Birth of world cinem 2020 (2)

PhD Course Work Classes
BIRTH OF WORLD CINEMA
Dr JANARDHAN JUVVIGUNTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DFM, JGI

WHAT IS CINEMA?
● The art of moving images is called cinema.
● It is a motion picture in a visual medium that tells stories.
● Accordingto Bernard F. Dick, (2009), Cinemais derived from theFrench word
‘cinematography’
● It has roots in the Greek word ‘Kinein’ which means ‘to move?
● The terms ‘cinema’ or ‘movie’ denotes an art form called ‘moving pictures’
● ‘Cinema’ broadly encompasses both films and movies
● The term ‘movie’ is very common in the United States of America.
● While the term ‘film’ is popular in Europe

SCIENCE BEHIND THE CINEMA
● In the 19th century a British scholar, Peter Mark Roget noticed Optical
Phenomena are known as “Persistence of Vision”.
● In 1912, Max Wertheimer, discovered the “Phi- phenomena”, a metal act
saturating the gaps b/w the frames/images
● It makes a series of images in rapid succession feel like a continuousmotion.
● These experiments inspired to created what is known as an ‘Optical Illusion’

BIRTH OF WORLD CINEMA
STAGE-I:
● Scientists had to realize that the human eye will perceive motion.
● In 1826 when French inventor Joseph Niepce took the very first black and
white photograph.
Heliograph

● In 1837, Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process
● In 1838, the photograph of a ParisianStreettaken by Daguerre shows
the world's very first photographed person
● In 1839, the Daguerreotype was generally recognized as the birth of still
photography
● In 1832, Belgian Physicist Joseph Plateau and Austrian Geometry Professor
Simon Stampfer independently created the “Phenakistoscope”

Phenakistoscope
● William George Horner,(born 1786, near Bristol, England ) developed the ‘Zoetrope’,
in 1833

● It containeda seriesofdrawingson a narrowstrip ofpaper inside a revolving
drum
Zoetrope
STAGE-II:
● The magic lantern was invented in the 1600s, probably by Christiaan
Huygens, a Dutch scientist.
● "Magic lanterns" to project glass lantern slides

● By the 18th century the lantern was a common form of entertainment and
education in Europe.
Magic lanterns

STAGE-III:
● The invention was use photography to make successive pictures on a clear
surface
● In 1839, Henry Fox Talbot introduced ‘negatives’ made on paper
● It became possible to print photographic images on glass lantern slides and
project them
STAGE-IV:
● In 1870, George Eastman devised the still camera (Kodak) that made
photographs on rolls of sensitized paper
● In 1900, Eastman introduced transparent ‘Celluloid Roll Film’

STAGE-V:
● In the camera, the strip of the film had to stop briefly while light entered
through the lens and exposed each frame
● A shutter then covered the film as another frame moved into place
● At least sixteen frames had to slide into place, stop, and move away each
second
● In 1877, A French inventor Emile Reynaud had built an optical toy, the
Projecting ‘Praxinoscope’

Praxinoscope

● In 1878, Ex-governor of California Leland Stanford asked photographer
Eadweard Muybridge to find a way of photographingrunning horses to help
study their gaits
● Muybridge set up a row of twelve cameras, each making an exposure in one-
thousandth of a second (1/1000)
● The photos recorded one-half-second intervals of movement
● Muybridge later made a lantern to project moving images of horses
● He made a major contribution to anatomical science through thousands of
motion studies

● In 1882, French physiologist Etienne Jules Marey studied the flight of birds
and other rapid animal movements by means of a ‘Photographic Gun’
● Shaped like a rifle, it exposed twelve images around the edge of a circular
● In 1888, Etienne Jules Marey built a box-type camera
● It helped to expose a series of photographs up to 120 frames per second

