Bus Structure, Memory and I/O Interfacing
Download as pptx, pdf2 likes551 views
The document discusses the function and application of binary decoders, specifically the 74LS138 decoder, in interfacing with memory in microprocessor systems like the 8085. It explains how decoders translate input signals into specific output lines, demonstrating configurations for decoding memory address ranges and enabling multiple memory chips. Additionally, it outlines the requirements for using address lines and provides examples for interfacing different sizes of memory blocks.
1 of 18
Downloaded 17 times
Ad
Recommended
8086 micro processor
8086 micro processorPoojith Chowdhary The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor that can access up to 1 MB of memory. It has two main components: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) handles bus operations like instruction fetching and memory access, while the Execution Unit (EU) decodes and executes instructions. The BIU contains registers for the code, data, extra, and stack segments as well as an instruction queue. The EU has registers for accumulation, base, count, data, pointers, and flags, and contains an ALU and decoder. It executes instructions from the queued bytes using a pipeline architecture.
Addressing modes
Addressing modeskarthiga selvaraju This document discusses assembly language programming. It provides an overview of assembly language, how it relates to machine language, and how assemblers are used to convert assembly code into machine-readable object code. It also describes the basic components of assembly language instructions, including opcodes and operands, and different addressing modes for specifying operands in memory or registers. Common addressing modes like immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and based indexed modes are defined through examples.
Unit II arm 7 Instruction Set
Unit II arm 7 Instruction SetDr. Pankaj Zope The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
ARM Processors
ARM ProcessorsMathivanan Natarajan The document provides a detailed overview of ARM processors, their architecture, features, and variants including ARM7-TDMI and multi-core technologies. It covers topics such as instruction sets, register organization, pipelining, operating modes, exception handling, and bus architecture. Additionally, it explains the role of ARM in advanced embedded systems and applications, and highlights various processor families and their specifications.
Memory Organisation in embedded systems
Memory Organisation in embedded systemsUthraSowrirajan1 The document discusses the critical role of memory in embedded systems, highlighting the differences between volatile and non-volatile memory types such as RAM and ROM. It explains various types of RAM, including DRAM and SRAM, and their functions within a computer's architecture, emphasizing the importance of understanding memory for effective system design. An analogy is drawn between memory functions and a library to clarify how data is accessed and utilized in computing processes.
PAI Unit 3 Paging in 80386 Microporcessor
PAI Unit 3 Paging in 80386 MicroporcessorKanchanPatil34 The document discusses the concept of paging as a memory management technique in the 80386 processor architecture, emphasizing its optional use for multitasking and the management of 4 GB physical address space. It details various control registers related to paging, the structure of page directory and page table entries, and how linear addresses are translated to physical addresses. Additionally, it explores the capabilities of paging hardware, including address translation and page-level protection mechanisms.
Subroutine & string in 8086 Microprocessor
Subroutine & string in 8086 MicroprocessorMustafa AL-Timemmie The document discusses subroutines and string handling in programming. It describes the key elements of a subroutine, including saving information to the stack with PUSH, executing the main body of instructions, and restoring information from the stack with POP before returning. It also discusses string concepts like a series of bytes or words in consecutive memory addresses. Common string operations are outlined, such as moving, comparing, scanning, loading and storing strings. Finally, it provides examples of subroutines and string instructions.
8096 microcontrollers notes
8096 microcontrollers notesDr.YNM The document provides an introduction and overview of the Intel 8096 microcontroller. It discusses the 8096's salient features such as its 16-bit architecture, high-speed I/O capabilities, and uses in motor control and robotics. It describes the 8096's architecture including its 16-bit CPU, registers, memory mapping, and I/O features such as timers, serial port, and A/D converter. The document provides details on the 8096's instruction set, addressing modes, and interrupt structure.
Pic microcontroller architecture
Pic microcontroller architectureDominicHendry The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
Serial Communication Interfaces
Serial Communication Interfacesanishgoel This document discusses various serial communication protocols used in embedded systems including RS-232, RS-485, I2C, SPI, CAN, and USB. It provides details on the voltage levels, maximum speeds, cable lengths, and other specifications of each protocol. It explains how differential signaling and twisted pair cables allow RS-485 to communicate over longer distances and faster speeds compared to RS-232.
Memory & I/O interfacing
Memory & I/O interfacingdeval patel This document discusses memory and I/O interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interfaces as points of interaction between components that allow communication. Memory interfacing requires address decoding and multiplexing of address and data lines. I/O devices can be interfaced either through memory mapping or I/O mapping. Common memory types include RAM, ROM, SRAM and DRAM. RAM can be static or dynamic. ROM includes PROM, EPROM and EEPROM. A stack is a reserved part of memory used to temporarily store information during program execution.
Intel 8259 - Programmable Interrupt Controller
Intel 8259 - Programmable Interrupt Controller Nikhil Baby The 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to expand the number of interrupts for processors like the 8085. It can manage up to 8 interrupt requests at once and allow them to be serviced one by one. The 8259 can be programmed to determine interrupt priorities and masking. It is interfaced with the 8085 through I/O mapping and provides the interrupt acknowledge response by outputting the call opcode and address.
