Canal interoceánico nicaragua canalprojectdescription hknd-doc dic 2014

Nicaragua Canal Project Description
December 2014 / A

Nicaragua Canal Project Description December 2014 / A
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1
2. General Project Description..................................................................................................................1
3. Project Facilities....................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Canal Facilities..............................................................................................................................4
3.2 Ports ............................................................................................................................................28
3.3 Associated Project Facilities .......................................................................................................29
4. Project Construction............................................................................................................................36
4.1 Schedule......................................................................................................................................36
4.2 Workforce ...................................................................................................................................38
4.3 Equipment...................................................................................................................................40
4.4 Materials and Supplies................................................................................................................42
4.5 Infrastructure...............................................................................................................................43
4.6 General Construction Principles .................................................................................................44
4.7 Construction Sequence................................................................................................................53
5. Project Operations...............................................................................................................................72
5.1 Ship Transit.................................................................................................................................72
5.2 Power Requirements ...................................................................................................................74
5.3 Water Requirements....................................................................................................................74
5.4 Salinity Management ..................................................................................................................74
5.5 Workforce Requirements............................................................................................................76
5.6 Security Requirements................................................................................................................76
5.7 Public Boat Use Policy ...............................................................................................................76
5.8 Ferry Service...............................................................................................................................76
5.9 Maintenance Dredging................................................................................................................76
5.10 Port Operations ...........................................................................................................................77
6. Proposed Embedded Controls.............................................................................................................77
7. References...........................................................................................................................................78

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1-1: Canal Dimensions.....................................................................................................................5
Table 3.1-2: Target Vessel Dimensions........................................................................................................7
Table 3.1-3: Earthwork Quantities by Type and Canal Segment................................................................16
Table 3.1-4: Excavated Material Placement Area Characteristics..............................................................17
Table 3.1-5: Lago de Nicaragua Dredge Disposal Areas............................................................................22
Table 3.1-6: Marine Dredge Disposal Areas ..............................................................................................25
Table 3.3-1: Basic Road Design Parameters...............................................................................................30
Table 3.3-2: Transmission Lines.................................................................................................................34
Table 3.3-3: Aggregate Quarries.................................................................................................................34
Table 3.3-4: Borrow Areas .........................................................................................................................34
Table 3.3-5: Canal Construction Crossings and Mitigation........................................................................36
Table 4.3-1: Summary of Main Construction Equipment, Specification, and Quantity.............................41
Table 4.4-1: Construction Materials and Supplies......................................................................................42
Table 4.4-2: Requisite Amount by year of Main Construction Building Materials....................................43
Table 4.6-1: Drill and Blast Design Parameters .........................................................................................47
Table 5.1-1: Canal de Nicaragua Freight Traffic Prediction by Year (number of transits) ........................72
Table 5.3-1: Project Operations Water Use ................................................................................................74
Table 5.4-1: Estimation of Effectiveness of Mitigating Project Measures including Indicative Uncertainty
Ranges.........................................................................................................................................................75
Table 6-1: Embedded Controls Identified for Construction and Operation................................................77

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Project Location .........................................................................................................................2
Figure 2-2: Canal Cross Section (200 Vertical Exaggeration)......................................................................3
Figure 3.1-1: Canal Segmentation Landscape ..............................................................................................6
Figure 3.1-2: Generic Batter Slopes..............................................................................................................9
Figure 3.1-3: Schematics of Water Level Change ......................................................................................11
Figure 3.1-4: Concept Lock with 3 Chambers and 9 Water Saving Basins................................................12
Figure 3.1-5: Brito Lock Location (Zoomed Out) ......................................................................................12
Figure 3.1-6: Brito Lock Location (Zoomed In).........................................................................................13
Figure 3.1-7: Camilo Lock Location and Plant View (Zoomed Out).........................................................14
Figure 3.1-8: Detail of Camilo Lock with Associated Dam Structure (Zoomed In) ..................................15
Figure 3.1-9: Canal Excavation Volumes by Station..................................................................................17
Figure 3.1-10: West Canal EMPAs.............................................................................................................19
Figure 3.1-11: East Canal EMPAs..............................................................................................................20
Figure 3.1-12: Lago de Nicaragua Dredge Disposal Areas ........................................................................21
Figure 3.1-13: Example of a Confined Disposal Facility (CDF)................................................................23
Figure 3.1-14: Typical Cross Section of a Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) Dike ..................................24
Figure 3.1-15: Typical Cross Section of the Breakwater Structures...........................................................26
Figure 3.1-16: Pacific Entrance Breakwater and Brito Port .......................................................................27
Figure 3.1-17: Caribbean Entrance Breakwaters and Aguila Port..............................................................28
Figure 3.3-1: Proposed PanAmerican Highway Cable-Stayed Bridge Profile ...........................................30
Figure 3.3-2: Cross-section of Public Roads ..............................................................................................31
Figure 3.3-3: Cross-section of Maintenance Road......................................................................................32
Figure 3.3-4: Proposed Electrical Transmission Towers ............................................................................33
Figure 4.1-1: General Construction Schedule.............................................................................................37
Figure 4.6-1: Topsoil Stripping Example ...................................................................................................45
Figure 4.6-2: Free Dig Example .................................................................................................................46
Figure 4.6-3: Drill and Blast Examples ......................................................................................................46
Figure 4.6-4: Assumed Blasting Percentage by Horizon............................................................................47
Figure 4.6-5: Wet and Dry Blasting Percentage by Horizon ......................................................................48
Figure 4.6-6: Graphic of Benched Excavation within Canal Footprint ......................................................48
Figure 4.6-7: Truck and Excavator Conceptual Configuration...................................................................49
Figure 4.6-8: Excavated Material Placement..............................................................................................50

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Figure 4.6-9: EMPA Reclamation Concept ................................................................................................51
Figure 4.6-10: Drop Structures ...................................................................................................................52
Figure 4.7-1: West Canal Excavation Strategy...........................................................................................57
Figure 4.7-2: Year 1 West Canal Dredge Excavation.................................................................................58
Figure 4.7-3: Year 1 West Canal Dry (Skim) Excavation ..........................................................................59
Figure 4.7-4: Year 2 West Canal Activities between Stations 5 and 14 Kilometers ..................................60
Figure 4.7-5: Year 2 West Canal Activities between Stations 14 and 25 Kilometers ................................61
Figure 4.7-7: Year 3 West Canal Activities between Stations 14 and 25 Kilometers ................................62
Figure 4.7-9: Year 4 Inland Dredging.........................................................................................................64
Figure 4.7-10: Year 5 West Canal Activities..............................................................................................65
Figure 4.7-11: East Canal Excavation Strategy ..........................................................................................67
Figure 4.7-12: Stage 2.................................................................................................................................69
Figure 4.7-13: Stage 3.................................................................................................................................70

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CDF confined disposal facility
CRB Caribbean side
CRCC China Railway Construction Corporation
DWT Dry Weight Tonnage
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
EMPA Excavated Material Placement Area
ERM Environmental resources Management
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
g/cc grams per centimeter
H hours
ha hectare
IFC International Finance Corporation
kg/m3
kilogram per cubic meter
km kilometer
km2
square kilometers
kW kilowatt
kV kilovolt
L liter
m2
square meters
m3
cubic meters
m3
/s cubic meters per second
MARENA Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales
mm millimeter
Mm3
Million cubic meters
MW megawatts
NA not applicable
PCF Pacific side
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
SIN National Interconnected System
SNT Sistema Nacional de Transmisión
TEU twenty-foot equivalent units
TOT total
ULBC ultra-large bulk carriers
USACE U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
VLCC very large crude carriers

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1
1. INTRODUCTION
The Canal de Nicaragua (Project) is a major infrastructure project with the potential to transform global
trade and make Nicaragua a major center for transport and global logistics. The Project would be one of
the largest civil works projects ever undertaken. This Project Description is being released by HKND to
inform the Government of Nicaragua, affected communities, and other stakeholders about the current
status of Project design. Engineering studies are still on-going that may affect aspects of this Project
Design, as may stakeholder recommendations, but at this point, this paper describes the current Project
Description. Comments on this Project Description can be submitted via email to Environmental
Resources Management (ERM) at Nicaragua.Canal@erm.com.
The Project facilities are described below in as much detail as is available at this stage of the Project
design. The following Project Description relies heavily on preliminary engineering prepared by China
Railway Construction Corporation (CRCC)/ChangJiang (overall Project technical feasibility, concept
design, and engineering), MEC (earthworks strategy and engineering), and SBE/Deltares (lock design and
operations, freshwater availability, and salinity management). Additional engineering design is needed to
firmly quantify project impacts and finalize appropriate mitigation measures before an Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) can be completed.
2. GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Project would be located in southern Nicaragua. It would traverse the country from the Pacific
shoreline near Brito, up the Rio Brito valley, over the continental divide, and down the Rio Las Lajas
valley to Lago de Nicaragua approximately 4 kilometers south of the town of San Jorge. It would then
cross Lago de Nicaragua approximately 4 kilometers south of the Isla de Ometepe, reaching the eastern
Lago de Nicaragua shoreline about 8 kilometers south of the town of San Miguelito. It would then move
up the Rio Tule stream valley and over the Caribbean highlands, with a maximum elevation along the
canal alignment of 224 meters. It would then traverse down the Rio Punta Gorda valley to the Caribbean
shoreline about 1 kilometer north of the mouth of the Rio Punta Gorda (see Figures 2-1 and 2-2).

