BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR
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This study evaluates the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with a focus on shear strength, revealing a maximum increase of 29.42% in shear strength at 1.5% fiber content after 28 days of curing. The research proposes new expressions for predicting shear strength based on fiber content and demonstrates how steel fibers enhance the toughness and ductility of high strength concrete. Additionally, it suggests that the incorporation of fiber can shift the failure mode from brittle to more ductile behavior.
![International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME
47
I. INTRODUCTION
The term “High Strength Concrete” (HSC) is generally used for concrete having compressive
strength higher than 42MPa (6000psi). The use of HSC in the construction industry has steadily
increased over the past years, which leads to the design of smaller sections. This in turn reduces the
dead weight, allowing longer spans and more usable area of buildings. Reduction in mass is also
important for economical design of earthquake resistant structures. Such advantages often outweigh
the higher production cost of high-strength concrete associated with careful selection of ingredients,
mix proportioning, curing, and quality control.
HSC increases the post-peak portion of the stress–strain diagram, almost vanishes or
descends steeply. The increase in concrete strength reduces its ductility. The higher the strength of
concrete, the lower is its ductility. This inverse relation between strength and ductility is a serious
drawback for the use of HSC and a compromise between these two characteristics of concrete can be
obtained by adding discontinuous fibers. The concept of using fibers to improve the characteristics of
construction materials is very old. Addition of fibers to concrete makes it more homogeneous and
isotropic and transforms it from a brittle to a more ductile material. When concrete cracks, the
randomly oriented fibers arrest a micro-cracking mechanism and limit crack propagation, thus
improving strength, bond and ductility.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Balendran, Zhou, Nadeem and Leung [1] investigated the effectiveness of fiber inclusion
in the improvement of mechanical performance of concrete with regard to concrete type and
specimen size. Lightweight aggregate concrete and limestone aggregate concrete with and without
steel fibers were used in the study. The compressive strength of the concrete mixes varied between
90 and 115 MPa and the fiber content was 1% by volume. The increase in splitting tensile strength,
flexural strength and toughness index for lightweight concrete seems much higher than that of
normal aggregate concrete.
Ghugal [2] studied effect of steel fibers on various strength of concrete. Author takes various
percentages of steel fiber with four grades of mixes. For each mix cube, cylinder, beams and shear
specimens are casted.
Giuseppe Campione [3] reported an analytical model which proposed that it is able to
determine the flexural response of supported beams under four point bending tests. A simplified
analytical model is presented that is able to calculate the load deflection curves and the maximum
and ultimate deflections occurring in the case of shear or flexure failure.
Lambrechts, Nemegeer, Vanbrabant and Stang [4] investigated that steel fibers can
replace stirrups as shear reinforcement in high strength concrete beams. Analysis of the results
indicates some favorable aspects concerning the use of steel fibers as shear reinforcement in high
strength concrete beams.
Lok and Pei [5] proposed a constitutive model for SFRC, in which the tensile behavior
incorporates a bilinear strain softening feature. Composite material properties (Fcr,Fult), fiber volume
concentration (%Vf), fiber aspect ratio (f/d) and fiber-concrete matrix bond stress (Td) are used to
define the model.
Parviz and Ziad [6] investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams
containing steel fibers. They indicated that the ductility and the ultimate resistance are remarkably
enhanced due to the addition of steel fibers. The design implication of fiber-reinforced concrete
beams is also discussed along with the method for incorporating fiber effects in the flexural analysis
of singly reinforced concrete beams.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/behaviorofhighstrengthfiberreinforcedconcreteundershear-160222124930/85/BEHAVIOR-OF-HIGH-STRENGTH-FIBER-REINFORCED-CONCRETE-UNDER-SHEAR-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME
48
Swamy and Al-Ta’an [7] described the influence of fiber reinforcement on the deformation
characteristics and ultimate strength in flexure of concrete beams made with 20mm maximum size of
aggregates and reinforced with bar reinforcement with specified minimum yield strength of 460 and
617 N/mm2
respectively. The fiber concrete was provided either over the whole depth of the beam or
in the effective tension zone only surrounding the steel bars.
Thomas and Ramaswamy [8] described the experimental results of the strength properties
of SFRC, namely cube and cylinder compressive strength, split tensile strength modulus of rupture,
modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio and strain corresponding to peak compressive stress. Empirical
relationships were developed for various strength properties based on the regression analysis of the
60 tests data.