8251 USART
8251 USARTcoolsdhanesh The document discusses the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) which is a serial communication device. It describes the USART's synchronous and asynchronous communication modes and includes a block diagram and explanation of its transmitter, receiver, and pin sections. The USART receives parallel data from a microprocessor and transmits it serially or vice versa while including start/stop bits and potentially parity bits. It was commonly used to connect two microprocessor systems or for modem interfacing.
Addressing modes of 8086
Addressing modes of 8086saurav kumar The document describes the 8 addressing modes of the 8086 microprocessor. These are: 1) Immediate, where the operand is specified in the instruction itself. 2) Register, where operands are registers. 3) Direct memory, using a segment and offset address. 4) Register indirect, using a base register address. 5) Register relative, using a base register and displacement. 6) Base indexed, using a base and index register. 7) Relative indexed, using a base, index, and displacement. 8) Implied, where operands are implied and not specified.
5.programmable interval timer 8253
5.programmable interval timer 8253MdFazleRabbi18 The 8253 is a programmable timer chip with 3 independent counters that can be used for timing events. It has 6 operating modes that determine how the counters work and the output signal behavior. The chip interfaces with other components through its 24 pins and is programmed by writing control words that set the operating mode and load count values.
Memory mapping
Memory mappingSnehalataAgasti Cache memory is located between the processor and main memory. It is smaller and faster than main memory. There are two types of cache memory policies - write-back and write-through. Mapping is a technique that maps CPU-generated memory addresses to cache lines. There are three types of mapping - direct, associative, and set associative. Direct mapping maps each main memory block to a single cache line using the formula: cache line number = main memory block number % number of cache lines. This can cause conflict misses.
Pic 18 microcontroller
Pic 18 microcontrollerAshish Ranjan The document discusses the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18 as an 8-bit microcontroller with 16-bit instruction sets, 256 bytes of EPROM, 2KB of SRAM, and 32KB of flash memory. It operates at 40MHz and has features like a 10-bit A/D converter, instruction pipelining, and low power consumption. The document also provides details on the pin diagram, architecture, memory organization, addressing modes, and pipelining of the PIC-18 microcontroller.
VHDL- gate level modelling
VHDL- gate level modellingVandanaPagar1 This document provides an overview of Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and gate-level modeling. It discusses the key components of Verilog modules like module definition, ports, parameters and instantiations. It describes how to define ports and connect ports in a module. It also covers different gate primitives in Verilog like AND, OR, NOT etc. and how to describe gate-level designs using these primitives by specifying gate connections and delays. Finally, it mentions some references for further reading on Verilog HDL and digital logic design.
Semiconductor Memories
Semiconductor Memoriesmelisha monteiro This document summarizes different types of semiconductor memories. DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store data as charge. SRAM uses a 6 transistor latch. Mask ROM is one-time programmable. EPROM and EEPROM can be reprogrammed using ultraviolet rays or electrical pulses. FRAM uses a ferroelectric capacitor. Memory cells are arranged in a grid and accessed using row and column decoders. The document then describes the operation of DRAM, SRAM, flash memory, and NAND flash memory cells.
8086 signals
8086 signalsmpsrekha83 The 8086 has several pins and signals that facilitate its operation and communication with external devices:
- It uses a 5V DC power supply and clock signal for timing. The address/data and address/status buses are used to transmit addresses and data.
- Additional control signals include READ, READY, RESET, INTR, NMI, TEST, MN/MX, INTA, ALE, DEN, DT/R, M/IO, WR, HLDA, HOLD, QS1, QS0, S0-S2, and LOCK to manage interrupts, I/O, memory access, and bus control.
- The status pins QS1, QS0 and S0-S
4.programmable dma controller 8257
4.programmable dma controller 8257MdFazleRabbi18 This document provides an overview of the Intel 8257 Programmable DMA Controller. It describes how DMA operations are performed by allowing devices to directly access memory without CPU interference. It details the key features of the 8257 including its 4 channels, 16-bit addressing, and transfer modes. The document also includes diagrams of the 8257 architecture and pin connections. It concludes with advantages of DMA including faster transfer speeds and reduced CPU overhead, as well as disadvantages such as implementation costs.
8085 mpu bus architecture
8085 mpu bus architectureMdHaque78 The document discusses the bus architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It covers the bus organization, structure, and key components. The address bus is 16-bits and allows the microprocessor to address up to 65,536 memory locations. The 8-bit data bus is bi-directional and carries data being written or read. The control bus sends signals to memory and I/O devices to enable read and write operations. The pin diagram shows the address and data bus pins as well as control signals of the 8085 microprocessor.
Computer organization memory
Computer organization memoryDeepak John The document discusses the memory system in computers including main memory, cache memory, and different types of memory chips. It provides details on the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the different levels of memory hierarchy including main memory, cache memory, and auxiliary memory. It describes the basic concepts of memory including addressing schemes, memory access time, and memory cycle time. Examples of different types of memory chips are discussed such as SRAM, DRAM, ROM, and cache memory organization and mapping techniques.
Interrupt
InterruptSiddique Ibrahim Interrupts allow input/output devices to alert the processor when they are ready. When an interrupt request occurs, the processor saves its context and jumps to an interrupt service routine. It then acknowledges the interrupt and restores its context before returning to the original instruction. Processors have mechanisms for prioritizing interrupts and enabling/disabling them to avoid infinite loops or unintended requests.