2
Figure 2-1: Project Location

3
Figure 2-2: Canal Cross Section (200 Vertical Exaggeration)

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3. PROJECT FACILITIES
The Project includes the following facilities:
 The canal; two locks and associated impoundments upstream; dredge disposal areas and excavated
material placement areas; a dike; a stand-alone dam; and breakwaters/training walls at the canal’s
Pacific, Caribbean, and Lago de Nicaragua entrances;
 Ports at the canal’s Pacific and Caribbean entrances;
 Associated Project Facilities, including transport improvements (e.g., access and maintenance roads, a
bridge for the Pan-American Highway over the Canal, and a ferry); power generating and
transmission facilities to deliver the power required to operate the canal; and two cement plants and
associated aggregate quarries; and minor improvements to the existing Corinto and Bluefield ports.
A detailed Project Map is provided for both paper and electronic copies of this Project Description
document.
Other facilities have been proposed, including a Free Trade Zone and associated commercial
developments, tourist hotels, and an airport. Construction of these facilities would begin when the canal
construction is advanced, which is 5 or more years in the future. Further, little information exists at this
time to allow a full impact assessment of these facilities. For these reasons, these other facilities are not
included as part of the proposed Project
3.1 CANAL FACILITIES
3.1.1 Canal Design
3.1.1.1 Canal Length
The canal will extend 259.4 kilometers from the Pacific shoreline, across Lago de Nicaragua, to the
Caribbean shoreline. The Project would also require dredging of marine approaches to achieve required
shipping depths of approximately 1.7 kilometers in the Pacific Ocean and 14.4 kilometers in the
Caribbean Sea. Combined, these create a total length of about 275.5 kilometers.
This Project Description and some of its figures reference “stations” along the canal. These stations
reflect locations along the centerline of the canal and are shown in 5 kilometer intervals starting at the
Pacific coast (Station 0) and extending to the Caribbean coast (Station 259.4).
For purposes of this Project Description, the canal is divided into five segments (see Figure 3.1-1):
 Pacific Ocean – the marine approach from the outer limit of required dredging to the Pacific
shoreline (1.7 kilometers).
 West Canal – from the Pacific shoreline to Lago de Nicaragua, including the West or Brito Lock and
the Brito Port (25.9 kilometers). This segment is sometimes subdivided into:
o Pacific Slope – the portion that drains directly to the Pacific Ocean (18.4 kilometers); and
o Lake Slope – the portion that drains to Lago de Nicaragua (7.5 kilometers).

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 Lago de Nicaragua – from the western to the eastern shorelines of Lago de Nicaragua
(106.8 kilometers).
 East Canal – from Lago de Nicaragua to the Caribbean shoreline, including the East or Camilo Lock
(126.7 kilometers). This segment is sometimes subdivided into:
o Lake Slope – the portion that drains to Lago de Nicaragua (37.4 kilometers); and
o Caribbean Slope – the portion that drains directly to the Caribbean Sea via the Rio Punta Gorda
(89.3 kilometers).
 Caribbean Sea – the marine approach from the outer limit of required dredging to the Caribbean
shoreline, including the Aguila Port (14.4 kilometers).
The various canal segments, to include typical widths and design canal bottom elevations, are presented
in Table 3.1-1.
Table 3.1-1: Canal Dimensions
Canal Sections Length (km)
Bottom
Elevation
Design
Minimum
Depth
Typical Canal
Bottom Width
Pacific Ocean 1.7 -30.2 m 29.0 m 280 m
Pacific coast to the Brito Lock 12.5 -30.2 m 29.0 m 280 m
Brito Lock to Lake Nicaragua 13.4 3.25 m 26.9 m 230 m
Lago de Nicaragua1
106.8 1.75 m 28.4 m 280 m
Lake Nicaragua to Camilo Lock 105.6 3.25 m 26.9 m 230 m
Camilo Lock to the Caribbean coast 21.1 -29.8 m 29.0 m 280 m
Caribbean Sea 14.4 -29.8 m 29.0 m 280 m
Total length 275.5 NA NA NA
km = kilometers; m = meters; NA = not applicable
1
Average water elevation in Lago de Nicaragua is approximately 31.3 meters, and the canal’s operating range is from elevation
30.2 meters to 33.0 meters.
2
Some optimization might be required during detailed design of the canal.

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Figure 3.1-1: Canal Segmentation Landscape

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3.1.1.2 Target Vessel
The canal design is based on The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure (PIANC)
report Approach Channels, A Guide for Design (PIANC 1997). The critical component in the design of
the waterway is the selection of the "target" vessel. In evaluating the waterway maneuvering parameters,
the target vessel is normally the largest vessel that the waterway is expected to accommodate safely and
efficiently.
The parameters required for the target vessel are:
 Length
 Beam
 Maximum draft
 Speed
As discussed in Chapter 1.0, Introduction, the Canal de Nicaragua is intended to primarily provide transit
for ships too large for the expanded Panama Canal. The canal cross section is dictated by these “target
vessel” it is intended to accommodate. The typical dimensions of these target vessels are provided in
Table 3.1-2. The largest container ships are currently 19,300 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU)
containers, so the 25,000 TEU ship dimensions are estimates. The Canal de Nicaragua as constructed is
itself likely to influence the actual dimensions of the largest ships, as has the Panama Canal.
Table 3.1-2: Target Vessel Dimensions
Boat Type
Dry Weight Tonnage (DWT)
Ship Vessels
Container Capacity (TEU)
Overall
Length
(m)
Type
Width
(m)
Fully loaded draft in
seawater
(m)
Container Ships 25,000 TEU 500 72 18
Very Large Crude
Carriers (VLCC）
320,000 DWT 330 60 20
Ultra-large Bulk
Carriers (ULBC）
400,000 DWT 365 65 23.5
TEU = twenty-foot equivalent units; m = meters
3.1.1.3 Canal Width and Depth
In addition to the target vessel dimension, environmental conditions such as the following can also affect
the channel design required to accommodate the target vessels:
 Cross Winds – affect the width of the maneuvering lane for the target vessels. The wind speed
assumed for channel design is near gale force winds of 28 to 33 knots (i.e., Force 7 on the Beaufort
Wind Scale). At higher wind speeds, the canal will stop operating and vessels will safely anchor.
 Waves – affect the effective water depth; waves were assumed to be up to 1 meter in height at the
canal approaches.
 Currents – affect the target vessel’s ability to maintain course and to maneuver. The water velocities
within the canal between the shipping locks are assumed to be negligible. In the sections between the
locks and the Pacific/Caribbean, tidal current effects are considered.

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 Water Density – salt water (1,025 kilograms per cubic meters [kg/m3
] density) is more buoyant than
freshwater (1,000 kg/m3 density), so the same target vessel would require more draft in the
freshwater segments of the canal than in the saltwater segments.
 Tidal and Lake Water Depth Range – the Pacific Ocean tides vary about 2.5 meters between
maximum high and minimum low tide elevations; the Caribbean Sea tides vary about 0.5 meters
between maximum high and minimum low tide elevations; and the water level in Lago de Nicaragua
generally varies between elevations 30 and 33 meters above mean sea level (amsl).
Taking these factors into consideration, which allow for adequate under keel clearance and appropriate
safety considerations, HKND proposes normal water depths of approximately 29 meters in salt water
(taking into consideration tidal fluctuation, waves, and water density); 26.9 meters for the inland
freshwater canal segments (assuming a minimum lake water elevation of approximately 30.2 meters); and
28.4 meters for Lago de Nicaragua (again, assuming a minimum lake water elevation of approximately
30.2 meters). These depths are presented in Table 3.1-1.
Canal bottom width is determined by taking into consideration the following factors:
 Beam of the target vessels
 Bank clearance
 Vessel speed
 Prevailing cross winds
 Prevailing cross currents
 Prevailing longitudinal currents
 Significant wave height
 Presence of aids to navigation
 Bottom surface (rough versus smooth, soft versus hard)
 Depth of waterway
 Cargo hazard level
Based on these factors, HKND proposes a 280 meter canal bottom width in open waters subject to cross
currents/winds and a 230 meter canal bottom width in the confined canal segments between each lock and
Lago de Nicaragua.
These typical canal cross-sections assume only one-way traffic in any canal segment at any moment in
time. Two passing bays are planned – one in Lago de Nicaragua southeast of Isla de Ometepe and one in
Lago de Atlanta – that will allow for ships to anchor while oncoming ships pass. The canal width would
be expanded in these passing bays to 520 meters for approximately 5 kilometers.
3.1.1.4 Canal Bend Radius
The canal alignment curves, or bends, to minimize excavation and environmental and social impacts. The
sharpness of these bends is determined by:
 Maneuverability of the target vessel
 Canal depth/draft ratio
 Cross currents
 Cross winds
 Waves

