CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE
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The document discusses India's industrial development, highlighting the significance of heavy industries like textiles and the car industry, along with its global reputation in software and ICT. It details the impact of the 1991 currency crisis, which led to major economic reforms and rapid growth, particularly in manufacturing and service sectors. Key cities such as Bangalore and Hyderabad have emerged as technology hubs, supporting a highly export-oriented economy.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY A2 REVISION - PRODUCTION, LOCATION AND CHANGE: 11.4 THE MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE
- 2. KEYTERMSANDDEFINITIONS BRIC is the abbreviation for Brazil, Russia, India and China. Foreign direct investment is overseas investment in physical capital by transnational corporations. Heavy industry is one with heavy/bulky raw materials and heavy/bulky finished products, e.g. iron and steel.
- 3. With in excess of one billion people, India has the second largest population in the world. The service sector accounts for 52 per cent of India’s GDP, with industry and agriculture respectively responsible for 28 per cent and 17 per cent. Textiles is the largest industry in the country, employing about 20 million people and accounting for one-third of India’s exports. The car industry has expanded significantly in recent times and is now the seventh largest in the world with a production of 2.6 million vehicles in 2009. TOPICSUMMARY
- 5. TOPICSUMMARY India has built a global reputation in the field of software and ICT in general. In 1950, India was arguably the first non-communist developing country to institute a fully-fledged industrial policy. The role of heavy industry, particularly iron and steel, was emphasised, with the public sector playing a major role in the structural transformation of the economy from what was primarily an agricultural society. The Planning Commission has taken the major role in formulating industrial policy and in guiding India’s ongoing industrial revolution.
- 7. TOPICSUMMARY The currency crisis of 1991 proved to be a major turning point, instigating bold economic reforms that resulted in rapid economic growth that is likely to double average productivity levels and living standards in India every 16 years. Tariffs on imports were significantly reduced along with other non-tariff trade barriers as a result of India’s membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO). India’s technological success has not been confined to the ICT industry. India’s corporations have achieved significant growth in a number of industries including in particular pharmaceuticals and auto components.
- 8. TOPICSUMMARY The relationship between growth of manufacturing and that of services is an issue of considerable significance for the economic development of the country. Like many other countries India adopted regional economic planning and tried to encourage a better spread of industry around the country. In the last two decades India has spawned a modern, highly export- oriented ICT industry. The export intensity of Indian software is more than 70 per cent, compared with an overall export intensity of 10 per cent for the economy as a whole. Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai, in the south, along with the western city of Pune and the capital city Delhi, have emerged as the centres of India’s high technology industry.
- 11. ADDITIONALWORKS 1. Conduct some research to find the latest industrial production data for India. 2. For a city other than Bangalore produce a time chart to illustrate its industrial development. 3. With reference to industrial policy and changes in industrial production in India, a describe the issues faced in the management of industrial change and b evaluate the attempts made to overcome the issues you have identified.