8051 Microcontroller
8051 Microcontrollerthokalpv The document provides an overview of microcontrollers, detailing their applications in various fields such as home appliances, automotive systems, and office devices. It contrasts microcontrollers with microprocessors, highlighting differences in architecture, internal components, and usage in specific applications. Additionally, it covers the structure and function of the 8051 microcontroller, including its pins, memory allocation, and addressing modes.
Pipelining powerpoint presentation
Pipelining powerpoint presentationbhavanadonthi Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution by dividing the instruction cycle into stages connected in a pipeline structure. There are two main types of pipelines - instruction pipelines which overlap the fetch, decode, and execute phases of instructions to improve throughput, and arithmetic pipelines used for floating point and fixed point operations. Pipeline conflicts can occur due to timing variations, data hazards, branching, interrupts, or data dependency which reduce the pipeline's performance. The main advantages of pipelining are reduced cycle time, increased throughput, and improved reliability, while the main disadvantage is increased complexity, cost, and instruction latency.
Moore and Mealy machines
Moore and Mealy machinesIrfan Anjum Finite-State Machine
The document discusses finite-state machines (FSM), which model sequential logic circuits. It describes two types of FSMs: Mealy and Moore machines. Mealy machines output depends on the present state and input, changing asynchronously with the clock. Moore machines' output depends only on the present state, changing synchronously with state changes and clock. The document provides an example of designing an FSM to output 0 if an even number of 1's have been received on the input, and 1 for odd. It shows solutions as both a Mealy and Moore machine using state transition tables and logic diagrams.
PAI Unit 2 Segmentation in 80386 microprocessor
PAI Unit 2 Segmentation in 80386 microprocessorKanchanPatil34 The document discusses the segmentation in the 80386 processor architecture, detailing the types of address spaces: logical/virtual, linear, and physical addresses. It explains how address translation occurs in both real and protected modes, highlighting memory management via segmentation and the use of segment registers. Additionally, it addresses various types of segment descriptors that define the properties and permissions of memory segments.
Interfacing address
Interfacing addressSandeep Kamath Interfacing involves connecting devices or programs to allow communication between a user and computer or between hardware and software. Memory interfacing specifically designs circuits that match a microprocessor's memory requirements by enabling it to read from and write to memory registers by generating appropriate signals. Address decoding is used to identify a specific memory register for a given address by decoding the microprocessor's address lines and generating a unique pulse for each possible address. This allows the microprocessor to select the appropriate memory chip, identify the register, and enable the correct buffer for reading or writing.
Lecture 8 Decoders & Encoders (combinational circuits)
Lecture 8 Decoders & Encoders (combinational circuits)andrewzimba02 The document explains the concepts of decoders and encoders in digital circuits. A decoder is a combinational logic circuit that activates a single output corresponding to a binary input number, whereas an encoder converts data from one form to another. The document also discusses applications, truth tables, implementations, and addresses potential issues with encoders, including ambiguity when multiple inputs are active.
More Related Content
What's hot (20)
Pic microcontroller architecture
Pic microcontroller architectureDominicHendry The PIC microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data memories. It has a CPU with an ALU, memory unit, and control unit. The memory includes program memory to store instructions, data memory including registers for temporary data storage, and EEPROM for storing variables. It has advantages like a small instruction set, low cost, and built-in interfaces like I2C, SPI, and analog components.
Serial Communication Interfaces
Serial Communication Interfacesanishgoel This document discusses various serial communication protocols used in embedded systems including RS-232, RS-485, I2C, SPI, CAN, and USB. It provides details on the voltage levels, maximum speeds, cable lengths, and other specifications of each protocol. It explains how differential signaling and twisted pair cables allow RS-485 to communicate over longer distances and faster speeds compared to RS-232.
Memory & I/O interfacing
Memory & I/O interfacingdeval patel This document discusses memory and I/O interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It defines interfaces as points of interaction between components that allow communication. Memory interfacing requires address decoding and multiplexing of address and data lines. I/O devices can be interfaced either through memory mapping or I/O mapping. Common memory types include RAM, ROM, SRAM and DRAM. RAM can be static or dynamic. ROM includes PROM, EPROM and EEPROM. A stack is a reserved part of memory used to temporarily store information during program execution.
Intel 8259 - Programmable Interrupt Controller
Intel 8259 - Programmable Interrupt Controller Nikhil Baby The 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to expand the number of interrupts for processors like the 8085. It can manage up to 8 interrupt requests at once and allow them to be serviced one by one. The 8259 can be programmed to determine interrupt priorities and masking. It is interfaced with the 8085 through I/O mapping and provides the interrupt acknowledge response by outputting the call opcode and address.
8251 USART
8251 USARTcoolsdhanesh The document discusses the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) which is a serial communication device. It describes the USART's synchronous and asynchronous communication modes and includes a block diagram and explanation of its transmitter, receiver, and pin sections. The USART receives parallel data from a microprocessor and transmits it serially or vice versa while including start/stop bits and potentially parity bits. It was commonly used to connect two microprocessor systems or for modem interfacing.
Addressing modes of 8086
Addressing modes of 8086saurav kumar The document describes the 8 addressing modes of the 8086 microprocessor. These are: 1) Immediate, where the operand is specified in the instruction itself. 2) Register, where operands are registers. 3) Direct memory, using a segment and offset address. 4) Register indirect, using a base register address. 5) Register relative, using a base register and displacement. 6) Base indexed, using a base and index register. 7) Relative indexed, using a base, index, and displacement. 8) Implied, where operands are implied and not specified.