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Based on these factors, HKND proposes a minimum bend radius of between 2,000 meters and 5,000
meters.
3.1.1.5 Canal Side Slope (Batter) Design
Except for short distance on the Pacific and Caribbean entrances and through Lago de Nicaragua, the
canal will need to cut through uplands. The slope of these cuts (often referred to as the batter slope -
vertical height / horizontal distance) is very important in that it strongly affects both the excavation
volume and slope stability. Steeper slopes reduce excavation volume, but generally increase the risk of
slope instability, while gentler slopes increase excavation volume, but may improve slope stability. Based
on geotechnical analysis which takes into consideration both the type of excavated material and its
weathered state, generic batter slope ratios are presented in Figure 3.1-2.
Figure 3.1-2: Generic Batter Slopes
3.1.1.6 Canal Navigation Aids and Lighting
In order for ships to safely transit the canal, HKND would provide navigation aids in accordance with
international guidelines. These navigation aids would include various beacons (e.g., acoustic, wireless),
warning signage (e.g., cables, pipelines crossings), channel markers, buoys, and the following lighted
navigation aids:
 Lighthouses (4) – one 30-meter high lighthouse lantern would be on both the Pacific and Caribbean
coastline, each with a lighting range of greater than 22 nautical miles. In Lago de Nicaragua, one 20-
meter high lighthouse would be on both the west and east lakeshores, each with a lighting range
greater than 22 nautical miles.
 Large sailing buoys (2) – to mark each side of the Pacific and Caribbean channel entrance, each
buoy would be approximately 2 nautical miles from the shoreline and would be equipped with lights
having visibility greater than 10 nautical miles.
 Light buoys (2) - to mark the channel entrance on both sides of Lago de Nicaragua, each buoy would
be approximately 2 nautical miles from the shoreline and would be equipped with lights having
visibility greater than 10 nautical miles.

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 Navigation Control Center (1) – one at the Pacific canal entrance to control all ships in and out of
the canal covering from the ocean approaches.
 Lock Control Centers (2) – one each at the Brito and Camilo Lock to control the lock and direct
ships to sail safely into and out of the lock.
Lighting would also be provided at the locks, ports, breakwaters, and along the canal maintenance roads.
This lighting would follow the minimum intensity required to assure safe working conditions and would
be directional so as to minimize the effect of light pollution.
3.1.2 Locks
A lock is a structure that allows for the raising and lowering of ships between water bodies of different
elevations. In this case, one lock is proposed on each side of Lago de Nicaragua:
 Brito Lock – located in the West Canal Segment near Rivas Mico Negro, approximately 14.5
kilometers inland from the Pacific Ocean; and
 Camilo Lock – located in the East Canal near the confluence of the Rio Punta Gorda with Camilo
Cano, approximately 13.7 kilometers inland from the Caribbean Sea.
These two locks would raise and lower ships between sea level at the Caribbean Sea/Pacific Ocean and
the water level of Lago de Nicaragua (30.2 to 33.0 meters).
The two locks would have essentially the same design and each would consist of three consecutive
chambers, or steps, that would raise the ships about 10 meters per chamber, for a total of approximately
30 meters. The locks are massive with an effective dimension of each of the three lock chambers of 520
meters (length) × 75 meters (width) × 27.6 meters (threshold depth). The effective length and width of the
lock chamber is determined by the 25,000 TEU container vessel estimates, and the effective minimum
depth of the lock chamber is determined by the 400,000 dry weight tonnage (DWT) ultra-large bulk
carrier. Each lock will require approximately 4.5 million cubic meters (Mm3
) of concrete.
Figure 3.1-3 shows the schematics of the Canal and the three steps needed to raise and lower ships
between the ocean waters and Lake Nicaragua on either side of the Canal.

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Figure 3.1-3: Schematics of Water Level Change
The locks will be designed to meet international seismic design standards (i.e., Code for Seismic Design
of Water Transport Engineering [JTS 146-2012], Standard for Classification of Seismic Protection of
Building Construction [GB 50223-2008], and Specification for Seismic Design of Hydraulic Structures
[SL 203-97]), including a 5,000 year return period for the Brito Lock, which is in the more seismically
active area. Additional details will be provided in the ESIA.
The Project has been designed to have no net use of Lago de Nicaragua water. The location of the locks,
which would capture flow from much of the Punta Gorda watershed that would otherwise flow to the
Caribbean, and the provision of supplemental water would be provided through the Agua Zarca
Reservoir. In addition, the locks have a system for conserving water that consists of nine water saving
basins, or ponds, to recycle water at both the Brito and Camilo locks (three basins associated with each of
the three chambers that form the lock). The three proposed water saving basins per chamber should
reduce overall lock water demand by 60 percent. The water saving basins would have the same length as
the lock, but would add an additional 240 m to the overall lock width (i.e., 80 meter width per water
saving basin). An oblique sketch of the concept lock with the three chambers and nine water saving basins
is illustrated in Figure 3.1-4. A plan view of the Brito (Figures 3.1-5 and 3.1-6) and Camilo (Figures 3.1-7
and 3.1-8) locks are also included below.

12
Figure 3.1-4: Concept Lock with 3 Chambers and 9 Water Saving Basins
Figure 3.1-5: Brito Lock Location (Zoomed Out)

13
Figure 3.1-6: Brito Lock Location (Zoomed In)

14
Figure 3.1-7: Camilo Lock Location and Plant View (Zoomed Out)

15
Figure 3.1-8: Detail of Camilo Lock with Associated Dam Structure (Zoomed In)
The proposed lock locations considered safety as well as environmental, social, and economic factors. In
an emergency (e.g., extreme flooding within the Rio Punta Gorda), excess water could be released to the
Rio Punta Gorda via a sluice gate located downstream of the Camilo Lock to maintain water levels within
the canal’s operable range. The Camilo Lock location was also selected to allow for construction in
bedrock, overall constructability, and to avoid any disturbance or flooding of the Indio Maiz Nature
Reserve, although an alternative location for the Camilo Lock is still under evaluation. Likewise, the Brito
Lock location would allow the lock to be constructed in bedrock rather than the sandy alluvium found in
the lower Brito River valley. In addition, the Brito Lock’s inland location would reduce the risk of
flooding from tsunamis.
3.1.3 Lock Impoundment
The Camilo Lock requires a dam over the Punta Gorda River and a dike to keep the water from spilling
into the Bluefield Bay watershed. The lock, its associated dam/s, and the dike would create an
impoundment (artificial lake) upstream of the lock near the community of Atlanta, with a surface area of
about 395 square kilometers (km2
): herein referred to as Lake Atlanta. This impoundment would
accumulate runoff from the Rio Punta Gorda and two of its tributaries, in particular (i.e., Rio Chiquito and

16
Masaya), and store it behind the lock at the same elevation as Lago de Nicaragua; therefore, this
impoundment would essentially function as an extension of the lake. In other words, the canal between
the two locks and the artificial Lake Atlanta would fluctuate at the same water elevation as Lago de
Nicaragua. Accordingly, Lake Atlanta would not be a reservoir that could store water above the level of
Lago de Nicaragua.
The Project has been designed such that sufficient water would be stored in this impoundment, in
combination with normal Rio Punta Gorda flows and the proposed Agua Zarca Reservoir (described in
Section 3.3, Associated Project Facilities, below), in order to operate both the Camilo and Brito locks
with no net use of Lago de Nicaragua water or effect on Rio San Juan flows, even in periods of extended
El Nino weather occurrences.
In order to minimize the footprint of the Atlanta Lake and/or to prevent water from spilling over into the
adjacent Bluefields watersheds, an approximately 10,000 meter-long dike is proposed. This would be an
earth and rock filled dike with an impermeable clay core to prevent seepage and designed to normal dam
structure standards and specifications.
3.1.4 Excavated Material Placement Areas
The Project would be the largest civil earthmoving operation in history, requiring the excavation of
approximately 5,000 Mm3
of material. The excavation will include about 4,019 Mm3
of “dry” uplands
material (e.g., rock and soil) and 980 Mm3
of marine and freshwater dredging. Table 3.1-3 below presents
the earthwork quantities by segment and type (dry excavation versus marine dredging versus freshwater
dredging). Figure 3.1-9 illustrates the volume of excavation by station.
Table 3.1-3: Earthwork Quantities by Type and Canal Segment
Segments Marine
Dredging
(Mm3
)
Freshwater
Dredging
(Mm3
)
Dry
Excavation
(Mm3
)
Total
(Mm3
)
Pacific Ocean (Marine Approach) 7 0 0 7
West Canal 102 14 439 555
Lago de Nicaragua 0 715 0 715
East Canal 78 10 3,230 3,318
Caribbean Sea (Marine Approach) 54 0 0 54
Other (e.g., roads, dikes, contingency) 0 0 350 350
Total1
241 739 4,019 ~5,000
1
Excavation for locks, water savings basins, and lock entrances not included.

