Basic Linux day 1

11-1
Day 1
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11-3
Why GNU/Linux?
 Software costs $0
 Advanced Multitasking
 Remote tasking ("real networking")
 Multiuser
 Easy access to programming languages, databases, open-source projects

11-4
Why GNU/Linux?
Contd..
 Software freedoms
1. Free to use for any purpose
2. Free to study and modify the source code
3. Free to share
4. Free to share modified versions
 No dependence on vendors
 Better performance

11-5
Where is Linux Used?
 75% of respondents were already using Linux and
another 14% were evaluating it
 43% of all web sites use Linux servers running the
Apache Web server

11-6
Distributions
Unix Distributions
 Linux
 Solaris ( Sun Micro Systems)
 HP-UX ( Hewlett Packward)
 AIX (IBM)

11-7
Distributions
Linux Distributions
 Red Hat Linux
 Debian
 Mandrake
 SUSE

11-8
Basics
Shell
Shell is nothing but a Command prompt like in windows, When
you enter the commands, you get your work done
The Shell is a command interpreter, it takes each command
and passes it to the OS kernel to be acted upon. It will displays
the results of your operations on screen.
We have 'n' no.of shells available on any Unix Machine. each
one has it's own strengths and weaknesses.

11-9
Continued…
The most commonly available Shell(s) are:
1. Bourne Shell (sh)
2. Korn Shell (ksh)
3. C Shell (csh)
4. Bourne Again Shell (bash)
5. TC Shell (tcsh)

11-10
Unix Directory Structure/File System
Architecture

11-11
Logging into the System
 To login to your account type your user name and at the login prompt. Unix
is Case Sensitive.
 When the password prompt appears, type your password. Your password will
never displayed on screen for security Measure. It is also case sensitive
 Then You will get [username@hostname ]#
or [username@hostname <pwd>]$.
 #, means it is administrative User Login
 $, means it is Normal user Login
 And for Administrator always Username is ‘root’, and the User ID and Group
Id is 0.

11-12
Commands and their options
Each and every command will have generally some options to get
more information about the respective outputs.
Options will be used by preceding “-”. Options will be given after
entering the command by giving some space
Basic Commands

11-13
Working with Basic Commands
Uname: Prints system information
-a print all information
-s print the kernel name
-r print the kernel release
-v print the kernel version
-m print the machine hardware name
-p print the processor type
-o print the operating system

11-14
ls – Listing of files and directories
Options:-
-l – long listing of files

11-15
1 – file type
- Normal file
d Directory
l Link file
c character file
b block file
2 – File/Dir Permissions
3 – Owner
4 – Group membership
5 – File/Dir Size
6- File/Dir creation
/modification Date
7 – Time modified/created
8 – File name

11-16
-a – Listing of normal files/dirs and as well as hidden files/dirs
-r – Print the output in reverse order
-t – Print the output in based on time
-h – Print the file/dir sizes in human-readable format
-1 – Print the file/dir output line by line

11-17
• man – manual pages for commands or help for the commands
• Example :- man ls
• Output will be no. of pages…. To view the information line wise or
page wise follow these…
• To see the output line by line press “Enter “
• To see the output page by page press “Spacebar”
• To quit from the manual page press the “q” key
• The above three options are useful in all other Unix commands,
whenever this kind of scenario occurs.
• clear – to clear the screen.

11-18
uptime-Tells how long the system has been running
date – To know present date and time
cal – To know the present month calendar.
if you want specific month calendar in specific year
cal 3 1999 – will display the March 1999 calendar.
pwd – To get the present/current working directory.
mkdir – To create the directories
Ex:- mkdir dir1
To create multiple parent/child directories at a time
mkdir –p dir1/sdir1

11-19
cd – To change the working directory
cd <dir_name> # Switches into specified directory.
cd .. #Moves one directory up
cd ../../ # Moves two directories up (and so on)
cd / #Move the / directory.
cd - # Go back to you were previously (before the last directory
change)
touch – To create the empty file, if file is not there, otherwise it updates file
timestamp to current timestamp.
touch f1

11-20
cat – To create/view the files.
cat > file1 - will create a file, it prompts for entering the data, after
entering the data, save the file by pressing Ctrl-D.
cat >> file1 – Will append the data to the file, it also prompts for
entering the data, save the file by pressing Ctrl-D
Behavior of cat command
You can’t edit the files using the cat command…
To view the multiple files
cat file1 file2

11-21
cp – to copy and paste the files/directories
- Syntax to copy the files
cp [options] <source> <destination>
To copy file1 as file2 in the same location.
cp file1 file2
To copy file1 from your present working directory to some other
directory
cp file1 /opt/dir1/
while copying you want to change the file name
cp file1 /opt/dir1/file2

11-22
Contd..
To copy file1 from some other directory to your present working directory
cp /opt/dir1/file1 . ( . Means present working directory)
cp /opt/dir1/file1 file2
To copy file1 from some directory to some where else in the system
cp /opt/dir1/file1 /home/user1/
cp /opt/dir1/file1 /home/user1/file2

11-23
- Syntax to copy the directories
cp –r [options] <srcdir> <destdir>
Options:-
-f - to copy files/dir forcefully.. This option will be useful when
we want to copy files/dirs, if already exists.
-i – Interactively copying the files by asking question want to copy or
not?
-p – while copying files/dirs to preserve the file attributes like
timestamp, permissions, ownership, groups.
cp –rf /opt/dir1 /home/user1/

11-24
rm – removing of files/dirs
- Syntax to remove the files
rm [options] <filename>
-To remove a file
rm file1
-To remove all files starts with “f”
rm f*
- To remove all files ends “f”
rm *f
- Syntax to remove the directories
rm –r [options] <dirname>

11-25
mv – to move files/dirs from one location to another location…And also
we can rename the files/dirs
-To rename a file/dir
mv file1 file2 mv dir1 dir2
-To move a file/dir
mv file1 /opt/dir1 mv dir1 /home/user1
-To move a file/dir and also rename
mv file1 /opt/dir1/file2 mv dir1 /home/user1/dir2

11-26
wc – To get the count of lines/words/characters
wc file1
To get the lines/words/characters output individually.
-l – no.of lines
wc –l file1
-w – no.of words
wc –w file1
-c – no.of characters
wc –c file1

11-27
- To view the file content page by page
- more
- less
more <my_file> # views text, use space bar to browse, hit 'q' to exit
less <my_file> # a more versatile text viewer than 'more', 'q' exits, 'G'
moves to end of text, 'g' to beginning, '/' find forward, '?' find
backwards

11-28
- To view the file top lines based on numerical value
-head
head –n <filename>
by default you can see first 10 lines of the file
head file1
to view first 2o lines from file1
head -20 file1
- To view the file end lines based on numerical value
-tail
tail –n <filename>
by default you can see end 10 lines of the file
tail file1
to view last 2o lines from file1
tail-20 file1

Basic Linux day 1

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