Basic-CSS-tutorial

Basic CSS

Author: Dwight VanTuyl
Created: September 29, 2008
The LINGUIST List

What is CSS?
• Cascading: Multiple styles can overlap in order
to specify a range of style from a whole web site
down to a unique element. Which style gets
applied pertains to the rules of CSS cascading
logic.
• Style: CSS deals specifically with the
presentation domain of designing a web page
(color, font, layout, etc).
• Sheet: Normally, CSS is a file separate from the
HTML file – linked to the HTML file through its
<head> (exceptions apply).

Why CSS?
• Allows for much richer document appearances
than HTML.
• Reduce workload by centralizing commands for
visual appearance instead of scattered
throughout the HTML doc.
• Use same style on multiple pages.
• Reduce page download size.

Use HTML for content; CSS for Presentation.

Reference CSS from HTML
<link rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css” href=“lipstick.css” />

pig.html lipstick.css
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css"
href=“lipstick.css" />
</head>
…
</html>

CSS Syntax
Selector Style Block

h1 {
color: red; Style
Element Values
Properties background: yellow;
}

•The Selector selects elements on the HTML page.
•The associated Style Block applies its Style Values to the selected
Element’s Properties

Selectors
• Select elements to apply a declared style.
• Selector types:
– Element Selectors: selects all elements of a
specific type (<body>, <h1>, <p>, etc.)
– Class Selectors: selects all elements that
belong to a given class.
– ID Selectors: selects a single element that’s
been given a unique id.
– Pseudo Selectors: combines a selector with a
user activated state (:hover, :link, :visited)

Element Selectors
• Finds all HTML elements that have the specified
element type.
• Example:

h1 {
color: blue;
}

Finds all elements of type <h1> and makes the
text color blue.

Class Selectors
• Finds all elements of a given class – based on the
attribute’s class value.
• Syntax: .classname (Remember the dot means class
selector)
• Example:

.legs {
font-weight: bold;
background: pink;
}

Finds all elements whose class = “legs” and makes their
font bold and their backgrounds pink.

ID Selectors
• Finds a single element that’s been given a
unique id – based on the attribute’s id value.
• Syntax: #idname (Remember the pound-sign
means id selector)
• Example:

#snout{
border: solid red;
}

Finds a single element whose id = “snout” and
gives it a solid red border.

Pseudo-Selectors
• Apply styles to a user activated state of an
element.
• If used, must be declared in a specific order in
the style sheet.
• General Purpose Pseudo-Selector:
– :hover Element with mouse over
• Specific to hyperlinks (and/or buttons)
– a:active A link or button that is currently being
clicked on.
– a:link A link that has NOT been visited yet.
– a:visited A link that HAS been visited.

Grouping Selectors
• Lets say you want to apply the same style to several
different selectors. Don’t repeat the style – use a
comma!!
• Syntax: sel1, sel2, sel3 (Remember the comma to
group several different selectors)
• Example:

h1, .legs, #snout{
font-size: 20pt;
}

Finds all elements of type <h1>, all elements with
class=“legs” and the single element whose id = “snout”
then makes their font-size 20pt.

Conflict Resolution
• It’s possible to have different styles
applied to the same selector
(CascadingSS), but what if the styles tell
the browser to do conflicting things?
• Rules:
– Which selector is more specific?
– If the selectors are the same, then which style
was applied last?

Sharpen Your Selector
• Order of specificity:
(specific) id, class, element type (ambiguous)

• Combine selectors:
Elementype.classname or Elementype#idname

e.g. p.legs or h2#snout

Sharpen Your Selector (cont.)
• Descendant Selectors:
Specify the context in the HTML tree from each ancestor down to the
desired element – each separated by a space.

e.g. body.pig p.pig-head #snout

• HTML Tree:
<body class=“pig”>
<p class=“pig-head”>
<h1 id=“snout”>
Snout Snout Snout
</h1>
</p>
</body>

Firebug – Firefox Addon
• Tool for figuring out what styles are being
applied to which element (and which are being
overwritten due to conflict resolution).

• http://getfirebug.com/

• Right-click on an element,
then select “Inspect Element” from the dropdown
menu.

<span> Element tag
• Useful for applying style to text within
another HTML element.
• Use SPARINGLY – unlike <h1> or <p>,
<span> has no semantic meaning.
• Remember, HTML is for content and
HTML tags are for describing that content
to non-human or visually-impaired
readers. <span> is just used to make
things “pretty.”

<div> Element tag
• Useful for dividing parts of the page into sections.
• Creates a “box” with the following attributes:
– margin
– padding
– border
– height
– width
– (..and lots more)

• Primary element used for CSS Layouts
(more information in CSS Layouts tutorial)

Color Properties
• color: specifies the text color.
• background-color: specifies the background color.

black; or #000000;
red; or #FF0000;
lime; or #00FF00;
blue; or #0000FF;
white; or #000000;

…and more see:
http://www.w3schools.com/css/css_colornames.asp

Colorzilla – Firefox Addon
• Easily find color values for elements in a
document.
• http://www.iosart.com/firefox/colorzilla/
• Click on the eyedropper icon in the
bottom-left of the browser and select any
color in your browser window.
• Right-click on the eyedropper for more
options.

Background Image Properties
• background-image: url(../location/of/image.jpg)
• background-repeat: tile image in
background
• background-position: vertical (top,
center, bottom, or size) horizontal (left,
center, right, or size)
• background-attachment: (scroll or fixed)

Font Properties
• font-family: times, arial, serif, sans-serif,
monospace;
• font-style: italic;
• font-weight: (bold, bolder, lighter, or 100 – 900;)
• font-size: size;
…or shorthand
• font: style weight size family;

Text Properties
• text-indent: indents first line of a
paragraph according to size
• text-align: right; or left; or center; or
justify;
• text-decoration: none; or underline;
• text-transform: Capitalize;
• Line-height: added vertical space to each
line of text according to size

List Properties <ul>
• list-style-type: none, disc, circle, square,
(other types available)
• list-style-position: inside or outside
• list-style-image: url(../path/to/image.jpg)

…or shorthand
• list-style: type position image

Border Properties
• border-width: (thin, medium, thick, or size)
• border-style: (none, hidden, dotted, dashed,
solid, double, groove, ridge, inset, or outset)
• border-color: color

…or shorthand
• border(-top, -right, -left, -bottom): width style
color

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