5.programmable interval timer 8253
5.programmable interval timer 8253MdFazleRabbi18 The 8253 is a programmable timer chip with 3 independent counters that can be used for timing events. It has 6 operating modes that determine how the counters work and the output signal behavior. The chip interfaces with other components through its 24 pins and is programmed by writing control words that set the operating mode and load count values.
Memory mapping
Memory mappingSnehalataAgasti Cache memory is located between the processor and main memory. It is smaller and faster than main memory. There are two types of cache memory policies - write-back and write-through. Mapping is a technique that maps CPU-generated memory addresses to cache lines. There are three types of mapping - direct, associative, and set associative. Direct mapping maps each main memory block to a single cache line using the formula: cache line number = main memory block number % number of cache lines. This can cause conflict misses.
Pic 18 microcontroller
Pic 18 microcontrollerAshish Ranjan The document discusses the PIC-18 microcontroller. It describes the PIC-18 as an 8-bit microcontroller with 16-bit instruction sets, 256 bytes of EPROM, 2KB of SRAM, and 32KB of flash memory. It operates at 40MHz and has features like a 10-bit A/D converter, instruction pipelining, and low power consumption. The document also provides details on the pin diagram, architecture, memory organization, addressing modes, and pipelining of the PIC-18 microcontroller.
VHDL- gate level modelling
VHDL- gate level modellingVandanaPagar1 This document provides an overview of Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and gate-level modeling. It discusses the key components of Verilog modules like module definition, ports, parameters and instantiations. It describes how to define ports and connect ports in a module. It also covers different gate primitives in Verilog like AND, OR, NOT etc. and how to describe gate-level designs using these primitives by specifying gate connections and delays. Finally, it mentions some references for further reading on Verilog HDL and digital logic design.
Semiconductor Memories
Semiconductor Memoriesmelisha monteiro This document summarizes different types of semiconductor memories. DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store data as charge. SRAM uses a 6 transistor latch. Mask ROM is one-time programmable. EPROM and EEPROM can be reprogrammed using ultraviolet rays or electrical pulses. FRAM uses a ferroelectric capacitor. Memory cells are arranged in a grid and accessed using row and column decoders. The document then describes the operation of DRAM, SRAM, flash memory, and NAND flash memory cells.
8086 signals
8086 signalsmpsrekha83 The 8086 has several pins and signals that facilitate its operation and communication with external devices:
- It uses a 5V DC power supply and clock signal for timing. The address/data and address/status buses are used to transmit addresses and data.
- Additional control signals include READ, READY, RESET, INTR, NMI, TEST, MN/MX, INTA, ALE, DEN, DT/R, M/IO, WR, HLDA, HOLD, QS1, QS0, S0-S2, and LOCK to manage interrupts, I/O, memory access, and bus control.
- The status pins QS1, QS0 and S0-S
4.programmable dma controller 8257
4.programmable dma controller 8257MdFazleRabbi18 This document provides an overview of the Intel 8257 Programmable DMA Controller. It describes how DMA operations are performed by allowing devices to directly access memory without CPU interference. It details the key features of the 8257 including its 4 channels, 16-bit addressing, and transfer modes. The document also includes diagrams of the 8257 architecture and pin connections. It concludes with advantages of DMA including faster transfer speeds and reduced CPU overhead, as well as disadvantages such as implementation costs.
8085 mpu bus architecture
8085 mpu bus architectureMdHaque78 The document discusses the bus architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It covers the bus organization, structure, and key components. The address bus is 16-bits and allows the microprocessor to address up to 65,536 memory locations. The 8-bit data bus is bi-directional and carries data being written or read. The control bus sends signals to memory and I/O devices to enable read and write operations. The pin diagram shows the address and data bus pins as well as control signals of the 8085 microprocessor.
Computer organization memory
Computer organization memoryDeepak John The document discusses the memory system in computers including main memory, cache memory, and different types of memory chips. It provides details on the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document discusses the different levels of memory hierarchy including main memory, cache memory, and auxiliary memory. It describes the basic concepts of memory including addressing schemes, memory access time, and memory cycle time. Examples of different types of memory chips are discussed such as SRAM, DRAM, ROM, and cache memory organization and mapping techniques.
Interrupt
InterruptSiddique Ibrahim Interrupts allow input/output devices to alert the processor when they are ready. When an interrupt request occurs, the processor saves its context and jumps to an interrupt service routine. It then acknowledges the interrupt and restores its context before returning to the original instruction. Processors have mechanisms for prioritizing interrupts and enabling/disabling them to avoid infinite loops or unintended requests.
8051 Microcontroller
8051 Microcontrollerthokalpv The document provides an overview of microcontrollers, detailing their applications in various fields such as home appliances, automotive systems, and office devices. It contrasts microcontrollers with microprocessors, highlighting differences in architecture, internal components, and usage in specific applications. Additionally, it covers the structure and function of the 8051 microcontroller, including its pins, memory allocation, and addressing modes.
