AVOCADO CULTIVATION practices by RAKHI.pptx
- 1. SGT UNIVERSITY, GURUGRAM TOPIC: AVOCADO CULTIVATION TROPICAL FRUIT PRODUCTION FSC 501 SUBMITTED TO: DR. POOJA PANT SUBMITTED BY: RAKHI ( 241104004)
- 2. Avocado
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Avocado is an ancient fruit, originated mainly from Central America and Mexico. • Botanical name :Persea americana. It is a polymorphic species. • Family :Lauraceae • CHROMOSOME NO.- 24 • This family is composed of about 55 genera, with more than 2000 species. • They are mostly evergreen trees and shrubs, occasionally aromatic, and native mostly to tropical and subtropical region. • It is also known as: Alligator Pear, Butter fruit, Makhanphal (Hindi), Kulu naspati, Vennai Pazham (Tamil), Alpukat (Marathi), Magar Nashpati (Urdu), Benne Hannu (Kannada), Venna Pandu (Telegu).
- 4. Area and Production S.no. Country Harvested area(ha) Proportion of global planted area Production(ton) Proportion of world production Rank 1. Mexico 226,534 26% 2,442,945 28% 1 2. Columbia 94,111 11% 979,618 11% 2 3. Peru 51,800 6% 777,096 9% 3 • The largest producer and exporter of avocado fruit in the world is Mexico. • In India, it is cultivated in limited scale – Maharashtra, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. • It is commercially cultivated in Mexico followed by Colombia, Peru, Indonesia, Dominican Republic Kenya, Brazil, Haiti, Vietnam and Chile. • Top three Avocado producing countries in the world Source :FAO STAT, 2022
- 5. • The recent (FAOSTAT, 2022) data revealed that avocado is produced globally on 8,58, 152 ha and production of 8,685,672 million tons showing about the productivity of 7 tons per ha. • About 70% of production comes from Latin American countries followed by Africa (12%), Asia (14%), Europe (1.7%) and Oceania (1.4%) (FAOSTAT, 2022). This indicates globally the production of avocado is increasing. • United States, the largest importer of avocados globally. Others are European Union, Netherland, France.
- 6. Nutritive value • The avocado is associated with lower blood pressure because it is high in monounsaturated fat. • Another benefit is avocados have been shown to maintain good cholesterol while reducing bad cholesterol. • Avocado is mainly used fresh, in sandwich filling or in salads. It can also be used in ice creams and milk shakes and the pulp may be preserved by freezing. Chemical Composition of Avocado Fruit (per 100g of edible portion) Nutrient Quantity Nutrient Quantity Protein 1.7 g Vitamin a 0.17 mg Fat 26.4 g Calcium 10.00 mg Carbohydrate 5.1 g Iron 0.60 mg Crude fibre 1.8 g Ascorbic acid 16.00 mg Source: Madhav Rao and Abdul Khader,
- 7. Soil and climate • Avocados cannot tolerate northern India’s hot dry winds and frosts, typically grown in tropical • Intolerant to saline conditions and optimum range of pH is from 5 to 7 • They are extremely sensitive to poor drainage and cannot withstand water-logging. • Temperature for commercial cultivation – 10-30℃ • Optimum temperature for flower induction -25 ℃ Fruit and flowering behaviour • Type of fruit: One seeded berry • Flower behaviour: PDSD( Protogynous diurnally synchronous dichogamy). • Mode of pollination: Honey bees
- 8. Inflorescence : determinate or indeterminate. Here are two different types of avocado inflorescences: determinate and indeterminate (see Figure 1). In a determinate inflorescence the tip of the shoot that bears the flowers will end in a flower. 2)Indeterminate inflorescences, which tend to be more common in our
- 9. Flower behaviour • Avocado flowers are perfect, bearing functional male and female parts. • They do, however, exhibit a unique mechanism for alternation of sexes that enhances the opportunity for outcrossing. • Avocado flowers are dichogamous, which means they first have a distinctive female period with receptive stigma and a subsequent male period when the stigma is generally considered no longer receptive and the anthers dehisce to expose pollen. • This mechanism prevents self pollination.
- 10. FLOWER & INFLORESCENCE • A’ class open in the morning for 2–3 h, functioning as females with a white stigma, while the stamens remain closed and are in a horizontal position. • These flowers close at approximately noon and reopen the following day during the afternoon hours for 3–4 h, functioning now as males, with stamens in a vertical position. • The stigmas are no longer functional. • Flowers of the ‘B’ class open in the afternoon as females, the stamens remaining closed. • These flowers close in the evening and reopen the next morning as male flowers.
- 12. Important cultivar of avocado A’ cultivar. B’ cultivar Choquette Bacon Hass Brogden Gwen Ettinger Lula Fuerte Pinkerton Monroe Reed Sharwil
- 13. Propagation • Commercially propagated : Seed • Seed viability of seeds is 2-3 weeks. • One year old seedlings are used for planting. • Cleft grafting is commercially used for planting. Most popular rootstocks- Dusa, Duke 7, Botany. • Other method include layering, inarching and chip budding.