17
Figure 3.1-9: Canal Excavation Volumes by Station
HKND proposes to beneficially reuse most of the excavated and dredged material to create farmland, the
Aguila Port, and Lago de Nicaragua island habitat, as described below.
3.1.4.1 Upland Excavated Material Placement Areas
The material excavated to create the canal would be placed in up to 35 Excavated Material Placement
Areas (EMPAs) located along the canal, with a storage volume of 3,400 Mm3
occupying a total land area
of 179 km2
(see Table 3.1-4, Figure 3.1-10, and Figure3.1-11). These EMPAs generally need to be within
about 3 kilometers of the canal as it is cost prohibitive to haul excavated material longer distances. These
placement areas have been located to minimize environmental and social impacts (e.g., avoid primary rain
forest and large communities).
Table 3.1-4: Excavated Material Placement Area Characteristics
Placement Area ID
# (see Figures 3.1-10
and 3.1-11 for
location)
Storage Volume
(Million m3
)
Surface Area
(ha) )
Existing Land Cover
%Agr/Scrub/Forest
Number of
Existing
households
West-01 58 430 70/18/12 47
West-02 9 60 47/15/38 0
West-03 218 980 73/17/10 37
West-04 311 1,590 78/13/9 295
West-05 52 880 90/7/3 82
West-06 38 410 84/5/11 31
West-07 45 530 92/5/3 24
West Subtotal 731 4,880 516
East-01 329 1,820 21/28/51 41
East-02 497 1,970 19/37/44 97
East-03 507 1,960 22/31/47 100
East-04 1,437 4,610 33/24/43 154
East-05 180 1,510 35/22/43 23
East-06 612 1,980 41/20/39 20
East-07 1,601 5,830 28/21/51 135

18
Placement Area ID
# (see Figures 3.1-10
and 3.1-11 for
location)
Storage Volume
(Million m3
)
Surface Area
(ha) )
Existing Land Cover
%Agr/Scrub/Forest
Number of
Existing
households
East-08 557 1,620 32/25/43 38
East-09 44 360 29/24/47 8
East-10 183 1,360 25/18/57 53
East-11 193 860 30/18/52 14
East-12 35 480 25/15/60 10
East-13 226 970 40/21/39 36
East-14 23 240 31/27/42 14
East-15 219 1,050 33/21/46 36
East Subtotal 6,644 26,620 779
Grand Total 7,375 31,500 NA 1,295
Source: MEC
m3
= cubic meters; ha = hectare; %/Agr = percent agriculture; %Scrub = percent scrub/shrub habitat; %Forest = percent forest;
NA = not applicable
The final surface of these areas will be graded such that they can be restored for agricultural or forestry
purposes.
3.1.4.2 Lago de Nicaragua Dredge Disposal Areas
Construction of the Canal in Lago de Nicaragua will ultimately require dredging of approximately
715 Mm3
of lake sediments. This dredged material will primarily be disposed of in three dredged material
disposal sites in Lake Nicaragua (see Figure 3.1-12). Some of the dredged material from the eastern
portion of Lago de Nicaragua will be placed in an upland excavated material disposal area located
adjacent to the lake and immediately south of the Canal (EMPA East-01) (see Table 3.1-5).

19
Figure 3.1-10: West Canal EMPAs

20
Figure 3.1-11: East Canal EMPAs

21
Figure 3.1-12: Lago de Nicaragua Dredge Disposal Areas

22
Table 3.1-5: Lago de Nicaragua Dredge Disposal Areas
Placement Area ID #
(see Figure 3.1-12 for
location)
Location
(Station)
Estimated
Existing Water
Depths (m)
Footprint Surface
Area (km2
)
Storage Volume
(Million m3
)
LN-CDF1 40 5 m 12 100
LN-CDF2 90 10 m 15 150
LN-OW1 30 – 125 Varies from
3 to 32 m
139 360
Total NA NA 166 610*
m = meter; km2
– square kilometer; m3
= cubic meter; NA = not applicable
Note: The remaining dredge spoil removed from Lago de Nicaragua will be placed in upland Excavated Material Placement Area
East-01.
The surficial fine sediments would be disposed of in two confined disposal facilities (CDFs) surrounded
by an engineered dike or seawall (i.e., LN-CDF1 and LN-CDF2) that would ultimately form islands in
Lago de Nicaragua, and on land at the eastern side of the lake. An in-water CDF is an engineered
structure consisting of dikes or other structures that extend above the water surface and enclose a disposal
area for containment of dredged material, isolating the dredged material from adjacent waters.
Figure 3.1-13 provides an example of a CDF.

23
Source: Uncredited Photo 2014
Figure 3.1-13: Example of a Confined Disposal Facility (CDF)
The dikes/seawalls are typically constructed with an inner core of rubble or even sand covered by
progressively larger stones with large armor rock (sourced from upland excavation areas) placed on the
outside face of the dike to protect against wave action (see Figure 3.1-14). The dike, which is at least
initially permeable, encircles the disposal area where the dredged material is placed. As dredged material
is pumped or placed in the CDF, the sediment particles settle out in the disposal area and excess water
either evaporates or percolates through the dike (USACE 1987).

24
Source: Image created by HKND
Figure 3.1-14: Typical Cross Section of a Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) Dike
These facilities would accept the fine surficial silts and clays dredged for the canal and would help
prevent that material from impacting turbidity and contaminant levels in Lago de Nicaragua. Water
quality monitoring at existing island facilities has confirmed that that CDFs are highly efficient at
retaining the sediment solids and any attached contaminants (Great Lakes Commission 2000).
The third dredged material disposal area is an open water disposal site (LN-OW1). This facility would
only accept coarser material like sands and excavated rock that underlie the fine surficial silts. This
material is heavy and would sink to the bottom of the lake with little potential to cause any turbidity
issues and typically has little or no contamination. HKND has indicated that the open water disposal site
would not be more than 3 meters in height above the lake bottom to avoid interfering with lake
navigation.
3.1.4.3 Marine Dredge Disposal Areas
HKND proposes three marine dredged material disposal areas, one in the Pacific and two in the
Caribbean (see Table 3.1-6).

25
Table 3.1-6: Marine Dredge Disposal Areas
Placement Area
ID #
Storage Volume
(Million m3
)
Surface Area
(km2
)
Distance offshore
(km)
Estimated Water
Depths
(m)
P-OW1 7 0.8 15 km >150 m
C-OW1 54 ~8.0 ~35 km >100 m
C-CDF1 182 14 0 – 2 km ~7 m
Total 143 ~22.8 NA NA
NA = not applicable
The Pacific disposal area (P-OW1) would accommodate the estimated 7 Mm3
of marine excavation
required to achieve the required depth for the Pacific approach channel.
The Caribbean disposal area (C-OW1) is intended to only accommodate the initial dredging of surficial
fine sediments from the Aguila Port site and from the lower Rio Punta Gorda. The exact location of this
disposal site has not yet been determined, but it will be required to meet the following siting criteria:
 Minimum of 100 m depth of water;
 Minimum of 15 kilometers offshore (likely to be at least 35 kilometers to achieve water depths of 100
meters);
 Lack of nearby hard rock habitat; and
 Located at a latitude south of Booby Cay to ensure marine currents do not carry turbidity to the
Booby Cay/Monkey Point/Bank 105 important habitat areas.
All other dredge material that is suitable (e.g., sand) would be used as fill to create the Aguila Port
reclamation area (i.e., C-CDF1). The Aguila Port has the capacity to accept a large volume of dredged
material, and would therefore serve as the primary disposal location for East Canal maintenance dredging
for the foreseeable future.
3.1.5 Breakwaters
The canal would include breakwaters at the Pacific, Caribbean, and Lago de Nicaragua canal entrances.
All breakwaters would follow the basic design as illustrated in Figure 3.1-15, with a 10 meters wide crest,
about 6.5 meters clearance amsl, and 1.5:1 slopes to the sea bed. The breakwaters would create an
effective canal width at the various entrances of approximately 500 meters.

26
Figure 3.1-15: Typical Cross Section of the Breakwater Structures
3.1.5.1 Pacific Breakwater
The Pacific breakwater would extend approximately 800 m from the shoreline on both sides of the canal.
It will be constructed with armor rock sourced from the Brito Lock excavation with tri-bar armor at the
ends (see Figure 3.1-16). The overall footprint of each breakwater will be about 62,000 square meters
(m2
), or 124,000 m2
total for the two breakwaters.

27
Figure 3.1-16: Pacific Entrance Breakwater and Brito Port
3.1.5.2 Caribbean Breakwater
The Caribbean breakwater would include two different structures, one at each side of the canal. The
breakwater located to the north of the canal would extend south from Punta Aguila approximately 7
kilometers to a location about 3 kilometers southwest of Booby Cay. The breakwater located to the south
of the canal would be located about 1 kilometers north of the mouth of the Rio Punta Gorda and would be
oriented perpendicular to the shoreline and extend approximately 3.5 kilometers (see Figure 3.1-17). The
overall footprint of north breakwater would be about 238,000 m2
. The overall footprint of the south
breakwater will be about 105,000 m2
. Combined, this would be approximately 343,000 m2
total for the
two breakwaters.

28
Figure 3.1-17: Caribbean Entrance Breakwaters and Aguila Port
The breakwaters at the two Lago de Nicaragua entrances would be smaller and intended to control
sediment deposition, and help stabilize the lake shoreline at the canal entrances. Two breakwaters would
occur on either side of the canal at both canal entrances and would extend approximately 200 meters from
shore. The overall footprint of each breakwater would be about 9,000 m2
, or 18,000 m2
total for the two
breakwaters.
3.2 PORTS
Canal construction would require the import of approximately 21M tons of materials and supplies, most
of which are anticipated to be transported by ship to the Corinto and Bluefields ports. HKND proposes to
use these existing ports to transfer these materials and supplies to shallow draft barges that would be used
to transfer these materials to two proposed Project ports, one on the Pacific called the Brito Port
(approximately 4 km2
in area) and one on the Caribbean called the Aguila Port (14 km2
in area). The ports
would provide logistical support during the construction of the canal and would afterwards serve as
international ports. These ports would support growth of the Nicaraguan economy by providing improved
transport connections for agricultural and other Nicaraguan producers with major Atlantic market
destinations. These ports would serve as trans-shipment ports for container handling and normal cargo
loading.

