Bamboo biomass an overlooked energy resource
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Bamboo is a promising source of biomass energy that is often overlooked. It grows rapidly, is renewable, and can be used to produce charcoal, briquettes, and electricity through gasification. Models show that managed bamboo forests can sequester carbon faster than other fast-growing species. Technologies exist for small-scale and commercial charcoal production from bamboo, as well as briquetting enterprises. Life cycle analyses indicate bamboo gasification systems have higher energy output and carbon closure than ethanol production. While initial costs are higher for biomass systems than diesel or solar, the production costs of electricity are lower, making biomass more economical. Promoting bamboo energy can provide income, energy access, land benefits
Bamboo biomass an overlooked energy resource
- 1. Bamboo Biomass: An overlooked energy resource Jayaraman Durai Project Manager INBAR
- 2. Recent News….. From Jamaica http://jis.gov.jm/9600-pounds-organically-certified-bamboo-charcoal-shipped-tomorrow/ • Jamaica’s first major supply of internationally certified organic bamboo charcoal, totalling 9,600 pounds, is scheduled to be shipped to the United States (US) on Tuesday, April 14 Source:Jamaica information service
- 3. Contents • Introduction • Bamboo and its suitability • Charcoal production technologies and enterprises • Briquetting and pelleting models • Bamboo and Electricity • Bamboo based gasification and Ethanol production system – Life Cycle Analysis • Economics of biomass power Vs Conventional power • Recommendations
- 4. Introduction • Energy and Environmental protection are the two today’s critical needs. • Major thrust towards renewable energy: Biomass is a promising option. • Focus shifted from first to second generation biofuels (lignocellulosic materials – agricultural and forest waste, fast growing tree and grasses ). • Possibility of conversion into energy (electrical and thermal, liquid and gaseous forms) • Perception: Biomass is carbon neutral. • Different options for energy usage and conversion – which one to choose?
- 5. Bamboo: Its suitability as energy crop • Bamboo is fastest growing plant on earth. • Perennial “Woody Grass”, rapid growth : annual selective harvesting possible (no clear felling) for 50 years. • Environmental protection: Soil erosion, water recharge, reclaiming degraded lands, etc. • Additional benefits: Bamboo shoots (food security), fodder, multiple uses, etc • Yield: 5 to 47 metric tons per hectare (Priority species: > 10 MT per annum).
- 6. Energy or Calorific values comparison (Bamboo Vs Wood) • Calorific value of dry bamboo: ~ 19 MJ/kg or 4500 Kcal/Kg (Scurlock, 2000) • Low ash and alkali content; C and H similar to wood. • Calorific value of bamboo charcoal: 26 - 29 MJ/Kg or ~ 6600 Kcal/Kg • Bulk density is low. Densification or briquetting is necessary Biomass HHV MJ / Kg Kcal / Kg Bamboo 19.8 4729 Eucalyptus 19.6 4681 Hybrid popular 19.7 4705 Willow 19.7 4705
- 7. Botanically, bamboo is a grass …and not a tree...
- 8. Modeling biomass / carbon dynamics of bamboo forest 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 Abovegroundculmbiomassofmulibamboo(t/ha) Year Modeled Above ground culm biomass of bamboo natural stands • Rapid growth and regrowth. • Reach stable carbon in a period of 6 -10 years (beyond that, bamboo forests are carbon neutral (Liese, 2009) • Above ground and high underground biomass ratio: 66: 34 percent • Leaf litter: 6 – 8 percent of total biomass ( 1 to 37 MT per annum) (Kleinhenz and Midmore, 2001). • Soil carbon: 15 – 17 percent of leaf litter and underground biomass. • Gregarious bamboo flowering at end of life cycle. • Active management necessary for improving carbon sequestration.