III. MATERIALS, PROPORTIONING AND ADMIXTURES
1. Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement having 7days compressive strength of 45.20MPa and confirming
to IS 12269 [9]
2. Aggregate
As a Fine Aggregate (FA) natural Sand from river is used confirming to IS 383-1970 [10]. As
a Course Aggregate (CA) crushed black trap basalt rock of aggregate size 20mm down and 10mm
down were used confirming to IS 383-1970 [10]. Various tests such as Specific Gravity, Water
Absorption and Sieve Analysis have been conducted on CA and FA to know their quality and
grading. The Fineness Modulus of CA is found to be 7.52 and of FA is 2.803 which are within the
standard range.
3. Physical Properties Of Steel Fibers
Novocon (Xorex) steel fibers conforming to ASTM A 820 type-I are used for experimental
work. Fibers are high tensile steel cold drawn wire and specially engineered for use in concrete.
Fibers are made available from NINA Concrete Industries and company, Mumbai.
Table1. Physical Properties of Steel Fibers
Sr.No. Property Value
1 Length of fiber 50.0 mm (Flat)
2. Appearance Bright in clean wire
3. Average aspect ratio 50
4. Deformation Continuously deformed circular segment
5. Fiber tensile strength 580.392 MPa
6. Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa
7. Specific Gravity 7.80
Dosages fiber used: 0.5 % to 5.0% with the increment of 0.5% by weight of cement
4. Super Plasticizer
Sulphonated Naphthalene formaldehyde condensate CONPLAST SP-430 super plasticizer
obtained from Fosroc Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd. was used. It conforms to IS: 9103-1999 [11] and
has a specific gravity of 1.20.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/behaviorofhighstrengthfiberreinforcedconcreteundershear-160222124930/85/BEHAVIOR-OF-HIGH-STRENGTH-FIBER-REINFORCED-CONCRETE-UNDER-SHEAR-3-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME
49
5. Water
Potable water available in the laboratory is used for mixing and curing of concrete.
6. Mix Design of Concrete and Quantities of Concrete Ingredients
Mix design of M-60 grade is carried out using various methods and verified by IS method
referring IS 10262-1982 [12], Entroy and Shaklok method as well as by testing concrete with various
proportions on ingredients. The quantity of ingredient material and mix proportions as per design is
as under. This proportions of the ingredients were authenticated by casting cubes and testing them at
7 and 28days age of concrete.
The M-60 grade of concrete having mix proportions 1: 0.75: 2.52(1.51+ 1.01) i.e.
Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate (20mm and 10mm) with w/c ratio of 0.3 was used
throughout the experimental investigation. Following Moulds and Specimens were prepared for the
testing purpose.
Table 2. Quality of Material per cubic meter of Concrete
Material Proportion by weight Weight in Kg/m3
Cement 1.0 430
F.A. 0.72 309.6
CA I (20mm) (60%) 1.51 649.3
CA II (10mm) (40%) 1.01 434.3
Water/Cement ratio 0.3 129
IV.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Shear strength on push-off type specimen
Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear
stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio to area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push-
Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicate to determine the Shear strength. The Push Off units is
used in the present study is shown in figure 1. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a
known plane. To ensure the failure of concrete in the shear plane, steel reinforcement was placed
from the shear plane to prevent the undesirable failure modes such as flexure, compression or
bearing capacity. Shear stress is calculated as a ratio of shear load to the area of shear plane.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/behaviorofhighstrengthfiberreinforcedconcreteundershear-160222124930/85/BEHAVIOR-OF-HIGH-STRENGTH-FIBER-REINFORCED-CONCRETE-UNDER-SHEAR-4-320.jpg)
BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR
- 1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 46 BEHAVIOR OF HIGH STRENGTH FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER SHEAR R. M. Sawant1 , Junaid Khan2 Jabeen Khan3 Satish Waykar4 1 Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Nagsenvan, Aurangabad (M.S.), India, 2 Assistant Proffessor, Civil Engineering Department, Shri Sai institute of Technology (Poly.), Aurangabad, M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai (M.S.), India 3 Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Nagsenvan, Aurangabad (M.S.), India 4 Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, P.E.S. College of Engineering, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Nagsenvan, Aurangabad (M.S.), India ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effectiveness of steel fibers used along with the shear reinforcement in the formation of the high grade fiber reinforced concrete. Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio of load to the area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push-Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicates to determine the Shear strength. The effects of these fibers with different volume of fibers on workability, density, and on shear strengths of M60 grade concrete are studied. New expressions for shear strengths are proposed. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a known plane. To ensure the failure of concrete in the shear plane, steel reinforcement was placed from the shear plane to prevent the undesirable failure modes such as flexure, compression or bearing capacity. The shear strength was increased upto 29.42% and 28.76 % at 7 and 28 Days respectively over normal concrete at 1.5% fiber content. The fibers reduced the deformation at all load levels, reduced spalling and helped to preserve the ductility and overall integrity of the structural member. Key Words: Crimpped steel fiber, volume fraction of fibers, SFRC, workability, shear strength of concrete, optimum fiber content. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/Ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2015): 9.1215 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJCIET ©IAEME
- 2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 47 I. INTRODUCTION The term “High Strength Concrete” (HSC) is generally used for concrete having compressive strength higher than 42MPa (6000psi). The use of HSC in the construction industry has steadily increased over the past years, which leads to the design of smaller sections. This in turn reduces the dead weight, allowing longer spans and more usable area of buildings. Reduction in mass is also important for economical design of earthquake resistant structures. Such advantages often outweigh the higher production cost of high-strength concrete associated with careful selection of ingredients, mix proportioning, curing, and quality control. HSC increases the post-peak portion of the stress–strain diagram, almost vanishes or descends steeply. The increase in concrete strength reduces its ductility. The higher the strength of concrete, the lower is its ductility. This inverse relation between strength and ductility is a serious drawback for the use of HSC and a compromise between these two characteristics of concrete can be obtained by adding discontinuous fibers. The concept of using fibers to improve the characteristics of construction materials is very old. Addition of fibers to concrete makes it more homogeneous and isotropic and transforms it from a brittle to a more ductile material. When concrete cracks, the randomly oriented fibers arrest a micro-cracking mechanism and limit crack propagation, thus improving strength, bond and ductility. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Balendran, Zhou, Nadeem and Leung [1] investigated the effectiveness of fiber inclusion in the improvement of mechanical performance of concrete with regard to concrete type and specimen size. Lightweight aggregate concrete and limestone aggregate concrete with and without steel fibers were used in the study. The compressive strength of the concrete mixes varied between 90 and 115 MPa and the fiber content was 1% by volume. The increase in splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and toughness index for lightweight concrete seems much higher than that of normal aggregate concrete. Ghugal [2] studied effect of steel fibers on various strength of concrete. Author takes various percentages of steel fiber with four grades of mixes. For each mix cube, cylinder, beams and shear specimens are casted. Giuseppe Campione [3] reported an analytical model which proposed that it is able to determine the flexural response of supported beams under four point bending tests. A simplified analytical model is presented that is able to calculate the load deflection curves and the maximum and ultimate deflections occurring in the case of shear or flexure failure. Lambrechts, Nemegeer, Vanbrabant and Stang [4] investigated that steel fibers can replace stirrups as shear reinforcement in high strength concrete beams. Analysis of the results indicates some favorable aspects concerning the use of steel fibers as shear reinforcement in high strength concrete beams. Lok and Pei [5] proposed a constitutive model for SFRC, in which the tensile behavior incorporates a bilinear strain softening feature. Composite material properties (Fcr,Fult), fiber volume concentration (%Vf), fiber aspect ratio (f/d) and fiber-concrete matrix bond stress (Td) are used to define the model. Parviz and Ziad [6] investigated the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing steel fibers. They indicated that the ductility and the ultimate resistance are remarkably enhanced due to the addition of steel fibers. The design implication of fiber-reinforced concrete beams is also discussed along with the method for incorporating fiber effects in the flexural analysis of singly reinforced concrete beams.