● Later in 1889, Emile Reynaud exhibited a much larger version of the
‘Praxinoscope’
● From 1892 on, he regularly gave public performances
● These were the first public exhibitions of moving images
● 1894. Augustin Le Prince, was able to make some brief films,
● Shot at about sixteen frames per second, using Kodak's paper roll film
● The technology of the motion picturecame primarily from the United States,
Germany, England, and France
● In 1889, Edison went to Paris and saw Marey's camera & Praxinoscope
● In1891, the Kinetograph Camera and Kinetoscope Projector were demonstrated

● In the same year, Robert W. Paul made films and projected in Kinetoscope
Kinetoscope
● W.K.L. Dickson's early decisions influenced the entire history of the cinema
● 35 mm film stock with four-hole per frame has remained the norm

35 mm film
● W.K.L. Dickson and Edison built a small studio in New Jersey in 1893
Black Maria
● On April 14, 1894, the first Kinetoscope parlour opened in New York
● Soon other parlours, both in the US and abroad, exhibited the machine

EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTIONS
● The Germans Max and Emil Skladanowsky developed ‘Bioscope’
● The Skladanowsky brothers showed a 15 minutes program in Berlin on
November 1, 1895.
● Later, they adopted the standard 35 mm, the single-strip film used
● The brothers toured Europe through 1897

● The Lumiere brothers, Louis and Auguste, invented a projection system
● A commercially viable enterprise internationally
● In 1894, a local Kinetoscope exhibitor asked them to produce short films
● Soon they had designed the elegant little camera, the ‘Cinematographe’
Lumiere brothers

● The first film made was Workers Leaving the Factory, in March 1895
● The Lumiere brotherssent a representative who opened a successful run of
the ‘Cinematographe’ in London on February 20, 1896,
Francis Doublier, one of the firm's representatives who toured the world
Reference: Workers leaving the Factory 1895

AMERICAN DEVELOPMENTS
● Woodville Latham and his sons Otway and Gray began work on a camera
and projector in 1894
● They were able to show one film to reporters on April 21, 1895,
● C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat first exhibited their ‘Phantoscope’
projector in Atlanta in October 1895
Phantoscope projector

● Armat improved the projector, renamed it the ‘Vitascope’
● Edison agreed to manufacture Armat's projector and supply films for it
● For publicity purposes, it was marketed as "Edison's Vitascope"
● The Vitascope's public premiere was in New York on April 23, 1896,
● Thirdly, late1894, Herman Casler patented the ‘Mutoscope’

● The camera and projector were unusual, employing 70mm film
● By 1897, Mutoscope was the most popular film company in the country
● By 1897, the invention of the cinema was largely completed
Mutoscope

THE GROWTH OF THE FRENCH FILM INDUSTRY
● From 1896 on, the Lumiere catalogue rapidly expanded to Spain, Egypt,
Italy, Japan, and many other countries
● After Lumiere’s’ success other film production firms appeared in France
● The single most important, Georges Melies
Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG9rvNhdOX8

● In 1902, it built a glass-sided studio and began selling the ‘Pathe camera’
● Melies was a performing magician who owned a theatre
● After seeing the Lumiere Cinematographe in 1895, he decided to add films
to his program
● Although Melies is remembered mainly for his delightful fantasy movies
● Replete with camera tricks and painted scenery
● He made 78 films including his first trick film, The Vanishing Lady (1 896) & A Trip
to the Moon (1902)

● George Melies created the editing technique such as
Double exposures
Inverted cutting
Altered magnification
Pathe Camera
Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFtR9bQupak

YEAR FRANCE AMERICA EUROPE ENGLAND
1826 Heliograph
1832 Phenakistoscope
1833 Zoetrope
1839 Daguerreotype
1839 Magic lanterns
1877 Praxinoscope
1882 Photographic gun
1891 Kinetoscope
1895 Bioscope
1895 Cinematographe

1895 Edison's Vitascope
1895 Mutoscope

12 Frames/second

Introduced sound

Early Movie Projectors

THANK YOU

Birth of world cinem 2020 (2)

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