29
3.2.1 Brito Port
The Brito Port (see Figure 3.1-16) would have a design capacity of 1.68 million TEU/year and would
include the following facilities:
 North Wharf structure, approximately 1,100 meters long, capable of supporting a 200,000 dry weight
tonnage (DWT) bulk carrier or 25,000 TEU container ship;
 West Wharf berthing facilities, approximately 1,200 meters long, accommodating:
o Three 70,000 DWT container berths;
o One 30,000 DWT oil/fuel jetty;
o 13 workboat berths; and
 Other miscellaneous supporting facilities.
3.2.2 Aguila Port
The Aguila Port (see Figure 3.1-17) would have a design capacity of 2.5 million TEU/year and would
include the following facilities:
 Wharf structure design capable of supporting a 200,000 DWT container ship;
 Berthing facilities, approximately 1,300 meters long, accommodating:
o Three 150,000 DWT container berths;
o One 30,000 DWT oil/fuel jetty;
o Eight workboat berths; and
 Other miscellaneous supporting facilities.
3.3 ASSOCIATED PROJECT FACILITIES
3.3.1 Vehicular Transportation Improvements
3.3.1.1 Pan-American Highway Bridge
HKND proposes to build one bridge as part of this Project for the Pan-American Highway. A ferry is
proposed where the canal would cross Nicaragua Route 25 (Acoyapa-San Carlos Road). The canal would
not cross any other major roads that would warrant construction of a bridge or provision of a ferry.
The Pan-American Highway Bridge would use a span arrangement and provide 80 meters clearance over
the average canal water level (approximate elevation of 31.3 meters), and an overall length of 4,930
meters. Structural arrangement is shown below in Figure 3.3-1.

30
Figure 3.3-1: Proposed Pan American Highway Cable-Stayed Bridge Profile
3.3.1.2 Ferry
HKND proposes a vehicular ferry in lieu of a bridge where the canal crosses the Acoyapa-San Carlos
road (Nicaragua Route 25). Ferry terminals would be constructed on both sides of the canal, and a ferry
would operate on an approximately hourly basis at no cost to users until a reasonable substitute is
available.
3.3.1.3 Permanent Public Roads
Road access to most of the western section of canal is available through the existing road network,
although improvements would be required. Similarly, road access to both sides of Lago de Nicaragua is
also available. However, access by road to the eastern section of the canal is currently available only at its
western end near San Miguelito.
To provide reliable public access to critical Project facilities, HKND proposes to improve or construct
three roads:
 Pan-American Highway to Brito Port Road; and
 Nueva Guinea to Aguila Port Road.
Table 3.3-1 presents the basic design parameters for these roads. Figure 3.3-2 presents a typical cross
section for these roads.
Table 3.3-1: Basic Road Design Parameters
Road Section Road Type Length Width Surface Material
Brito Port to Pan-American
Highway
Public 23 km 12 m Asphalt
Aguila Port to Nueva
Guinea
Public 103 km 12 m Asphalt

31
Figure 3.3-2: Cross-section of Public Roads
In addition, HKND proposes to construct permanent paved roads to provide access to the reclaimed
EMPAs. The exact location of these roads has not yet been determined, but they would generally be
located within a 100-meter-wide corridor alongside the top of the batter slope.
3.3.1.4 Permanent Private Maintenance Roads
In addition to the facility access roads, HKND intends to build 5-meter wide gravel maintenance roads on
both sides of the canal along most of the route, except on the East Canal between the Camilo Lock and
the Caribbean Sea on the north side of the canal and between the Agua Zarca Reservoir and the Caribbean
Sea on the south side for biodiversity conservation. Vehicular access to these private maintenance roads
would be limited to canal-related traffic. Figure 3.3-3 presents a typical cross section for these roads.

32
Figure 3.3-3: Cross-section of Maintenance Road
3.3.1.5 Camilo Lock Maintenance and Access Road
HKND would construct an approximately 8-kilometer-long asphalt spur road to connect the Nueva
Guinea to Aguila Port Road to the Camilo Lock. This would be a private access road. Vehicular access
would also be included in the design of the Camilo Lock so as to provide maintenance access across the
Camilo Lock to the Atlanta Dam. Limited public access across the lock would be allowed, but only for
local residents with appropriate identification.
3.3.2 Power Generation and Transmission Lines
During construction, the Project might connect to the Nicaraguan electricity grid for power, but would
primarily rely on diesel generators to provide required power. During operation, the Project would obtain
power from the Agua Zarca Hydropower Project supplemented and possibly with securing power from
the Nicaragua electrical grid.
3.3.2.1 Agua Zarca Hydropower Facility
The Agua Zarca Hydropower Facility would be located on the south side of the canal at approximately
Station 205 kilometers. It would consist of an approximately 65-meter high dam, creating a reservoir on
the Agua Zarca River with a surface area of approximately 48.5 km2
and a storage volume of
approximately 1,100 gigaliters. The facility is predicted to generate over 10 megawatts (MW) of power,
assuming an average annual flow of 24 cubic meters per second and a gross head of approximately
55 meters. An approximately 22-kilometer-long transmission line will connect the Agua Zarca
powerhouse to the Camilo Lock substation, which would cross and then run along the north side of the

33
canal. The Agua Zarca Hydropower Project would be operating by the time canal operations commence
and will provide power for the operation of the Camilo Lock.
3.3.2.2 Connection to the Nicaragua Electrical Grid
Subject to reliability and availability analysis, both the Camilo and the Brito locks would be connected to
the Nicaragua electrical grid for power during operations. This would require constructing new electrical
transmission lines totaling 125 kilometers and a new 69 kilovolt (kV) electrical substation near each lock
as presented in Table 3.3-2 and Figure 3.3-4. Both locks would also have diesel generators for emergency
power.
Figure 3.3-4: Proposed Electrical Transmission Towers

34
Table 3.3-2 provides characteristics of the two transmission lines and substations that would be needed to
supply power from the national grid during construction.
Table 3.3-2: Transmission Lines
Starting Line End of Line
Voltage
Rating
Number of
Loops
Total Length
(km）
RIVAS Substation 138kV Brito Substation 69kV Double circuit 11
COROCITO Substation 69kV Camilo Substation 69kV Double circuit 114
kV = kilovolt; km = kilometer
3.3.3 Concrete Batch Plants
Approximately 10 Mm3
of concrete would be needed primarily to construct to the two locks, but would
also be used for the breakwaters, building, and other miscellaneous facility construction. The batch plant
combines sand/aggregate with cement to make concrete. HKND would import cement and source
aggregate locally (see Section 3.3.4, Aggregate Quarries). The exact location for these plants has not yet
been determined, but one plant would be located near each lock or its quarry.
3.3.4 Aggregate Quarries
The concrete would be made by combining cement with aggregate (sand and crushed stone). The cement
would likely be imported. The aggregate would be sourced from the following two locations (see Table
3.3-3): one near the Brito Lock (Rio Grande quarry) and one near the Camilo Lock (Camilo quarry).
Table 3.3-3: Aggregate Quarries
Aggregate
Quarry
Location Estimated
Surface Area
Volume of Aggregate
Needed/Available
Used for
Rio Grande
quarry
1 km from Brito
Lock
2.2 km2
9.2 Mm3
/ 158 Mm3
Brito Lock and
Pacific breakwater
Camilo quarry 5 km northeast of
Camilo Lock
1.1 km2
9.9 Mm3
/ 35.1 Mm3
Camilo Lock and
Caribbean breakwater
km2 = square kilometers; Mm3
= million cubic meters
3.3.5 Borrow Areas
Three borrow areas are proposed to source material for dam core walls (see Table 3.3-4).
Table 3.3-4: Borrow Areas
Borrow Area Location Average Thickness Area Available Volume
#1 2,200 m west of the
dam
2.0 m 15.1 km2
30 Mm3
#2 600 m southwest of
the dam
2.5 m 1.4 km2
3.5 Mm3
#3 3,700 m southwest
of the dam
2.5 m 3.1 km2
7.7 M m3
M = meter; km2
= square kilometers; Mm3
= million cubic meters