Pipelining powerpoint presentation
Pipelining powerpoint presentationbhavanadonthi Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution by dividing the instruction cycle into stages connected in a pipeline structure. There are two main types of pipelines - instruction pipelines which overlap the fetch, decode, and execute phases of instructions to improve throughput, and arithmetic pipelines used for floating point and fixed point operations. Pipeline conflicts can occur due to timing variations, data hazards, branching, interrupts, or data dependency which reduce the pipeline's performance. The main advantages of pipelining are reduced cycle time, increased throughput, and improved reliability, while the main disadvantage is increased complexity, cost, and instruction latency.
Moore and Mealy machines
Moore and Mealy machinesIrfan Anjum Finite-State Machine
The document discusses finite-state machines (FSM), which model sequential logic circuits. It describes two types of FSMs: Mealy and Moore machines. Mealy machines output depends on the present state and input, changing asynchronously with the clock. Moore machines' output depends only on the present state, changing synchronously with state changes and clock. The document provides an example of designing an FSM to output 0 if an even number of 1's have been received on the input, and 1 for odd. It shows solutions as both a Mealy and Moore machine using state transition tables and logic diagrams.
PAI Unit 2 Segmentation in 80386 microprocessor
PAI Unit 2 Segmentation in 80386 microprocessorKanchanPatil34 The document discusses the segmentation in the 80386 processor architecture, detailing the types of address spaces: logical/virtual, linear, and physical addresses. It explains how address translation occurs in both real and protected modes, highlighting memory management via segmentation and the use of segment registers. Additionally, it addresses various types of segment descriptors that define the properties and permissions of memory segments.
Similar to Bus Structure, Memory and I/O Interfacing (20)
Interfacing address
Interfacing addressSandeep Kamath Interfacing involves connecting devices or programs to allow communication between a user and computer or between hardware and software. Memory interfacing specifically designs circuits that match a microprocessor's memory requirements by enabling it to read from and write to memory registers by generating appropriate signals. Address decoding is used to identify a specific memory register for a given address by decoding the microprocessor's address lines and generating a unique pulse for each possible address. This allows the microprocessor to select the appropriate memory chip, identify the register, and enable the correct buffer for reading or writing.
Lecture 8 Decoders & Encoders (combinational circuits)
Lecture 8 Decoders & Encoders (combinational circuits)andrewzimba02 The document explains the concepts of decoders and encoders in digital circuits. A decoder is a combinational logic circuit that activates a single output corresponding to a binary input number, whereas an encoder converts data from one form to another. The document also discusses applications, truth tables, implementations, and addresses potential issues with encoders, including ambiguity when multiple inputs are active.
knowledge in daily life.ppt
knowledge in daily life.pptSunilSharma941036 This document discusses input/output interfaces in microprocessor systems. It begins by introducing I/O interfaces and their purpose of enabling communication between microprocessors and peripheral devices like keyboards, displays and printers. It then describes two common approaches to I/O - isolated I/O which uses separate I/O instructions, and memory-mapped I/O which treats I/O devices as memory locations. The document proceeds to discuss I/O instructions, providing examples for 8088 and 80x86 processors. It also discusses implementing I/O in high-level languages like Pascal, Delphi, C/C++ using inline assembly instructions. Finally, it provides examples of simple I/O circuits and software to interface switches and LED
Notes chapter 6
Notes chapter 6HarshitParkar6677 The document describes two primary methods of interfacing memory or I/O devices with a microprocessor: I/O mapped I/O and memory mapped I/O. I/O mapped I/O treats I/O devices separately from memory while memory mapped I/O combines them, using the same address for both; the former allows more straightforward control but limits data transfer capability. Key differences between the two methods include addressing complexity, control signal usage, and operational capabilities of devices, affecting the overall performance of the interfacing techniques.
unit 2 microprocesor8085 for advantages disadvatage gtu syllabus.pptx
unit 2 microprocesor8085 for advantages disadvatage gtu syllabus.pptxdravidparmar1 The document details the features and architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, highlighting its 8-bit data processing capabilities, clock operation, and memory address access. It describes the register structure, including general-purpose and special-purpose registers, along with the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and instruction decoder. Additionally, the document covers the microprocessor's control circuitry and pin configuration related to power supply, data bus, and I/O operations.
memory-interfacing.ppt
memory-interfacing.pptVanitha472439 This document discusses memory interfacing with microprocessors. It describes three types of memory: process memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. It then provides details on typical EPROM and static RAM chips, including their pin configurations and control signals. Various memory decoders like 2-4 and 3-8 decoders are described. Examples are given to interface EPROM and RAM chips with an 8085 processor in systems with different memory capacities ranging from 8KB to 64KB. Diagrams show how the processor address lines are connected to the memory chips and how decoders are used to select individual memory chips.
interfacing1 lecture notes for eng 5.ppt
interfacing1 lecture notes for eng 5.pptJumanneChiyanda The document details memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor, highlighting the role of ROM, EPROM, and RAM in memory storage and control signals used for memory operations. It provides various examples of interfacing different memory configurations, including full EPROM usage and equal division between EPROM and RAM, specifying address lines and chip select management. Additionally, it describes specific ICs and their allocation within the memory address space.
Memory intrface and addrs modes
Memory intrface and addrs modesbalbirvirdi The document discusses various topics related to 8085 microprocessor architecture including instruction cycle, memory, addressing modes, and programming model. It provides examples of interfacing EPROM and RAM memory chips with an 8085 processor using address decoding techniques. It also describes the five addressing modes used by the 8085 - direct, register, register indirect, immediate, and implicit addressing modes.
