Australian culture
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The document provides an overview of Australian culture, history, and society. It discusses how Aboriginal Australians first arrived over 40,000 years ago and established artistic and spiritual traditions. It then summarizes Australia's colonial history under British rule starting in 1788 and the establishment of democratic rule in the 19th century. Key facts about modern Australia are given such as the population, government system, and national symbols. Various aspects of Australian culture like public holidays, religions, and the English language with unique Australian words and phrases are also surveyed at a high level in the document.
Australian culture
- 1. AUSTRALIAN CULTURE By: Eis Fani Kartika Restu Nurasiah M. Nu’man Siti Nurjanah Dedy Apriyadi
- 2. HISTORY The History of Australia refers to the history of the area and people of the Commonwealth of Australia and its preceding Indigenous and colonial societies. Aboriginal Australians are believed to have first arrived on the Australian mainland by boat from Maritime Southeast Asia between 40,000 and 60,000 years ago. The artistic, musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in human history. The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606. Other Dutch navigators explored the western and southern coasts in the 17th century, and dubbed the continent "New Holland." Macassan trepangers visited Australia's northern coasts after 1720, possibly earlier. Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the East Coast of Australia for Britain and returned with accounts favouring colonisation at Botany Bay (now in Sydney), New South Wales.
- 3. HISTORY A First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony. In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and European explorers ventured into its interior. Indigenous Australians were greatly weakened and their numbers diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period. Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity. Autonomous Parliamentary democracies began to be established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought on the side of Britain in the two world wars and became a long-standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War II. Trade with Asia increased and a post-war multicultural immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from every continent. The population tripled in six decades to around 21 million in 2010, with people originating from 200 countries sustaining the world's 14th largest national economy.
- 4. ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS WITH THEIR BOOMERANGS
- 5. RELIGION In the 21st century, religion in Australia is predominantly Christian. In the 2011 Census, 61.14% of the Australian population were recorded as adhering to Christianity. Historically the percentage has been far higher and the religious landscape of Australia is diversifying, along with multicultural immigration and 22.3% of people with no religious affiliation. 22.3% of Australians declared "no-religion" on the 2011 Census, and a further 8.55% did not answer the question. The remaining population is a diverse group which includes Buddhist (2.46%), Islamic (2.21%), Hindu (1.28%), Jewish (0.45%) and Sikh (0.3%) communities. The Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion. Australia's Aboriginal people developed the animist spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors.
- 6. PUBLIC HOLIDAYS AND SPECIAL CELEBRATIONS 1. NEW YEAR : JANUARY 1 2. AUSTRALIA DAY : JANUARY 26 3. CANBERRA DAY : SECOND MONDAY IN MARCH 4. EASTER DAY : is enjoyed as a four-day holiday weekend starting on Good Friday and ending on Easter Monday 5. ANZAC DAY (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) : APRIL 25
- 7. CANBERRA DAY Canberra Day is a public holiday that celebrates the birth of the Nations Capital. Generally Canberra day is held on the second Monday in March. It usually heralds week long celebrations with a variety of events. The Canberra Festival is a nine day event that reflects Canberra's unique qualities through exhibitions, displays, sporting events, music, film, dance and theatre. This is a very family friendly and community spirited event.
- 8. EASTER DAY Easter commemorates the resurrection (return to life) of Jesus Christ following his death by crucifixion. It is the most significant event of the Christian calendar. In addition to its religious significance, Easter in Australia is enjoyed as a four-day holiday weekend starting on Good Friday and ending on Easter Monday. This extra-long weekend is an opportunity for Australians to take a mini-holiday, or get together with family and friends. Easter often coincides with school holidays, so many people with school aged children incorporate Easter into a longer family holiday. Easter is the busiest time for domestic air travel in Australia, and a very popular time for gatherings such as weddings and christenings.