- 14. Varieties of avocado • There are three well-demarcated ecotypes of avocados, known as the Guatemalan, Mexican and West Indian types. • These races are recognized as subspecies: • P. americana var. Americana (West Indian) • P. americana var. drymifolia (Mexican) • P. americana var. guatemalenis (Guatemalan (ICAR-IIHR),
- 15. Characteristics of three horticultural races - West Indian, Guatemalan and Mexican
- 16. Avocado cultivars grown in major avocado growing areas
- 17. New varieties of avocado • Arka Coorg Ravi: Developed by scientists at the Central Horticultural Experiment Station in Kodagu, this variety has 80% pulp and is expected to improve coffee-based avocado cultivation. • Arka Supreme: This variety is a high-yielding selection with a spreading growth habit. A fully- grown tree yields about 175-200 kg/plant. Flower ‘A’ type behaviour.
- 18. •Lamb Hass: This cultivar is known for its oval shape, smooth texture, and creamy flavor. It's often used in salads, guacamole, or enjoyed plain. •Gwen: This Guatemalan variety is similar to the Hass avocado in taste and appearance. It has a thick, dark-green skin that is easy to remove. •Maluma: This dark-purple avocado was discovered in the
- 19. Cultivation • Planting : distance is 6-12 m depending on vigour of the cultivar and its growth habit. • Weeding: Application of herbicides such as Simazine and Monouron. • Intercropping: can be done with legumes or shallow- rooted crops may be done in young orchards. • Pruning : heading back the central stem in upright growing cultivars such as Pollock to develop a spread habit. Spreading cultivars are thinned and shortened. • Irrigation: done during dry periods, particularly during the first three year when they are still juvenile. Best done by sprinkling. • Manuring: Treatment with 250g N per tree from both organic and inorganic sources increased the fruit weight and yield. For young trees, use a 1:1:1 ratio of N, P2O5, and K2O. For older trees, use a 2:1:2 ratio. You can also use a combination of inorganic fertilizers and organic manuring. • Use aged chicken manure -Spread 25 pounds of aged chicken manure under each mature tree in February
- 20. Harvesting and yield • Minimum maturity and quality of fruit oil content is 8%. • Harvesting index determined through : oil content. • August to September harvesting time. • Start bearing 5-6 years after planting. • Maturity index: purple colour fruits changes in to maroon colour, green colour fruit changes from green to greenish yellow. • Mature fruit harvested at 6-10 days interval. • Fruit yield: 100- 500 fruits/tree. 300 to 400 fruits/ tree in Sikkim, 10- 15 year old tree.
- 21. Pest and diseases • Pests – white flies, scale insects, mealy bugs and red spider mites are the important insects pests. • Diseases 1. Root rot caused by P. cinnamomi. • The root rot fungus can be easily spread by any means that moist soil is moved, or in drainage water from diseased areas hence sanitation is a good agricultural practice that helps to reduce such disease. • Control- Ridomil (metalaxyl) mixed with the soil before planting @ 1g a.i./10 kg soil applied around established plants. 2. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes. 3. Avocado scab is caused by the fungus Sphaceloma perseae
- 22. Figure 1. Severe scab infection with much coalescing of lesions on ‘Lula’ avocado fruit. Figure 2. Scab infection on the underside of avocado leaf.
- 23. Avocado fruit with anthracnose. The anthracnose is specifically the very large, dark lesion, in the middle of the fruit, with the characteristic splits in the center. Symptoms of Root rot
- 24. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDER 1.Grey Pulp -Moisture content of pulp down to 75%. It is prevalent in fruits grown in warmer areas. • Cause - Due to Moisture stress. High sunlight affect. • Remedy -Regular irrigation management. 2. Tip burn - Necrosis of the tips and margin of leaves. Falling off of leaves. Most prevalent in spring season. • Cause - Chloride toxicity is responsible for this disorder. High temperature. • Remedy -Deep ploughing and incorporation of organic matter in soil. Regular irrigation
- 25. 3. Pulp spot -Black discoloration of vascular bundles at cut ends of the fruit stalk. • Cause Moisture loss is responsible for pulp spot. It is a post harvest disorder. It occur due to low temperature in avocado. • Remedy- Do not store at very low temperature and dry condition. 4. Mesocarp discolouration • Cause - Due to polyphenol oxidase enzyme (PPO). Due to increasing amount of ethylene. • Remedy - Prevent cut surface to direct contact with atmosphere.
- 26. REFERENCES • https://avocado.ucr.edu/avocado-flowering-basics • https://www.fao.org/4/x6902e/x6902e07.htm#TopOfPage • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372383388_AVOCADO_CULTIVATI ON_IN_INDIA_AVOCADO_CULTIVATION_IN_INDIA_AVOCADO_CULTIVATION_ IN_INDIA_AVOCADO_CULTIVATION_IN_INDIA_Year_2022_Compilation_and_ Editing • https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2019.v21i01.12 • https://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/misc/media/factsheets/pp0021.pdf