ATT SMK.pptx
ATT SMK.pptxMadhavKarve A multiplexer is a digital circuit with multiple inputs and a single output. It selects one of the inputs using select lines and only allows one output at a time. A multiplexer can have 2, 4, 8, or more inputs depending on the number of select lines used. It is commonly used to route data within a computer from multiple sources to a single destination. Decoders are digital circuits that convert binary codes to activate a single output line. Common decoders include 2-to-4, 3-to-8, and 4-to-16 line decoders. Decoders are used whenever a specific combination of input levels needs to activate a single output. CMOS logic uses both n-type and p-type MOS
pin-diagram of 8085_new.ppt
pin-diagram of 8085_new.pptpraveenkistappagari The document describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. It has 40 pins, including:
- Crystal input pins X1 and X2 to generate clock signals internally.
- RESET IN pin to reset the microprocessor and RESET OUT pin to reset other devices.
- Serial I/O pins SID and SOD to transfer 1 bit of data.
- Address pins A0-A15 and data pins AD0-AD7. It uses multiple cycles to read opcode and transfer data between memory and processor. The ALE, IO/M, S0, and S1 pins indicate the type of operation and memory/I/O access in each cycle. The 8085
8085 microprocessor Architecture and pin description
8085 microprocessor Architecture and pin description Vijay Kumar The document provides information about the Intel 8085 microprocessor, which was an 8-bit microprocessor introduced in 1976. It has 16 address lines and 8 data lines, allowing it to access 64KB of memory. It provides registers like the accumulator, flag register, and general purpose registers. It operates at a clock frequency of 3MHz and requires a +5V power supply. The 8085 has features like interrupts, serial I/O lines, and the ability to interface with external devices. It was available in a 40-pin DIP package.
8085 Interfacing with I/O Devices or Memory
8085 Interfacing with I/O Devices or MemorySaumay Paul The document discusses interfacing techniques of the 8085 microprocessor with memory and I/O devices. It describes the connection of different memory chips, such as IC 2764 and IC 6264, using address decoders, and explains both peripheral and memory-mapped I/O interfacing methods. Key specifications and configurations for interfacing are provided, illustrating how the microprocessor exchanges information with various components.
lecture 18PART 1 Memory Interfacing.pptx
lecture 18PART 1 Memory Interfacing.pptx0901ET211047ROHITSIN The document discusses interfacing memory chips with the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the basic concepts of memory interfacing such as address decoding, read and write timing diagrams, and interfacing circuits. It provides examples of interfacing a 2732 EPROM chip and an 8155 memory chip to the 8085 using address decoding logic and connecting control signal lines. Memory addressing ranges and internal structures are also covered.
decoders121-170714184489769876987698749.pptx
decoders121-170714184489769876987698749.pptxtlap4412 Decoders are combinational logic circuits that convert n-bit binary codes into m output lines, activating one output for each possible input combination. Various types of decoders, like the 2-to-4 and 3-to-8 line decoders, utilize AND gates for active-high outputs, while BCD-to-decimal decoders have specific input validity checks. Decoders are essential in computer memory systems and control applications, responding to specific input levels to activate corresponding outputs.
16. memory interfacing ii
16. memory interfacing iisandip das The document discusses memory interfacing with microprocessors. It explains that a 2-to-4 decoder can be used to select one of four registers using two address lines. It also discusses how two memory chips with four registers each can be selected using additional address lines as chip selects and to select a specific register within the chip. The key points are that the number of address lines needed is determined by the number of registers, address lines can be used for chip selects, and the combination of address lines selects a unique register by determining the logic levels on the lines.
Microprocessor history1
Microprocessor history1HarshitParkar6677 The document outlines the history and development of microprocessors, starting from early models like the Intel 4004 to modern architectures such as the Pentium series. It provides details on microprocessor types, their architecture, and specific components like the ALU, program counter, and register functions. Additionally, it discusses address decoding methods and interfacing with memory and I/O devices, highlighting the evolution in processing capabilities over time.
Microprocessor history1
Microprocessor history1HarshitParkar6677 The document discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors of the 1970s to modern 64-bit processors. It covers early technologies like PMOS and NMOS and describes processors like the Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, and 8085. It also discusses the internal architecture of processors like the 8085 including components like the ALU, registers, program counter, and memory interfacing. Modern processors including the Pentium series and RISC processors are also briefly outlined.
timing_diagram_of_8085.pptx
timing_diagram_of_8085.pptxBhagyarajKosamia The document discusses timing diagrams and machine cycles in the 8085 microprocessor. It provides details on the different machine cycles - opcode fetch, memory read, memory write, I/O read, and I/O write. It explains that the 8085 has a clock signal divided into T-states that represent portions of machine cycle operations. Examples are given of timing diagrams for instructions like MOV B,C, MVI B,43, and STA 526A to illustrate the sequence of events over multiple T-states.
Ch3 ppt
Ch3 pptwasz123 The 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller with separate 64KB code and data memory spaces. It has 4 I/O ports, 128 bytes of internal RAM, and special function registers. The ports have alternate functions including external memory interfacing and serial communication. The memory uses a Harvard architecture with separate address spaces for code and data.