35
3.3.6 Offices and Worker Camps
HKND plans to locate a construction management/operations office near Rivas. The exact location for
this facility is not yet known, but it is anticipated that they would rent or purchase an existing office
building. Project construction would require approximately nine worker camps along the canal route –
three for the West Canal and six for the East Canal, as follows (exact locations are not yet available):
 West Canal
o Near the Brito Port site
o Near the Brito Lock site
o Near the Pan-American Highway Bridge
 East Canal
o Near Lago de Nicaragua
o Three in the highlands region spaced between Rt. 25 and Polo Desarrollo
o Near the Camilo Lock
o Near the Punta Aguila Port
Each Worker Camp would also include an equipment repair plant, general storehouse, and an oil depot;
some would also have an explosives magazine located a safe distance away from the rest of the camp.
HKND has committed that these worker camps would be located within the existing Project footprint and
would not require additional habitat disturbance.
HKND would construct a lock control center at each of the two locks, in addition to the overall canal
headquarters in Rivas. Each of the operations centers would have a water treatment facility that would
treat water from the Rios Brito and Punta Gorda for potable purposes.
3.3.7 Fuel Storage
HKND would require large quantities of both diesel (for power generation and construction equipment)
and bunker oil (for dredgers). These fuels would be primarily stored at fuel storage depots at the Brito and
Aguila ports, but each worker camp would also have its own fuel storage. HKND commits to providing
secondary containment around all fuel storage containers.
3.3.8 Corinto and Bluefields Ports
HKND intends to import construction equipment and materials (e.g., steel) through the existing Corinto
(Pacific) and Bluefields (Caribbean) ports, where these materials would be transferred onto barges for
shipment to the Project’s Brito and Punta Aguila ports, or directly into the new Brito and Camilo ports
once they have suitable facilities established. It is anticipated that the Project could require minor
improvements at Corinto and Bluff ports to accept canal-related deliveries and enhanced cargo
handling/transfer capabilities. It is anticipated that these improvements could be made within the existing
port footprints.
3.3.9 Infrastructure Crossings
Construction of the canal would cross some existing infrastructure along its route, which would be
managed as described in Table 3.3-5.

36
Table 3.3-5: Canal Construction Crossings and Mitigation
Crossing Mitigation
Le Fee Windfarm (remove two wind turbines) Relocation or payment
Pan-American Highway Replace highway segment with a bridge
Nicaragua Route 25 Provide free ferry service across the canal
SIN 230 kV transmission line Rebuild or relocate transmission line
SNT 230 kV transmission line Rebuild or relocate transmission line
Communication cables Relocate or rebuild as submerged cable
kV = kilovolt; SIN = National Interconnected System; SNT = Sistema Nacional de Transmisión
4. PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
4.1 SCHEDULE
HKND proposes to complete Project construction in approximately 5 years, including an initial
mobilization period of approximately 6 months, with canal operations beginning in 2020 (see Figure 4.1-
1). This is a challenging schedule and would create significant logistical, procurement, and workforce
challenges.

37
Figure 4.1-1: General Construction Schedule

38
4.2 WORKFORCE
An estimated average annual workforce of approximately 50,000 employees is anticipated during the 5-
year construction period. HKND anticipates that up to 50 percent of the workforce would be recruited
from within Nicaragua. It is likely, however, that a core contingent of experienced personnel (e.g.,
management staff, training personnel, selected equipment operators) would be required to be employed
on an expatriate basis, with about 25 percent from China and 25 percent from other countries.
4.2.1 Skilled/Unskilled Workforce
The Project would require approximately 1,500 office/administrative positions and approximately 48,500
field-based positions. Nicaragua has a very limited highly skilled workforce readily available. This has
major implications for staffing of the Project, as a significant investment in training would be required,
specifically for maintenance personnel and equipment operators.
Typical job types during construction would include:
 Maintenance
o Level 4: Leading hand
o Level 3: Skilled tradesman
o Level 2: Semi-skilled tradesman
o Level 1: Apprentice
 Equipment Operator (Truck driver)
o Level 3: Excavator operator/ Leading hand
o Level 2: Skilled operator
o Level 1: Semi-skilled operator
 Laborer
Training requirements would be extensive, particularly for roles required to operate and maintain heavy
equipment. For these roles, it is likely that several months of training would be required for each person
with a period of practical experience. Trainers would be drawn initially from a worldwide supply of
experienced operator trainers, with a preference for those with Spanish language skills.
To satisfy the Project’s immediate needs, skilled equipment maintainers, equipment operators, and
trainers would need to be recruited from across the Americas and/or worldwide. Spanish language skills
would be an advantage. Management and technical staff are also likely to be recruited internationally.
Expatriate excavator operator-trainers would be employed to operate the large diesel hydraulic excavators
(at least initially) in order to provide training for locally engaged operators.
4.2.2 HKND Hiring Procedures
HKND would limit hiring of workers within Nicaragua to designated hiring centers in a few regional
centers (e.g., Managua, Rivas, Nueva Guinea, Bluefields) in order to limit the potential for in-migration to
the construction areas. No hiring would occur at the construction site. Appropriate background checks
would be conducted for any security personnel to ensure they have not been implicated in past abuses.

39
4.2.3 Workforce Screening and Induction Training
HKND would require that all Project workers (including subcontractors) receive induction training prior
to initiating work in the following areas:
 Code of Conduct – compliance would be part of all employment contracts. This Code would establish
policies such as required behaviors in camp, drug and alcohol use, required authorizations for leaving
the camp, respect for and interactions with local communities, and prohibition on the possession of
firearms and hunting.
 Health and safety – both general and job specific. HKND would impose a Competency Management
Scheme to help ensure that no employees under take work for which they have not received the
proper training. Health training would address communicable disease prevention.
 Driver Policy and Safety Trainings – these would be required for all employees and contractors
driving vehicles on public roads.
 Human Rights Training for all security personnel.
 Environmental Sensitivity Training.
 Cultural Sensitivity Training.
HKND will introduce rigorous drug and alcohol testing for all employees.
HKND would require its subcontractors to meet these screening and induction training requirements
through mandatory terms in their tenders. Frequent audits by HKND personnel would be conducted to
ensure compliance.
4.2.4 Worker Camps
Assuming approximately 48,500 field-based workers, the nine proposed worker camps (see Section 3.3.6,
Offices and Worker Camps) would need to accommodate about 5,400 workers each on average. Worker
camps are intended for use strictly by construction workers; worker families would not be accommodated.
All foreign workers would be expected to reside in the worker camps, although some management staff
working from the Construction Management Office may be housed separately in Rivas and towns
adjacent to the East Canal. Otherwise, only workers from nearby communities would be allowed to live
outside the camps. There would be very limited number of rooms available for visitors.
The worker camps would be professionally managed by HKND or its contractors. HKND has committed
that the worker camps would meet all applicable international and Nicaragua standards, such as the
Workers’ Accommodation: Processes and Standards (IFC and EBRD 2009). Rooms would be basic
facilities, typically 12 meters by 3 meters portable units with five rooms per unit. Each room would be
kitted with a single bed, chair, desk, and air-conditioner. Ablutions blocks would be installed for each
group of accommodation units.
Each camp would be served with the following facilities:
 Power—either from the Nicaraguan electrical grid if nearby, or diesel generators.
 Water—from purpose built water treatment plant, with water supplied from a mix of rain water
collection tanks and/or rivers/streams with appropriate water treatment.
 Food—central messing facilities would be constructed to provide all meals for construction workers.

40
 Wastewater Treatment—from package wastewater treatment plants located an appropriate distance
from the camp. Treated effluent would meet international and Nicaragua standards and would be
discharged in an environmentally acceptable manner.
 Waste Management—a sanitary landfill would be provided at each camp to allow for the proper
disposal of all solid wastes. Any hazardous wastes would be disposed of in accordance with
Nicaraguan law. Additional details will be provided in the ESIA.
 Recreation—recreation facilities would be provided for both indoor and outdoor recreational
opportunities.
 Health Clinics—each camp would be served with full routine and, in some cases, emergency medical
care. HKND would arrange agreements with local hospitals to provide additional trauma care for
workers.
 Security—HKND would likely contract with the Government of Nicaragua (Government) or local
firms to provide security for the worker camps.
HKND would require, via Government or subcontract, worker camp operators to abide by Camp
Management Procedures that would prohibit informal trade, squatter camps, and prostitution within the
worker camps and the temporary expropriation area. Compliance with these procedures would be audited
by HKND. These procedures would also establish policies to secure any services locally wherever they
could meet required standards and are competitively priced. For example, HKND is committed to
securing food for the worker camps from local sources within Nicaragua.
The worker camps would be operated as “closed camps” – in that workers (other than local Nicaraguans
who live nearby) would not be allowed to leave the camps unless part of an organized trip to buy personal
items, entertainment or sightsee.
Construction works are currently planned to operate two 12-hour shifts per day, 7-days per week. Precise
roster arrangements are yet to be determined, however, conceptual roster arrangements are as follows:
 Domestic/local workforce—2 weeks on, 1 week off; and
 Foreign/expatriate workforce—6 weeks on, 2 weeks off for management staff (to allow sufficient
time for international travel home); and 22 weeks on, 4 weeks off for blue collar workers, with
additional time off in camp.
Nicaraguan workers on leave would be transported on buses provided by HKND to Managua, Rivas, or
Nueva Guinea; from these three locations, they would need to arrange their own transportation to their
final destination. Chinese and other expatriate workers on leave would also be transported by HKND
contracted buses to Managua so they could fly home.
4.3 EQUIPMENT
A summary of the main construction equipment is provided in Table 4.3-1. Most construction equipment
would be diesel powered. HKND has committed to the use of low sulfur diesel for all land-based
construction equipment to minimize impacts to air quality.