- 10. Modeling carbon sequestration of Moso bamboo (INBAR, 2010)• Fast growing, annual yielding crop • When managed, bamboo can outperform fast-growing species in terms of carbon sequestration
- 11. Bamboo and Energy: Fuel wood and Charcoal Production Technologies
- 12. Drum Charcoal • Portable • Low investment • Charcoal Yield: 22 – 25 percent
- 13. Dome Charcoal
- 14. Large Kilns for high quality charcoal production
- 15. Combined gasifier and charcoal production units
- 19. Semi-mechanized pelleting enterprises (Alaknanda, Uttarakhand, India)
- 20. Mechanized briquetting units (Mbeya, Tanzania & Uttarakhand, India)
- 21. Mechanized Honey-Comb Briquetting (Coal dust, Vietnam
- 22. Bamboo and Electricity • 1.2 Kg biomass produces 1 unit of electricity. • Bamboo biomass is a suitable feed stock for electricity generation. • Wastes arising out of industrial processes could be used for electricity generation. • 100 per cent producer gas engine • Combined diesel and producer engine • Combined charcoal and electricity generation units
- 23. Gasifier system for electricity generation (Uttarakhand, India)
- 24. 20 kW Pyrolytic Biomass Gasifier (Rajasthan, India Ownership Current: 100% CIBART NGO Future (indicative): 30% CIBART 30% Women 30% Professionals 10% Technical support Cash benefit (US$) biomass : power 1 day: 12 : 80 1 month: 360 : 2400 1 year: 4380 : 29200 Charcoal produced: 5%: $ 4,380 25%: $ 21,900 Unit cost: $ 21,942 Broad usage of power (indicative) 0500-0900: HH power 0900-1700: Enterprises 1700-2100: HH power 2100-0500: Water pumping Other benefits • Value added production from enterprises e.g. HHC, flour-mill, etc. • Quality of life – power to 160-320 HH (8h basis) • Water supply – farms, homes
- 25. Comparative Analysis of Bamboo-based Gasification and Ethanol Production Systems: Using Life Cycle Analysis Approach (Durai, 2012) http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/biom ass.html
- 26. Energy and GHG balance of Bamboo gasification system Functional Unit: 1 MJ Bambo o Growi ng / C Saved Bioma ss produc tion Plant constr uction Chippi ng Transp ortatio n Energy conver sion Maint enanc e Total saving Series1 -0.240 0.000 0.001 0.016 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.220 -0.240 0.000 0.001 0.016 0.001 0.000 0.001 -0.220 -0.300 -0.250 -0.200 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 KgCo2EqperMJ GHG Balance: Gasification system - 1 MJ Net Energy Ratio: Energy Produced / FF Energy used Electricity only: 1 : 4.4 Electricity + Charcoal = 1 : 7.8 Life cycle Efficiency = ((Energy produced – energy used) / Biomass energy) LCE = 17 percent Carbon closure: carbon emitted / carbon saved = 0.24 / 0.2 = 92 percent
- 27. Energy and GHG balance of Ethanol Production (Functional Unit: 1 MJ) Energy Produc ed Constr uction Transp ortatio n Pre- proces sing Steam Produc tion Electric ity Sewag e Others Net Energy Series1 1 -0.017 -0.03 -0.13 -0.84 -0.11 -0.011 -0.005 -0.143 1 -0.017 -0.03 -0.13 -0.84 -0.11 -0.011 -0.005 -0.143 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 EnergyInputandOutputperMJ Energy Balance per MJ: Ethanol Production GHG Saved Constr uction Transp ortatio n Pre- process ing Steam Produc tion Electric ity Sewage Others Total release Series1 -0.099 0.001 0.001 0.033 0.046 0.027 0.001 0.001 0.011 -0.099 0.001 0.001 0.033 0.046 0.027 0.001 0.001 0.011 -0.150 -0.100 -0.050 0.000 0.050 0.100 KGCo2EqperMJ GHG Balance: Ethanol Production Net Energy Ratio: Energy Produced / FF Energy used Electricity : 1: 0.86 Life cycle Efficiency = ((Energy produced – energy used) / Biomass energy) LCE = - 9 percent Carbon closure: carbon emitted / carbon saved = - 11 percent
- 30. Economics 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 Biomass Gasifier (Electrical) - 100 kW 400 Kg/hr Thermal gasification unit 100 kW Diesel generator Photovoltaic Cost (USD) Subsidy (USD) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 Biomass Gasifier (Electrical) - 100 kW 400 Kg/hr Thermal gasification unit 100 kW Diesel generator Photovoltaic Production cost of Electricity (USD) Elec. Cost (USD)
- 31. Grow Your 24x7 Power! • 1.2 kg of bamboo biomass produces 1 unit of power (1 kWh) • A bamboo pole of 24 kg would power a rural household for a month; 12 poles for a year! 1-2 clumps • Empower rural HH to enhance their quality of life, operate water pump sets, flour mills, etc. • Globally, 1.3 billion people live in energy poverty, huge market The initial level of electricity consumption for rural households is assumed as 250 kWh per year (UN SE4ALL) (approx. 0.7kWh/day)
- 32. Energy as a product
- 33. Biomass energy versus Solar energy Biomass • Generates income • Enhances resilience • Benefits the land • Powers HH • Powers enterprises • Local employment generation • Enhanced food & water security • No batteries. Optional since 24x7 power Solar • Enhances expenditure • Enhances indebtedness • No benefit to the land • Lights HH • None that need power • No employment generation • No • Recurrent expenditure on batteries
- 34. Action points • Demonstrate and promote bamboo based charcoal and briquetting enterprise to replace wood charcoal. • Devise Certification systems and incentives. • Create policies to favor biomass based power generation (Vs LPG, solar,etc) • Bamboo plants can be grown by each willing HH in the homestead and farm boundary. • 35 bamboo clumps could generate adequate bamboos for fuelwood and livelihood use. Will plant if can make money. • 5 million HH (36 Million people)= 175 million plants, imagine the greening, CO2 sequestration, ecosystem services! (IEA, 2014) • Would also provide feed and fodder – bamboo leaves are eaten by most animals, and chicken; good for fish feed too
- 35. Thank You