Basics of HTTP - Nafis Fuad

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This document provides an overview of the basics of HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). It discusses the history and problems that HTTP solved, the TCP/IP model, pillars of HTTP including paths, methods, status codes and headers. It also describes the client-server workflow involving opening a TCP connection, sending requests and reading responses. Key aspects covered include connection management, status codes, methods, headers for authentication, caching, conditionals, cookies, CORS and security. Finally, it notes why HTTP is designed as simple, extensible, stateless but not sessionless, and connection efficient, before concluding with a brief discussion of HTTPS.

Software

Basics of HTTP
All you need to know(for now)
1

A little bit of History first
• Problems before HTTP
• What is HTTP?
• How HTTP solved the problem?
2

TCP/IP model
3
https://what-when-how.com/data-communications-and-networking/network-models-data-
communications-and-networking/

Pillars of HTTP
• Path
• Methods
• Status Codes
• Headers
4

Client-Server workflow
• Open a TCP connection
• Send HTTP request
5
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Overview

Client-Server workflow(cont.)
• Read the response sent by the server
• Close or reuse the connection for further requests
6
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Overview

HTTP workflow
7
https://rmohan.com/?p=1488
Bad practice

HTTP connection management
8
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Connection_management_in_HTTP_1.x

HTTP methods
10
https://www.quora.com/What-are-HTTP-methods-and-what-are-they-used-for

HTTP headers
• End-to-end headers
• These headers must be transmitted to the final
recipient of the message
• Hop-by-hop headers
• These headers are meaningful only for a single
transport-level connection, and must not be
retransmitted by proxies or cached.
11

A few headers
Authentication
• WWW-Authenticate
• Authorization
• Proxy-Authenticate
• Proxy-Authorization
12

HTTP response caching
13
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching

A few headers(cont.)
Caching
• Age
• Cache-Control(Pragma for HTTP/1.0)
• Clear-Site-Data
• Expires
14

A few headers(cont.)
Conditionals
• ETag
• Last-Modified
• If-Match
• If-Modified-Since
• Vary
15

$A few headers(cont.) Connection management • Connection • Keep-Alive(args = {timeout, max}) Content Negotiation • Accept: <MIME_type>/<MIME_subtype> • Accept-{Charset, Encoding, Language} 16$

A few headers(cont.)
Cookies
• Cookie: <cookie-list>
• Set-Cookie: <cookie-name>=<cookie-value>
17
https://medium.com/@piraveenaparalogarajah/sessions-and-cookies-
2c0919552f29

A few headers(cont.)
CORS
• Access-Control-Allow-Origin
• Access-Control-Allow-Credentials
• Access-Control-Allow-Methods
• Access-Control-Allow-Headers
Security
• Content-Security-Policy
• Expect-CT
• Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS)
18

A few headers(cont.)
Others
• Do Not Track
• Download
• Ranged Request
• Redirects, etc
19

Why HTTP
• HTTP is simple
• HTTP is extensible
• HTTP is stateless, but not sessionless
• HTTP is connection efficient
20

Finally HTTPS
21
https://www.copahost.com/blog/http-vs-https/

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