- 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 48 Swamy and Al-Ta’an [7] described the influence of fiber reinforcement on the deformation characteristics and ultimate strength in flexure of concrete beams made with 20mm maximum size of aggregates and reinforced with bar reinforcement with specified minimum yield strength of 460 and 617 N/mm2 respectively. The fiber concrete was provided either over the whole depth of the beam or in the effective tension zone only surrounding the steel bars. Thomas and Ramaswamy [8] described the experimental results of the strength properties of SFRC, namely cube and cylinder compressive strength, split tensile strength modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio and strain corresponding to peak compressive stress. Empirical relationships were developed for various strength properties based on the regression analysis of the 60 tests data. III. MATERIALS, PROPORTIONING AND ADMIXTURES 1. Cement Ordinary Portland Cement having 7days compressive strength of 45.20MPa and confirming to IS 12269 [9] 2. Aggregate As a Fine Aggregate (FA) natural Sand from river is used confirming to IS 383-1970 [10]. As a Course Aggregate (CA) crushed black trap basalt rock of aggregate size 20mm down and 10mm down were used confirming to IS 383-1970 [10]. Various tests such as Specific Gravity, Water Absorption and Sieve Analysis have been conducted on CA and FA to know their quality and grading. The Fineness Modulus of CA is found to be 7.52 and of FA is 2.803 which are within the standard range. 3. Physical Properties Of Steel Fibers Novocon (Xorex) steel fibers conforming to ASTM A 820 type-I are used for experimental work. Fibers are high tensile steel cold drawn wire and specially engineered for use in concrete. Fibers are made available from NINA Concrete Industries and company, Mumbai. Table1. Physical Properties of Steel Fibers Sr.No. Property Value 1 Length of fiber 50.0 mm (Flat) 2. Appearance Bright in clean wire 3. Average aspect ratio 50 4. Deformation Continuously deformed circular segment 5. Fiber tensile strength 580.392 MPa 6. Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa 7. Specific Gravity 7.80 Dosages fiber used: 0.5 % to 5.0% with the increment of 0.5% by weight of cement 4. Super Plasticizer Sulphonated Naphthalene formaldehyde condensate CONPLAST SP-430 super plasticizer obtained from Fosroc Chemicals (India) Pvt. Ltd. was used. It conforms to IS: 9103-1999 [11] and has a specific gravity of 1.20.
- 4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 49 5. Water Potable water available in the laboratory is used for mixing and curing of concrete. 6. Mix Design of Concrete and Quantities of Concrete Ingredients Mix design of M-60 grade is carried out using various methods and verified by IS method referring IS 10262-1982 [12], Entroy and Shaklok method as well as by testing concrete with various proportions on ingredients. The quantity of ingredient material and mix proportions as per design is as under. This proportions of the ingredients were authenticated by casting cubes and testing them at 7 and 28days age of concrete. The M-60 grade of concrete having mix proportions 1: 0.75: 2.52(1.51+ 1.01) i.e. Cement: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate (20mm and 10mm) with w/c ratio of 0.3 was used throughout the experimental investigation. Following Moulds and Specimens were prepared for the testing purpose. Table 2. Quality of Material per cubic meter of Concrete Material Proportion by weight Weight in Kg/m3 Cement 1.0 430 F.A. 0.72 309.6 CA I (20mm) (60%) 1.51 649.3 CA II (10mm) (40%) 1.01 434.3 Water/Cement ratio 0.3 129 IV.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Shear strength on push-off type specimen Shear strength of concrete is obtained from direct shear test using push off specimens. Shear stress (strength) is calculated as a ratio to area of shear plane. Tests were carried out on the “Push- Off” (double L) type specimens in triplicate to determine the Shear strength. The Push Off units is used in the present study is shown in figure 1. The specimen was designed to fail in shear at a known plane. To ensure the failure of concrete in the shear plane, steel reinforcement was placed from the shear plane to prevent the undesirable failure modes such as flexure, compression or bearing capacity. Shear stress is calculated as a ratio of shear load to the area of shear plane.
- 5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 50 125 150 125 150 25 25 75 75 Ps Ps Ps ShearPlane 6mmØM.S. bars Ps Fig. 1. (a) Three dimensional view of push-off type specimen. (b) Front view of specimen with dimensions in mm. (c) Reinforcement details. The shear strength (τ ) is calculated by the formula. A P =τ (1) Where P = Compressive Load A = Cross sectional Area Experimental results and results of regression analysis at 7 and 28 days are presented in Table 1 and 2 V. RESULTS Expression for Shear strength in terms of Vf at 7 days and 28 Days from figure 1 7 days τ = -0.103 Vf 2 + 0.642 Vf + 3.144 (2) 28 days τ = -0.166Vf 2 + 0.994Vf + 5.311 (3) Shear Strength on Cubes A result of shear strength is obtained from Equation 1, and results are presented in Table 1
