basics of network in data structures

1. NETWORK BASICS UNIT IV

2. Network Definition ▣ Set of technologies that connects computers ▣ Allows communication and collaboration between users

3. The Uses of a Network ▣ Simultaneous access to data ◼Data files are shared 🢭 Access can be limited ◼Shared files stored on a server ◼Software can be shared 🢭 Site licenses 🢭 Network versions 🢭 Application servers

4. The Uses of a Network ▣ Shared peripheral device ◼Printers and faxes are common shares ◼Reduces the cost per user ◼Devices can be connected to the network ◼Print servers control network printing 🢭 Manage the print queue

5. Sharing Data File server contains documents used by other computers.

6. The Uses of a Network ▣ Personal communication ◼Email 🢭 Instantaneous communication ◼Conferencing 🢭 Tele conferencing 🢭 Videoconferencing 🢭 Audio-conferencing 🢭 Data-conferencing ◼Voice over IP 🢭 Phone communication over network wires

7. Voice Over IP

8. The Uses of a Network ▣ Easier data backup ◼Backup copies data to removable media ◼Server data backed up in one step

9. Common Network Types ▣ Local Area Network (LAN) ◼Contains printers, servers and computers ◼Systems are close to each other ◼Contained in one office or building ◼Organizations often have several LANS

10. Common Network Types ▣ Wide Area Networks (WAN) ◼Two or more LANs connected ◼Over a large geographic area ◼Typically use public or leased lines 🢭 Phone lines 🢭 Satellite ◼The Internet is a WAN

11. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Campus Area Networks (CAN) ◼A LAN in one large geographic area ◼Resources related to the same organization ◼Each department shares the LAN

12. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ◼Large network that connects different organizations ◼Shares regional resources ◼A network provider sells time

13. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Home Area Network (HAN) ◼Small scale network ◼Connects computers and entertainment appliances ◼Found mainly in the home

14. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Personal Area Network (PAN) ◼Very small scale network ◼Range is less than 2 meters ◼Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

15. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Server based network ◼Node is any network device ◼Servers control what the node accesses ◼Users gain access by logging in ◼Server is the most important computer

16. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Client/Server network ◼Nodes and servers share data roles ◼Nodes are called clients ◼Servers are used to control access ◼Database software 🢭 Access to data controlled by server ◼Server is the most important computer

17. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Peer to peer networks (P2PN) ◼All nodes are equal ◼Nodes access resources on other nodes ◼Each node controls its own resources ◼Most modern OS allow P2PN ◼Distributing computing is a form ◼Kazaa

18. Network Topologies ▣ Topology ◼Logical layout of wires and equipment ◼Choice affects 🢭 Network performance 🢭 Network size 🢭 Network collision detection ◼Several different types

19. Network Topologies ▣ Packets ◼Pieces of data transmitted over a network 🢭 Packets are created by sending node 🢭 Data is reassembled by receiving node ◼Packet header 🢭 Sending and receiving address ◼Packet payload 🢭 Number and size of data 🢭 Actual data ◼Packet error control

20. Network Topologies ▣ Bus topology ◼Also called linear bus ◼One wire connects all nodes ◼Terminator ends the wires ◼Advantages 🢭 Easy to setup 🢭 Small amount of wire ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Slow 🢭 Easy to crash

21. Network Topologies ▣ Star topology ◼All nodes connect to a hub 🢭 Packets sent to hub 🢭 Hub sends packet to destination ◼Advantages 🢭 Easy to setup 🢭 One cable can not crash network ◼Disadvantages 🢭 One hub crashing downs entire network 🢭 Uses lots of cable ◼Most common topology

22. Star Topology

23. Network Topologies ▣ Ring topology ◼Nodes connected in a circle ◼Tokens used to transmit data 🢭 Nodes must wait for token to send ◼Advantages 🢭 Time to send data is known 🢭 No data collisions ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Slow 🢭 Lots of cable

24. Network Topologies ▣ Mesh topology ◼All computers connected together ◼Internet is a mesh network ◼Advantage 🢭 Data will always be delivered ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Lots of cable 🢭 Hard to setup

