial-up lines. Intercepting these data could be just as harmful as breaking into a computer; and interruption of communications could constitute a remote denial-of-service attack.
- 15. ASSIGNMENT Q1. Which is the most important aspects of security? Q2. What are the core components of security?