Behaviorism
First of all you must know
about “BEHAVIOR”
Behavior is what people say and do.
*(Examples)
It can be measured;
Frequency, Intensity and Duration
PAVLOV talked about “Conditioning Principles” whereas
SKINNER talked about “Operant Conditioning”
We will talk about
SKINNER first!
REINFORCEMENT
Definition
 A process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate
consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.
Response Consequence
Daily Life Examples???
 Mother praises the child for doing homework.
Response (homework) Consequence (Praise)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Father gives a candy to her daughter for cleaning her room.
Response (cleaning) Consequence (Candy)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Teacher gives attention to the student in classroom for his study
behavior.
Response (study behavior) Consequence (attention)
Behavior will be repeated.
*Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???
“PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!
Types of REINFORCEMENT
 Positive Reinforcement
 Negative Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the addition of a stimulus or an increase in the
intensity of the stimulus,
(b) Which results in the strengthening of the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the removal of a stimulus or a decrease in the
intensity of the stimulus,
(b) Which results in the strengthening of the behavior.
Daily Life Examples???
 A child throws tantrums in the store and gets a candy.
Response (tantrums) Consequence (Candy)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Dolphin getting a fish after a trick.
Response (trick) Consequence (fish)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Taking a pill to alleviate headache.
Response (taking a pill) Consequence (headache gone)
Behavior will be repeated.
 Study when you are worried about a test or exam.
Response (Study) Consequence (No worry)
Behavior will be repeated.
*Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???
PLEASE “REVISE” THE ENTIRE
TOPICS
AGAIN AND AGAIN.
“PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!
PUNISHMENT
Definition
 A particular behavior occurs and a consequence immediately
follows the behavior. As a result, the behavior is less likely to
occur again in the future.
Response Consequence
 Ali grabbed the hot sauce pan which resulted in pain (burn).
Response (grabbing) Consequence (burn)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 A boy disturbing other classmates and is made to sit in another room alone.
Response (disturbing) Consequence (sitting alone)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 Aslam is riding a fast bicycle in the street, collided with a car and is injured.
Response (fast bicycle) Consequence (injury)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
Daily Life Examples???
“PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!
Types of PUNISHMENT
 Positive Punishment
 Negative Punishment
Positive Punishment
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the presentation of a stimulus,
(b) As a result, behavior is less likely to occur in the future.
Negative Punishment
 The occurrence of a behavior
(a) Is followed by the removal of a stimulus,
(b) As a result, behavior is less likely to occur in the future..
 +A child throws tantrums in the store and gets a spank.
Response (tantrums) Consequence (spank)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 +Challan issued on a high speed.
Response (High speed) Consequence (Challan)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 -Ali’s games period is closed because of incomplete homework.
Response (incomplete homework) Consequence
(games period closed)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
 -Trainer goes away with the fish bucket when dolphin is aggressive.
Response (Aggressive) Consequence (Deprived of fish)
Behavior will NOT be repeated.
*Daily Life Examples from your
PERSONAL LIFE???
PLEASE “REVISE” THE ENTIRE
TOPICS
AGAIN AND AGAIN.
“PRACTICE”
THESE CONCEPTS IN YOUR
“DAILY LIFE”
AND
YOU WILL BECOME
“EXPERT”!
Reinforcers and Punishers
Reinforcers
Reinforcer
 A stimulus (or an event) that increases the probability of a desired
response is called as reinforcer.
Types of Reinforcers
 Tangible reinforcers
 Intangible reinforcers (Also known as Social Reinforcers)
TANGIBLE Reinforcers
 These reinforcers are concrete that one can hold them.
EXAMPLES
 Food
 Clothes
 Book
 Toys
 Sweets (candies, chocolates etc.)
 Chalk and duster
 Electronics
 Crayons
 Pencils (or color pencils)
 Stickers
 Surprise treats or rewards like calendars etc.
INTANGIBLE Reinforcers
Or
Social Reinforcers
 These reinforcers are NOT concrete and that one cannot hold
them.
EXAMPLES
 Attention
 Praise
 Approval
 Smile
 Clapping
 Talk of choice (Cartoons, movies, sports etc.)
 Permission to choose an activity
 Permission to sit on teacher’s chair
 Extra games class.
CONVERTING OF
INTANGIBLE TO TANGIBLE
* HOW?
Punishers
 The consequences or events that reduce or decrease the
probability of the particular behavior are known as punishers.
EXAMPLES
 Losing a TV privilege
 Sending to bed early
 Taking a toy away
 Losing games period
 Losing appreciation
Must LEARN to IDENTIFY
the reinforcers and punishers
* HOW?
Factors that Influence the
Effectiveness of Reinforcement
and Punishment
 Immediacy
 Contingency
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
 Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule
Continuous Reinforcement
Schedule
 Continuous Reinforcement Schedule is one in which each
occurrence of a response is reinforced.
Intermittent Reinforcement
Schedule
 Intermitted Reinforcement Schedule is one in which each
occurrence of a response is NOT reinforced rather responses are
occasionally or intermittently reinforced.
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Fixed Ratio
 Variable Ratio
 Fixed Interval
 Variable Interval
Respondent Conditioning
Respondent Conditioning
vs. Operant Conditioning
 Operant behaviors are controlled by their consequences; It involves
the manipulation of consequences.
 Respondent behaviors are controlled (elicited) by antecedent stimuli,
and respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of antecedent
stimuli.
Example
Sarah work in a factory and she’s always busy with a machine.
Machine works and a short blast of air hits her at face.
• It is not dangerous but it causes blinking of the eye.
After few days Sarah observed that before the blast of air there’s a
clicking sound that causes blinking.
Ultimately she started to blink as soon as there was clicking sound.
Examples from your Daily
Life?

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Behaviorism