25. Mesh Topology

26. Network Media ▣ Links that connect nodes ▣ Choice impacts ◼Speed ◼Security ◼Size

27. Wire Based Media ▣ Twisted-pair cabling ◼Most common LAN cable ◼Called Cat5 or 100BaseT ◼Four pairs of copper cable twisted ◼May be shielded from interference ◼Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

28. Wire Based Media ▣ Coaxial cable ◼Similar to cable TV wire ◼One wire runs through cable ◼Shielded from interference ◼Speeds up to 10 Mbps ◼Nearly obsolete

29. Wire Based Media ▣ Fiber-optic cable ◼Data is transmitted with light pulses ◼Glass strand instead of cable ◼Immune to interference ◼Very secure ◼Hard to work with ◼Speeds up to 100 Gbps

30. Wireless Media ▣ Data transmitted through the air ▣ LANs use radio waves ▣ WANs use microwave signals ▣ Easy to setup ▣ Difficult to secure

31. Network Hardware ▣ Network interface cards ◼Network adapter ◼Connects node to the media ◼Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

32. Network Hardware ▣ Network linking devices ◼Connect nodes in the network ◼Cable runs from node to device ◼Crossover cable connects two computers

33. Network Hardware ▣ Hubs ◼Center of a star network ◼All nodes receive transmitted packets ◼Slow and insecure

34. Network Hardware ▣ Switches ◼Replacement for hubs ◼Only intended node receives transmission ◼Fast and secure

35. Network Hardware ▣ Bridge ◼Connects two or more LANs together ◼Packets sent to remote LAN cross 🢭 Other packets do not cross ◼Segments the network on MAC addresses

36. Network Hardware ▣ Router ◼Connects two or more LANs together ◼Packets sent to remote LAN cross ◼Network is segmented by IP address ◼Connect internal networks to the Internet ◼Need configured before installation

37. Network Hardware ▣ Gateway ◼Connects two dissimilar networks ◼Connects coax to twisted pair ◼Most gateways contained in other devices

38. Network Cabling ▣ Cabling specifications ◼Bandwidth measures cable speed 🢭 Typically measured in Mbps ◼Maximum cable length ◼Connector describes the type of plug

39. Network Cabling ▣ Ethernet ◼Very popular cabling technology ◼10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5 ◼Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps ◼Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

40. Network Cabling ▣ Fast Ethernet ◼Newer version of Ethernet ◼Bandwidth is 100 Mbps ◼Uses Cat5 or greater cable 🢭 Sometimes called 100Base T ◼Requires a switch

41. Network Cabling ▣ Gigabit Ethernet ◼High bandwidth version of Ethernet ◼1 to 10 Gbps ◼Cat 5 or fiber optic cable ◼Video applications

42. Network Cabling ▣ Token ring ◼Uses shielded twisted pair cabling ◼Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps ◼Uses a multiple access unit (MAU) ◼Popular in manufacturing and finance

43. Network Protocols ▣ Language of the network ◼Rules of communication ◼Error resolution ◼Defines collision and collision recovery ◼Size of packet ◼Naming rules for computers

44. Network Protocols ▣ TCP/IP ◼Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ◼Most popular protocol ◼Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers 🢭 IP address 🢭 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site ◼Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 🢭 Simplifies assignment of IP addresses ◼Required for Internet access

45. Network Protocols ▣ IPX/SPX ◼Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange ◼Older protocol ◼Associated with Novell Netware ◼Replaced by TCP/IP

46. Network Protocols ▣ NetBEUI ◼Network BIOS Extended User Interface ◼Used by Windows to name computers ◼Transmission details handled by TCP/IP

47. Network Protocols ▣ Token ring ◼Popular in manufacturing and finance ◼Nodes communicate when they have the token

48. DATA ORGANIZATION File and Directory Names

49. Organizing Your Files and Directories Searching & finding Sharing Security Clarity Preservation Improves

50. Organizing Files & Directories ▣ Folders named for major functions/activities ▣ Structure by date or event (especially subfolders) ▣ Names should be self- explanatory ▣ Avoid duplication ▣ Make it simple & consistent

51. File Names ▣ Use descriptive names ▣ Not too long; CamelCase ▣ Try to include time ◼Date using YYYYMMDD ◼Use version numbers ▣ Don’t use spaces ◼May use “-” or “_” ▣ Don’t change default extensions