41
Table 4.3-1: Summary of Main Construction Equipment, Specification, and Quantity
Name Specification Quantity
Excavator
5～6 m3
73
14.5～16 m3
66
18～22 m3
129
28～36 m3
6
Tub Grinder
45 t 648
110 t 576
180 t 1161
240 t 54
Grader 205 kW 28
Bulldozer 235 kW 84
Sprinkler 110 m3
28
Fuel tanker 30,000 L fuel 42
Fairway Drilling and Blasting 11
Amphibious excavator 120 t 20
Trailing suction hopper dredger ≥9000 m3
6
Cutter suction dredger
4500 m3
/h 3
3500 m3
/h 20
Sand barge 500 m3
152
Self-propelled barge 2000 m3
4
Self-propelled mud barge 2000 m3
8
Cloth fabric machine
Maximum height of not less than 20m, horizontal
transmission distance of not less than 25m, the
minimum transmission capacity of not less than 120
m3
/h
30
Tower crane
Arm length is not less than 50 m, Minimum weight of
not less than 10 t
58
Crawler cranes Lifting capacity 10 t 3
Concrete pump Productivity ≥ 60 m3
/h 21
Concrete mixer truck Capacity ≥ 6 m3
62
Dump truck
10 t 48
20 t 140
Flatbed truck 21
Crane 33
kW = kilowatt; m = meter; m3
= cubic meters; L = liter; h = hour; t = ton

42
4.4 MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES
Construction of the canal would require vast quantities of construction materials and supplies, which are
listed in Table 4.4-1.
Table 4.4-1: Construction Materials and Supplies
Project Unit Ship
lock
Channel Crossing or
water
retaining
construction
Bulwark Diversion
engineering
Summation
Earthwork 10,000
m3
230.9 27,669.2 1,381.1 1,538.3 30,819.5
Stonework 10,000
m3
5,553.3 270,474.7 3,300.5 1,203.7 280,532.2
Desilting 10,000
m3
98,030.1 98,030.1
Hole digging 10,000
m3
41.0 41.0
Filling 10,000
m3
1,085.9 2,214.0 3,645.7 865.1 791.9 7,893.8
Concrete 10,000
m3
1,485.1 58.9 27.4 42.5 14.3 1,595.6
Sprayed
Concrete
10,000
m3
117.4 5.9 123.3
Steel 10,000 t 44.2 3.9 0.4 1.2 49.6
Anchor Stock 10,000 740.5 46.9 787.4
Consolidation
Grouting
10,000 m 5.0 5.0
Curtain
Grouting
10,000 m 0.53 9.49 25.74 35.76
Concrete cut-
off wall
10,000
m2
8.3 8.3
Metal
structures
t 223,048 2,268 286 225,602
m3 = cubic meters; m2
= square meters; t = ton
For many of these materials, no Nicaraguan suppliers currently exist; therefore, most of these materials
would need to be imported. There are two cement plants in the area that could supply sufficient cement to
meet early stage work, after which it is likely that cement would need to be imported. Table 4.4-2 shows
supply demand by construction year.

43
Table 4.4-2: Requisite Amount by year of Main Construction Building Materials
Time item First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year
Fourth
Year
Fifth
Year
Sixth
Year
Total
Cement
(10,000 tons)
4.3 25.5 178.2 174.4 112.3 1.2 495.9
Coal ash
(10,000 tons)
0.2 1.5 30.7 30.2 18.0 0.1 80.8
Explosive
(10,000 tons)
4.2 25.5 35.8 36.2 34.0 2.5 138.2
Oil plants
(10,000 tons)
34.9 184.3 219.0 199.4 182.8 15.0 835.2
Rebar and steel
materials
(10,000 tons)
10.4 6.4 22.2 27.0 27.6 1.9 95.4
4.5 INFRASTRUCTURE
4.5.1 Power
HKND estimates that construction of the canal would require an electricity peak load of approximately
190 MW. Construction power would primarily be diesel generators where main power is not available;
and from the Nicaragua grid where there is sufficient power and transmission infrastructure available.
4.5.2 Fuel Storage and Machinery Refueling
Servicing of equipment (providing fuel and oil on a daily or twice daily basis) represents a major
logistical challenge due to size of the equipment fleet. Sufficient onsite diesel storage (in bunded or self-
bunded tanks) would be installed to provide for 3 weeks supply of diesel in case of supply interruptions
due to the high rainfall in the area and possibility for access roads to be restricted for a period of time.
Fuel would likely be trucked into site from Managua. The 3 week fuel storage level would include the
fuel usage requirements for onsite diesel power generation.
Major storage facilities with adequate tank farm capacity would be located at the Brito and Aguila ports.
There would also be temporary fuel storage along canal route, especially at locations such as the locks.
The number of temporary storage facilities along the route would depend on the requirements in each area
of the works and transport considerations.
In order to dispense fuel, 30,000-liter-fuel tankers equipped with hi-flow pumps would transport fuel from
the central facility to the work area. These fuel tankers would park in a purpose designed area such that
trucks approaching empty can drive up to tanker, allowing the tanker operator to refuel the truck. At this
time, the truck operator would have a short meal break. The tanker should be designed to be able to refuel
two trucks simultaneously (i.e., one truck either side). Once empty, the tanker returns to the central
facility to refuel.
In addition to these tankers, purpose-built 15,000-liter service trucks (containing fuel and oil) would be
employed to provide fuel and oil to less mobile tracked equipment (excavators, dozers, drills). These
service trucks should be all-wheel drive vehicles where possible, as road conditions may be variable.
Once empty, the service trucks return to the central facility to refuel/replenish oils. If dump trucks require
oil, this would be provided by those service trucks also.

44
4.6 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES
Construction would need to occur simultaneously in three separate segments: West Canal, Lago de
Nicaragua, and East Canal. The Camilo Lock and the East Canal earthworks are the largest challenge not
just because the volume of earthwork, but because of the challenging access, logistics, and weather
conditions. Early commencement of East Canal construction is a priority, and this requires early opening
of access to the Camilo Lock in particular. The West Canal has significantly less earthwork as well as
better access and weather conditions, but is located in a seismically active area and construction of the
canal and especially the Brito Lock would require additional engineering measures to ensure safety.
Similarly, the work in Lago de Nicaragua is a challenging operation because of the difficulty in getting
large dredging equipment into the lake and because of environmental issues. In all likelihood, the actual
critical path may run through each of three canal segments at different times, depending on specific
events that affect them. These considerations demand that site infrastructure and facilities be established
across the whole canal at the earliest possible time.
4.6.1 Mobilization
Mobilization would be a critical challenge for the Project. HKND would need to mobilize more than
2,000 pieces of major construction equipment, fuel, and lock materials, including more than 4 billion
liters of diesel fuel for power generation and land-based construction equipment, about 1 billion liters of
bunker fuel for the dredgers, 400,000 tons of explosives, and millions of tons of cement and steel.
Nearly all of these materials would have to be imported into Nicaragua as there are not sufficient local
supplies to meet Project requirements. The local road system may be able to cope with road transport of
smaller items, but cannot accommodate the larger trucks needed to transport large equipment and
materials. Therefore, establishment of the temporary ports as part of the Early Works Phase (see Section
4.7.2) is critical for construction success. Construction of these temporary construction ports is required to
start at the earliest possible time.
All major imported equipment and supplies will be delivered, at least initially, via the existing
commercial ports of Corinto and El Bluff, where these equipment and supplies would be offloaded onto
shallow draft landing barges or heavy lift ships for transport to the temporary ports and taken ashore to
laydown areas for assembly. HKND would establish a logistics center at the main Project office in Rivas
to manage the overall mobilization process.
HKND would source other materials locally within Nicaragua to the extent possible, including food,
worker camp supplies, aggregate, and other materials needed for the construction of buildings and
structures.
4.6.2 Earthworks
The Project would need to excavate nearly 5,000 Mm3
of earthwork, much of which would be in an area
that receives a large annual rainfall. Wet weather is one of the main earthworks challenges and would
have a major impact on general excavation efficiencies. Scheduling around rainfall events and managing
the sequence of excavation such that watercourse flows do not impact the work unnecessarily is
absolutely critical. For the East Canal Segment, as much of the watercourse flows as possible need to be

45
diverted westward over completed sections of the canal rather than be allowed to flow eastward over
uncompleted works.
Dry excavation as possible be undertaken with a range of off-road mining equipment ranging from small
all-terrain vehicles (40 to 60 tons) for “pioneering” to small (100 tons) and large (230 tons) off-highway
vehicles serviced by 600-ton diggers for bulk excavations. Standard “strip-mining” techniques utilizing an
“advancing face” would be appropriate for much of the work.
After vegetation clearing is generally completed as described in the Early Works Phase (see Section
4.7.2), dry excavation would be undertaken in the sequence as follows:
 Strip Topsoil;
 Free Dig;
 Drill and Blast;
 Load and Haul;
 Dump Placement; and
 Rehabilitation/ Landform Management.
Each of these sequential steps is discussed below.
4.6.2.1 Strip Topsoil
Topsoil would be stripped according to depth using 100-ton excavators and 40-ton, all-wheel drive trucks.
This material would either be stockpiled separately for future rehabilitation activities or (preferably)
direct-placed onto completed landforms. In all cases, care would be taken to minimize erosion of these
stockpiles with preference given to topsoil stripping during the dry season (see Figure 4.6-1).
Source: MEC Mining 2014
Figure 4.6-1: Topsoil Stripping Example
4.6.2.2 Free Dig
“Free dig” is used to describe excavation activities that take place without first requiring drill and blast.
Following topsoil removal, soft weathered material would be excavated down to approximately 20 meters
below the original horizon. As this material is expected to provide difficult road conditions (soft, wet,