Ad
Recently uploaded (20)
Deep Learning for Image Processing on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptx
Deep Learning for Image Processing on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptxresming1 This covers how image processing or the field of computer vision has advanced with the advent of neural network architectures ranging from LeNet to Vision transformers. It covers how deep neural network architectures have developed step-by-step from the popular CNNs to ViTs. CNNs and its variants along with their features are described. Vision transformers are introduced and compared with CNNs. It also shows how an image is processed to be given as input to the vision transformer. It give the applications of computer vision.
Fundamentals of Digital Design_Class_12th April.pptx
Fundamentals of Digital Design_Class_12th April.pptxdrdebarshi1993 Boolean Algebra and Combinational Logic Circuit
Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing_FDP on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptx
Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing_FDP on 16 June 2025 MITS.pptxresming1 This gives an introduction to how NLP has evolved from the time of World War II till this date through the advances in approaches, architectures and word representations. From rule based approaches, it advanced to statistical approaches. from traditional machine learning algorithms it advanced to deep neural network architectures. Deep neural architectures include recurrent neural networks, long short term memory, gated recurrent units, seq2seq models, encoder decoder models, transformer architecture, upto large language models and vision language models which are multimodal in nature.
Modern multi-proposer consensus implementations
Modern multi-proposer consensus implementationsFrançois Garillot Multi-proposer consensus protocols let multiple validators propose blocks in parallel, breaking the single-leader throughput bottleneck of classic designs. Yet the modern multi-proposer consensus implementation has grown a lot since HotStuff. THisworkshop will explore the implementation details of recent advances – DAG-based approaches like Narwhal and Sui’s Mysticeti – and reveal how implementation details translate to real-world performance gains. We focus on the nitty-gritty: how network communication patterns and data handling affect throughput and latency. New techniques such as Turbine-like block propagation (inspired by Solana’s erasure-coded broadcast) and lazy push gossip broadcasting dramatically cut communication overhead. These optimizations aren’t just theoretical – they enable modern blockchains to process over 100,000 transactions per second with finality in mere milliseconds redefining what is possible in decentralized systems.
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 6 - AI for Prototyping and Research Directi...
Rapid Prototyping for XR: Lecture 6 - AI for Prototyping and Research Directi...Mark Billinghurst This is lecture 6 in the course on Rapid Prototyping for XR, taught on June 13th, 2025 by Mark Billinghurst. This lecture was about using AI for Prototyping and Research Directions.
Complete guidance book of Asp.Net Web API
Complete guidance book of Asp.Net Web APIShabista Imam Unlock the full potential of modern web development with the Complete Guidance Book of ASP.NET Web API—your all-in-one resource for mastering RESTful services using Microsoft’s powerful ASP.NET Core framework. This book takes you on a step-by-step journey from beginner to expert, covering everything from routing and controllers to security, performance optimization, and real-world architecture.
Structured Programming with C++ :: Kjell Backman
Structured Programming with C++ :: Kjell BackmanShabista Imam Step into the world of high-performance programming with the Complete Guidance Book of C++ Programming—a definitive resource for mastering one of the most powerful and versatile languages in computer science.
Whether you're a beginner looking to learn the fundamentals or an intermediate developer aiming to sharpen your skills, this book walks you through C++ from the ground up. You'll start with basics like variables, control structures, and functions, then progress to object-oriented programming (OOP), memory management, file handling, templates, and the Standard Template Library (STL).
A Cluster-Based Trusted Secure Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc N...
A Cluster-Based Trusted Secure Multipath Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc N...IJCNCJournal Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing and flexible system. MANET systems manage sensitive data from many distinct applications in various domains. Its dynamic nature increases its vulnerability to numerous types of security threats. Many of the present approaches using indirect approaches provide false approximations of trust degrees. It is significantly required a good routing system that meets Quality of Service (QoS) standards and enhances network performance. In this paper purposed cluster-based trustworthy safe multipath routing (CTSMP-Routing) for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Load balancing challenge is addressed by using a modified proportional topology optimization (MPTO) approach using geographical data related to network nodes. The Enhanced Seeker Search Optimization (ESSO) approach is used to compute trust degrees after the clustering phase considering numerous network constraints including node mobility, received signal strength, energy consumption, and cooperation rate. Assumed to be the service node, the node showing the highest degree of trust manages inter-cluster routing. We have developed a hybrid soft computing approach termed the multi-layer deep recurrent neural network (ML-DRNN) to enhance the optimal path-finding process. This method selects, among many routes between source and destination nodes, the best one quickly. The outcomes of this paper demonstrate that CTSMP-Routing provides effective protection against several attack paths within the MANET environment and displays better performance in regard to quality of service (QoS) requirements.
Complete University of Calculus :: 2nd edition
Complete University of Calculus :: 2nd editionShabista Imam Master the language of change with the Complete Guidance Book of Calculus—your comprehensive resource for understanding the core concepts and applications of differential and integral calculus. Designed for high school, college, and self-study learners, this book takes a clear, intuitive approach to a subject often considered challenging.