52. File Naming and Directory Organizing Astronomy Observatory Runs Directory: source + date Ex. September 2012 = sep12 Source: c40 = Las Campanas 40-inch 1 1 Sub-Directory: one directory for each night; n# (# for the number of the night). Additional directories for “special” data, and log files that apply to entire run. 2 2 Files: for each nightly directory, number sequentially starting w/1001 (for night 1, first data frame), then for night two start with 2001, etc. The original raw data files are kept in a separate, read- only directory. 3 3

53. Network Basics

54. Network Definition ▣ Set of technologies that connects computers ▣ Allows communication and collaboration between users

55. The Uses of a Network ▣ Simultaneous access to data ◼Data files are shared 🢭 Access can be limited ◼Shared files stored on a server ◼Software can be shared 🢭 Site licenses 🢭 Network versions 🢭 Application servers

56. The Uses of a Network ▣ Shared peripheral device ◼Printers and faxes are common shares ◼Reduces the cost per user ◼Devices can be connected to the network ◼Print servers control network printing 🢭 Manage the print queue

57. Sharing Data File server contains documents used by other computers.

58. The Uses of a Network ▣ Personal communication ◼Email 🢭 Instantaneous communication ◼Conferencing 🢭 Tele conferencing 🢭 Videoconferencing 🢭 Audio-conferencing 🢭 Data-conferencing ◼Voice over IP 🢭 Phone communication over network wires

59. Voice Over IP

60. The Uses of a Network ▣ Easier data backup ◼Backup copies data to removable media ◼Server data backed up in one step

61. Common Network Types ▣ Local Area Network (LAN) ◼Contains printers, servers and computers ◼Systems are close to each other ◼Contained in one office or building ◼Organizations often have several LANS

62. Common Network Types ▣ Wide Area Networks (WAN) ◼Two or more LANs connected ◼Over a large geographic area ◼Typically use public or leased lines 🢭 Phone lines 🢭 Satellite ◼The Internet is a WAN

63. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Campus Area Networks (CAN) ◼A LAN in one large geographic area ◼Resources related to the same organization ◼Each department shares the LAN

64. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ◼Large network that connects different organizations ◼Shares regional resources ◼A network provider sells time

65. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Home Area Network (HAN) ◼Small scale network ◼Connects computers and entertainment appliances ◼Found mainly in the home

66. Hybrid Network Types ▣ Personal Area Network (PAN) ◼Very small scale network ◼Range is less than 2 meters ◼Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

67. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Server based network ◼Node is any network device ◼Servers control what the node accesses ◼Users gain access by logging in ◼Server is the most important computer

68. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Client/Server network ◼Nodes and servers share data roles ◼Nodes are called clients ◼Servers are used to control access ◼Database software 🢭 Access to data controlled by server ◼Server is the most important computer

69. How Networks Are Structured ▣ Peer to peer networks (P2PN) ◼All nodes are equal ◼Nodes access resources on other nodes ◼Each node controls its own resources ◼Most modern OS allow P2PN ◼Distributing computing is a form ◼Kazaa

70. Network Topologies ▣ Topology ◼Logical layout of wires and equipment ◼Choice affects 🢭 Network performance 🢭 Network size 🢭 Network collision detection ◼Several different types

71. Network Topologies ▣ Packets ◼Pieces of data transmitted over a network 🢭 Packets are created by sending node 🢭 Data is reassembled by receiving node ◼Packet header 🢭 Sending and receiving address ◼Packet payload 🢭 Number and size of data 🢭 Actual data ◼Packet error control

72. Network Topologies ▣ Bus topology ◼Also called linear bus ◼One wire connects all nodes ◼Terminator ends the wires ◼Advantages 🢭 Easy to setup 🢭 Small amount of wire ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Slow 🢭 Easy to crash

73. Network Topologies ▣ Star topology ◼All nodes connect to a hub 🢭 Packets sent to hub 🢭 Hub sends packet to destination ◼Advantages 🢭 Easy to setup 🢭 One cable can not crash network ◼Disadvantages 🢭 One hub crashing downs entire network 🢭 Uses lots of cable ◼Most common topology