- 6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 51 Table 1: Variation of Shear strength Sr.no. Fiber content ( % ) Shear Strength in N/mm 2 (Using Eqn. 1) % increase in Shear Strength over control Concrete 7 Days 28 Days 7 Days 28 Days 1 0.0 3.222 5.372 0.00 0.00 2 0.5 3.253 5.609 0.96 4.41 3 1.0 3.479 5.770 7.97 7.4 4 1.5 4.170 6.917 29.42 28.76 5 2.0 4.306 6.900 33.64 28.44 6 2.5 4.039 6.867 25.35 27.82 7 3.0 4.026 6.642 24.95 23.64 8 3.5 3.993 6.525 23.92 21.46 9 4.0 3.968 6.459 23.15 20.23 10 4.5 3.906 6.403 21.22 19.19 11 5.0 3.883 6.346 20.51 18.13 Figure 1: Variation of Shear Strength on Prism with Respect to Fiber Content (Vf %)
- 7. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 52 Fig. 2 : Variation in Shear Strength on Prism (%) Over Controlled Concrete with Respect to Fiber Content (Vf %) Table 2: Shear Strength by Regression Analysis Sr.No. Fiber content Vf ( % ) Shear Strength in ( τ ) N/mm2 Experimental Value Eq.1 From Eqn ( 2 ) Experimental Value Eq.1 From Eqn (3) 7 Days 28 Days 1 0.0 3.222 3.144 5.372 5.311 2 0.5 3.253 3.439 5.609 5.767 3 1.0 3.479 3.683 5.770 6.139 4 1.5 4.170 3.875 6.917 6.429 5 2.0 4.306 4.016 6.900 6.635 6 2.5 4.039 4.105 6.867 6.759 7 3.0 4.026 4.143 6.642 6.799 8 3.5 3.993 4.129 6.525 6.757 9 4.0 3.968 4.064 6.459 6.631 10 4.5 3.906 3.947 6.403 6.423 11 5.0 3.883 3.779 6.346 6.131
- 8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 53 VI. CONCLUSION Following conclusion are drawn based on the result discussed. 1. The maximum percentage increase in shear strength, 29.42 %, with 1.5 % at 28 days of water curing 2. Empirical expressions have been established to predict the values of shear strength for SFRC in terms fiber content. 3. After testing the specimen under shear strength the specimen were further stressed and broken into two pieces. It was observed that about 40% of the fibers were slipped and 20 % were broken and their exposed length was varied between 25% and 40% of the original length. 4. The toughness of the concrete goes on increasing with the increase of the fiber content. 5. For all fiber content, mode of failure was changed from brittle to ductile failure when subjected to Shear strength 6. In general, the significant improvement in various strengths is observed with the inclusion of steel fibers in the plain concrete. However, maximum gain in shear strength of concrete is found to depend upon the amount of fiber content. The optimum fiber content to impart maximum gain in strength varies with type of the strength. 7. The Optimum Fiber Content (Vf) was found 1.5% and the highest shear strength 6.91 N/mm2 and percentage increase over plain concrete is 28..76 %. 8. All the specimens failed with vertical crack along the embedded length of bar with cracking sound. VII. REFERENCES Journal Papers 1. R.V. Balendran, F.P. Zhou, A. Nadeem, A.Y.T. Leung, “Influence of Steel Fibres on Strength and Ductility of Normal and Lightweight High Strength Concrete”, Building and environment 37 (2002) 1361-1367. 2. Ghugal, Y. M., “Effects of Steel Fibres on Various Strengths of Concrete,” Indian Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2003, pp. 23-29. 3. Giuseppe Campione, “Simplified Flexural Response of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Journal of materials in Civil Enggineering. Vol 20, No. 4 ASCE / April 2008 4. A. Lambrechts, D. Nemegeer, J. Vanbrabant and H. Stang, “Durability of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete” SP-212-42. 5. T.S. Lok, Member, ASCE and J.R. Xiao, “Flexural Strength Assessment of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, Journal of materials in civil engineering Vol 11 No. 3 , August 1999. 6. Parviz Soroushian and Ziad Bayasi, “Fiber-Type Effects on the Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, ACI materials journal Vol 88, No. 2, March-April 1991. 7. Swamy R.N. and Sa’ad A. Al-Ta’an, “Deformation and Ultimate Strength in Flexure of Reinforced concrete Beams Made with Steel Fiber Concrete” ACI journal / September- October 1981. 8. Job Thomas and Ananth Ramaswamy, “Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete”, Journal of materials in civil engineering Vol 19, No. 5 ASCE May 2007. 9. K.V. Maheshwari, Dr. A.K. Desai and Dr. C.H. Solanki, “Bearing Capacity of Fiber Reinforced Soil” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 159 - 164, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
- 9. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 46-54 © IAEME 54 10. Prof. R.M. Sawant, Jabeen Khan, Minal Aher and Akash Bundele, “Comprehensive Study of High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Under Pull out Strength” International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 6, Issue 1, 2015, pp. 14 - 20, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316 Practicing codes 11. I.S.12269-1987, “Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 12. I.S.383-1970, “Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for Concrete,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 13. I.S.9103-1999, “Concrete Admixture- Specification” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 14. I.S.10262-1982, “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix-design” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.