Stay Safe Women Security Android App Project Report.pdf
Stay Safe Women Security Android App Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya Women’s security is a critical issue in today’s world and it’s very much needed for every individual
to be acting over such an issue. This document describes a GPS based “Women Security System''
that provides the combination of GPS devices as well as provide alerts and messages with an
emergency button trigger whenever somebody is in trouble They might not have so much time, all
that they have to do is generate a distress emergency signal by shaking up their phone. Our system
provides a realizable, cost effective solution to problem detection. Nowdays due to recently
happened cases such as rape by drivers or colleagues, burglary etc., women security, especially
women security has become the foremost priority of the world. System uses the Global Positioning
System (GPS) technology to find out the location of women. The information of women's position
provided by the device can be viewed on Google maps using Internet or specialized software. The
companies are looking for-ward to the security problem and require a system that will efficiently
evaluate the problem of women security working in night shifts, traveling alone. We focus on the
proposed model that can be used to deal with the security issue of women using GPS based tracking
systems.
Ad
Bus Structure, Memory and I/O Interfacing
- 1. D E C O D E R 7 4 L S 1 3 8 B I N A R Y D E C O D E R A D D R E S S D E C O D I N G U S I N G 3 * 8 D E C O D E R I N 8 0 8 5 M I C R O P R O C E S S O R Bus Structure, Memory and I/O Interfacing Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 2. Decoder The decoder is a logic circuit that indentifies each combination of the signals present at its input. If the input to the decoder had ‘n’ lines, the decoder will have 2n output lines. Eg, if n = 2, the no. of output lines = 2n = 22 = 4. The two lines can assume four combinations of input signals – 00, 01, 10, 11; with each combination identified by the output lines 0 to 3. If the input is 11, the output line 3 will be at logic 1 and other will remain at logic 0. This is called decoding. Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 3. Decoder Various types of decoders are available, eg., 3 to 8, 4 to 16, etc. In general decoders have enable lines too. The decoder will not function unless enable lines are activated. A 2-to-4 Binary Decoders Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 4. 74LS138 Binary Decoder If the input has three binary lines, then the output lines would be 8. 74LS138 Binary Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 5. 74LS138 Binary Decoder (cont.) Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc 74LS138 can be used to decode 3 address lines to enable up to 8 memory chips (each of its output can be used to enable a different chip). All 8 outputs are not asserted when the enable input is not asserted. Only one output is asserted when enable input is asserted, and the output asserted depends on the A, B, C selection inputs (one output for each possible combination). Sometimes an external logic gate may be used in conjunction with the 74LS138 to perform decoding using more than 3 address lines.
- 6. A 4-to-16 Binary Decoder Configuration Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 7. Memory Address Decoding Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 8. Memory Address Decoding The binary decoder requires only 3 address lines, (A0 to A2) to select each one of the 8 chips (the lower part of the address), while the remaining 8 address lines (A3 to A10) select the correct memory location on that chip (the upper part of the address). Having selected a memory location using the address bus, the information at the particular internal memory location is sent to a common “Data Bus” for use by the microprocessor. This is of course a simple example but the principals remain the same the same for all types of memory chips or modules. Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 9. Encoder The encoder is a logic circuit that provides the appropriate code (binary, BCD, etc.) as output for each input signals. The process is reverse of decoding. Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 10. Address Decoding using 3 * 8 Decoder in 8085 Microprocessor Interface 2K bytes of memory to 8085 with memory address 8000H. (Using logic gates and decoder) Solution: 2K = 2048 = 211 The total address lines required will be A10 to A0. Write the 8000H, starting addressing in the table below. The ending address can be found as follows: A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 11. In this state, 11 bits are used for 2K bytes of memory. It will be minimum value when A10 to A0 lines are zero and when A10 to A0 lines all are high, it will be maximum value. So maximum value in HEX is 87FFH which is the ending address. Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 12. Address decoding using simple NAND gate decoder Thus A15 to A11 = ‘1 0 0 0 0’, these lines are used to select the memory chip. Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc Addressing decoding using simple NAND gate decoder
- 13. Address decoding using simple NAND gate 3 * 8 Decoder in 8085 Microprocessor Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc
- 14. Address Decoding using 74LS138 Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc Interface 64K (eight 8K * 8 bits) byte block of memory with the physical address in the range F0000H to FFFFFH Solution: 8K = 213 bytes in each EPROM
- 15. Address Decoding using 74LS138 Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc Mapped the memory directly to an 8K byte block 1st block: F0000H – F1FFFH 2nd block: F2000H – F3FFFH 3rd block: F4000H – F5FFFH 4th block: F6000H – F7FFFH 5th block: F8000H – F9FFFH 6th block: FA000H – FBFFFH 7th block: FC000H – FDFFFH 8th block: FE000H – FFFFFH
- 16. Address Decoding using 74LS138 Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc The most significant hexadecimal digit must be F to address the 8 EPROMS. Hence, address lines A16 – A19 may be used to enable the 138 decoder (so that CE signals are only generated if A16 – A19 are all asserted)
- 17. Address Decoding using 74LS138 Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc 1st block: F0000 – F1FFFH = 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 0001 1111 1111 1111 2nd block: F2000 – F3FFFH 3rd block: 4th block: 5th block: 6th block: 7th block: 8th block: FE000 – FFFFFH = 1111 1110 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 Used for Enable pins Used for Selection pins
- 18. Address Decoding using 74LS138 Decoder Er. Sulav Paudel | MSc The address pins of each EPROM (Memory) must be connected to the 13 least significant address lines in order to address the 213 (=8K) bytes in each EPROM.