74. Star Topology

75. Network Topologies ▣ Ring topology ◼Nodes connected in a circle ◼Tokens used to transmit data 🢭 Nodes must wait for token to send ◼Advantages 🢭 Time to send data is known 🢭 No data collisions ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Slow 🢭 Lots of cable

76. Network Topologies ▣ Mesh topology ◼All computers connected together ◼Internet is a mesh network ◼Advantage 🢭 Data will always be delivered ◼Disadvantages 🢭 Lots of cable 🢭 Hard to setup

77. Mesh Topology

78. Network Media ▣ Links that connect nodes ▣ Choice impacts ◼Speed ◼Security ◼Size

79. Wire Based Media ▣ Twisted-pair cabling ◼Most common LAN cable ◼Called Cat5 or 100BaseT ◼Four pairs of copper cable twisted ◼May be shielded from interference ◼Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps

80. Wire Based Media ▣ Coaxial cable ◼Similar to cable TV wire ◼One wire runs through cable ◼Shielded from interference ◼Speeds up to 10 Mbps ◼Nearly obsolete

81. Wire Based Media ▣ Fiber-optic cable ◼Data is transmitted with light pulses ◼Glass strand instead of cable ◼Immune to interference ◼Very secure ◼Hard to work with ◼Speeds up to 100 Gbps

82. Wireless Media ▣ Data transmitted through the air ▣ LANs use radio waves ▣ WANs use microwave signals ▣ Easy to setup ▣ Difficult to secure

83. Network Hardware ▣ Network interface cards ◼Network adapter ◼Connects node to the media ◼Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)

84. Network Hardware ▣ Network linking devices ◼Connect nodes in the network ◼Cable runs from node to device ◼Crossover cable connects two computers

85. Network Hardware ▣ Hubs ◼Center of a star network ◼All nodes receive transmitted packets ◼Slow and insecure

86. Network Hardware ▣ Switches ◼Replacement for hubs ◼Only intended node receives transmission ◼Fast and secure

87. Network Hardware ▣ Bridge ◼Connects two or more LANs together ◼Packets sent to remote LAN cross 🢭 Other packets do not cross ◼Segments the network on MAC addresses

88. Network Hardware ▣ Router ◼Connects two or more LANs together ◼Packets sent to remote LAN cross ◼Network is segmented by IP address ◼Connect internal networks to the Internet ◼Need configured before installation

89. Network Hardware ▣ Gateway ◼Connects two dissimilar networks ◼Connects coax to twisted pair ◼Most gateways contained in other devices

90. Network Cabling ▣ Cabling specifications ◼Bandwidth measures cable speed 🢭 Typically measured in Mbps ◼Maximum cable length ◼Connector describes the type of plug

91. Network Cabling ▣ Ethernet ◼Very popular cabling technology ◼10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5 ◼Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps ◼Maximum distances100 to 500 meters

92. Network Cabling ▣ Fast Ethernet ◼Newer version of Ethernet ◼Bandwidth is 100 Mbps ◼Uses Cat5 or greater cable 🢭 Sometimes called 100Base T ◼Requires a switch

93. Network Cabling ▣ Gigabit Ethernet ◼High bandwidth version of Ethernet ◼1 to 10 Gbps ◼Cat 5 or fiber optic cable ◼Video applications

94. Network Cabling ▣ Token ring ◼Uses shielded twisted pair cabling ◼Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps ◼Uses a multiple access unit (MAU) ◼Popular in manufacturing and finance

95. Network Protocols ▣ Language of the network ◼Rules of communication ◼Error resolution ◼Defines collision and collision recovery ◼Size of packet ◼Naming rules for computers

96. Network Protocols ▣ TCP/IP ◼Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol ◼Most popular protocol ◼Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers 🢭 IP address 🢭 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site ◼Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 🢭 Simplifies assignment of IP addresses ◼Required for Internet access

97. Network Protocols ▣ IPX/SPX ◼Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange ◼Older protocol ◼Associated with Novell Netware ◼Replaced by TCP/IP

98. Network Protocols ▣ NetBEUI ◼Network BIOS Extended User Interface ◼Used by Windows to name computers ◼Transmission details handled by TCP/IP

99. Network Protocols ▣ Token ring ◼Popular in manufacturing and finance ◼Nodes communicate when they have the token

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