- 9. EASTER TRADITIONS Hot Cross Buns: Hot cross buns are sweet, spiced buns made with dried fruit and leavened with yeast. A cross, the symbol of Christ, is placed on top of the buns, either with pastry or a simple mixture of flour and water. The buns are traditionally eaten on Good Friday; however in Australia they are available in bakeries and stores many weeks before Easter. Easter Eggs: Eggs, symbolising new life, have long been associated with the Easter festival. Chocolate Easter eggs are a favourite part of Easter in Australia. Some families and community groups organise Easter egg hunts for children in parks and recreational areas. Easter eggs are traditionally eaten on Easter Sunday, however stores start stocking Easter treats well before the Easter holiday period.
- 10. EASTER TRADITIONS The Easter Bunny: Early on Easter Sunday morning, the Easter Bunny 'delivers' chocolate Easter eggs to children in Australia, as he does in many parts of the world. The rabbit and the hare have long been associated with fertility, and have therefore been associated with spring and spring festivals. The rabbit as a symbol of Easter seems to have originated in Germany where it was first recorded in writings in the 16th century. The first edible Easter bunnies, made from sugared pastry, were made in Germany in the 19th century.
- 12. A SHORT OF AUSTRALIA ANTHEM : “ADVANCE AUSTRALIA FAIR” CAPITAL : CANBERRA LARGEST CITY : SEDNEY NATIONAL LANGUAGE : ENGLISH DEMONYM : AUSTRALIAN, AUSSIE GOVERNMENT : FEDERAL PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY -MONARCH: ELIZABETH II -GOVERNOR GENERAL: QUETIN BRYCE -PRIME MINISTER: TONY ABBOTT
- 13. A SHORT OF AUSTRALIA LAGISLATURE : PARLIAMENT UPPER HOUSE : SENATE LOWER HOUSE : HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE INDEPENDENCE : FROM UNITED KINGDOM CONSTITUTION : JANUARY 1, 1901 POPULATION : - 2013 ESTIMATE: 23,245,502 - 2011 CENSUS : 21,507,717 CURRENCY : AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR (AUD) CALLING CODE : +61 INTERNET TLD : .AU
- 14. SOME FACTS ABOUT AUSTRALIA More than 6.5 million migrants have settled in Australia since 1945 . English is the national language but other languages appreciated . The majority of Australians are Christians but people are free to choose their religion . Approximately 88 per cent of Australians attend cultural activities at least once a year . More than 11 million Australians aged 15 years or more take part in sports or other physical activities . Australia is one country that has the most diverse cuisines in the world but does not have a national cuisine .
- 15. AUSSIE ENGLISH The way Australians talk is peppered with many words that are unique to our version of English. In Nation, brush up on your Aussie words and discover the meaning of famous expressions and phrases supplied by the Australian National Dictionary Centre at the Australian National University.
- 16. AUSSIE ENGLISH BUNG: Broken, exhausted, out of action 'The TV's bung.' It comes from bang, meaning 'dead', which was first recorded in 1841 in the Yagara Aboriginal language of the Brisbane region. The word found its way into nineteenth-century Australian pidgin, where the phrase to go bung meant 'to die'. By the end of the nineteenth century, the present sense of the word had developed.
- 17. AUSSIE ENGLISH DUG: A person who is unkempt, unfashionable or lacking in social skills. The word dag also means a lump of matted wool and dung hanging from a sheep's rear. This sense probably led to the meaning 'unkempt', and then to the broader meanings 'unfashionable' and 'socially unacceptable'. It was first recorded in 1891.
- 18. AUSSIE ENGLISH POM: A British person. Also pommy. First recorded in 1912, the term was originally applied to an immigrant from Britain, and was formed by rhyming slang. A British immigrant was called a pommygrant, from the red fruit pomegranate, perhaps referring to the complexion of the new arrivals, which was then abbreviated to pommy and pom. Although some argue otherwise, it is not an acronym of prisoner of mother England.
- 19. AUSSIE ENGLISH SNAG: A sausage. In Australia and elsewhere snag has a number of meanings, including 'a submerged tree stump', 'an unexpected drawback', and more recently a 'sensitive new age guy'. But in Australia, a snag is also a 'sausage', a sense that probably comes from the British dialect word snag, 'a morsel, a light meal'.
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- 21. AUSSIE ENGLISH
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- 24. AUSTRALIAN CULTURE THANKS F’YA ATTENTION..