46
boggy), it is proposed to utilize the small all-terrain vehicles (40-tons, all-wheel drive trucks) and 100-
tons excavators on this material (see Figure 4.6-2).
Figure 4.6-2: Free Dig Example
4.6.2.3 Drill and Blast
Standard drill and blast techniques would be employed where the material is no longer amenable to
excavation without blasting. These techniques use a variety of hammer and rotary drilling methods,
dependent on rock and ground type, to prepare blast holes ready for charging. Bulk explosives offer one
of the cheapest blasting solutions. Due to the wet conditions expected, it is anticipated that 100 percent of
the material blasted would require a wet blasting product such as an emulsion. Traditional Nonel (Non-
Electric) detonators would be used for the majority of blasting scenarios (see Figure 4.6-3).
Figure 4.6-3: Drill and Blast Examples
These explosives would be stored in secure storage magazines designed to meet Australian Standard
2187-1998 (Explosives Storage); additional details will be provided in the ESIA. These magazines would

47
be located at least 4 kilometers away from residential communities, construction camps, and diesel
storage facilities in an appropriately secured location (e.g., bounded, fenced, protected from lightning).
The West and East canals would require two and six explosives storage magazines, respectively. Bulk
explosives would be delivered to site in shipping containers via road, either from Managua or from a
purpose-built port facility. Facilities for mixing bulk explosives would be constructed away from the main
office site and maintenance workshops, such that it would only be mixed immediately prior to use in blast
holes.
Drill and blast is a critical enabler to bulk excavation operations. Drill and blast design parameters for the
material (top to canal base) at the West Canal and East Canal segments are illustrated in Table 4.6-1.
Table 4.6-1: Drill and Blast Design Parameters
Canal
Region
Pattern Size Material
– Top to
Canal
Base
Burden
(m)
Spacing
(m)
Bench
Height
(m)
Hole
Diameter
(mm)
Explosive
Density
(g/cc)
Powder
Factor,
PF
(kg/m3
)
West Sedimentary Wet 6.3-9.8 7.3-11.3 10-15 152-254 1.2
0.39-
0.41
East
Tertiary
Volcanic
Wet 4.5-7.0 5.2-7.4 10-15 152-254 1.2
0.79-
0.81
m = meter; mm = millimeter; g/cc = grams per centimeter cubed; kg/m3
= kilogram per cubic meters
The application of each blasting pattern and subsequent explosive use is based on further assumptions on
the requirements for blasting, broken down by horizon and associated pre-split requirements for final
batters (i.e., for additional batter protection) (see Figures 4.6-4 and 4.6-5).
Presplitting is a technique used to create smooth and stable walls. Presplitting reduces the back break
caused by production blasting (and the associated risk of rock falls), and increases productivity with
reduced wall clean-up. Presplitting requires a row of closely-spaced blast holes drilled along the design
excavation, which limits charged very lightly, and detonated simultaneously.
Figure 4.6-4: Assumed Blasting Percentage by Horizon

48
Figure 4.6-5: Wet and Dry Blasting Percentage by Horizon
4.6.2.4 Load and Haul
The 5-year excavation timeframe is suited to traditional load and haul practices commonly seen in large
civil and mining excavations. Excavation would generally occur in benches of 10 meters high by 200
meters wide (see Figure 4.6-6).
Figure 4.6-6: Graphic of Benched Excavation within Canal Footprint

49
Application of different operating fleets to the excavation horizons is important to ensure optimal
productivity of equipment by matching equipment to material types, operating environments, working
bench size, and haulage distance. Figure 4.6-7 shows the proposed equipment for each of four conceptual
topographic horizons.
Figure 4.6-7: Truck and Excavator Conceptual Configuration
A critical factor in any load and haul project is haulage distance, the effect on equipment numbers, and
supporting personnel and equipment. Ultimately, cost can also be a significant factor. Optimization and
limiting haul distance has been modelled using available simulation and optimization tools to reduce
where possible the effective haulage distance. Haulage over large horizontal distances can create issues
with overheating and destruction of tires. To compensate for this, trucks must either reduce speed or limit
payload capacity both ultimately affecting the unit cost of material haulage. Effective placement of
EMPAs is critical to managing this significant Project cost.
4.6.2.5 Excavated Material Placement
Excavated material would be segregated and placed in EMPAs and topsoil stockpiles (see Figure 4.6-8).
EMPAs would generally be constructed within a maximum of about 3 kilometers haul distance from the
canal and graded to be gently sloping so as not to pool water. The EMPAs would be constructed in lifts of
no more than about 10 meters in height.

50
Figure 4.6-8: Excavated Material Placement
4.6.2.6 Rehabilitation/ Landform Management
The guiding principles for the management of excavated materials from the canal go far beyond the
simple long-term storage of these materials. HKND’s intent is for beneficial reuse of these EMPAs using
landform management concepts to:
 Create usable agricultural and pasture land after restoration;
 Ensure long-term stability of the constructed surfaces;
 Minimize direct and indirect impact to environmentally sensitive areas and communities;
 Effectively manage rainfall, catchment, and overland water flows;
 Provide opportunities to re-form and restore areas affected by deforestation and other degradation;
and
 Create long-term infrastructure usable by the local people post excavation.
As Figure 4.6-9 shows, HKND would strip topsoil, grade the EMPAs for slopes suitable for agricultural
use, and then replace the topsoil with sufficient depth as is necessary to create productive farmland.
HKND plans to coordinate closely with several universities (e.g., Universidad Nacional Agraria,
Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University, and Universidad de las Regiones de las Costa Caribe de
Nicaragua), as well as with the Unión Nacional de Agricultores y Ganaderos in developing protocols and
procedures for rehabilitating the EMPAs for agricultural reuse.

51
Figure 4.6-9: EMPA Reclamation Concept
4.6.3 Batters and Slope Protection
HKND would use a variety of different methods to protect the batters after excavation that are exposed to
the elements after excavation. Batter protection has two primary purposes:
 Reduce erosion and sediment in runoff from reaching streams; and
 Prevent local structural failure where faulting or localized weakness occur.
The variability of the canal geology and terrain would ensure that a combination of methods would be
used across the length of the canal. The protection applied to each location would be fit for purpose on a
case-by-case basis. The suitability of each method is dependent on factors including rock strength, batter
slope, height of batter, rock fracturing and fragmentation, and access to batter after excavation is
completed.
Protection methods available include:
 Planting suitable vegetation;
 Shotcrete;
 Soil nails;
 Rock boltsmeshing;
 Rock sheeting;
 Latex membranes; and
 Grouting.

52
4.6.4 Water Management
The water management concept strategy is based around two key principals:
 Minimizing the impact of the existing watersheds during canal construction; and
 Providing long-term water management and storage during the operation of the canal for both use in
the canal and by the proposed agricultural land created adjacent to the canal.
River and other watercourse diversions are a major part of the canal excavation operations because they
effectively constitute a project on their own. The canal would intersect many watercourses over its length
and would follow the valley of the Rio Punta Gorda for some 70 kilometers; therefore, management of the
water flows is the most critical element of the earthmoving operation, particularly for East Canal. These
works would be designed in detail in advance of the operations and constructed progressively ahead of or
in conjunction with the works.
Water management associated with surface and sub-surface water requires careful integration into the
canal design. A conceptual management approach has been developed based on the known watercourses,
which intersect the Project. Water management facilities are proposed for known water bodies that
intersect the excavation. The proposed water management facilities would provide water storage behind
the material placement facilities and would be used to divert water around the excavation via a series of
drainage channels and tunnels into other catchments or back into the canal at particular locations. Agua
Zarca and Chiquito watercourse systems would be the main recipients of this diverted water, ensuring the
water is maintained within the canal system for operation of the locks. The dams are expected to manage
approximately 346 gigalitres of water annually (excluding evaporation). These dams are not solutions to
long-term water storage requirements or freshwater capacity buffering for canal operation because they
do not constitute in any way additional water availability. Additional freshwater sources would potentially
be required; hence the provision of a reservoir at the Rio Agua Zarca.
Where watercourses cannot be diverted, drop structures are proposed so as to prevent erosion of the
watercourse and the slope batters and to safely convey the stream flow to the canal, as illustrated in
Figure 4.6-10 below. The drop structures would be used to dissipate energy, reduce flow velocity, and
manage the change in height before the water enters the canal. Drop structures would be designed to
accommodate five times the average annual flow rate of the watercourse and to reduce the velocity of the
water to 0.25 meters per second.
Figure 4.6-10: Drop Structures

53
4.7 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
The general construction sequence would consist of the following phases, which are summarized here and
discussed in more detail in the remainder of this section.
 Pre-Construction Phase (ongoing) – which includes securing all necessary permits and approvals,
finalizing the engineering design and construction drawings, land acquisition and initial resettlement,
issuing tenders and selecting contractors, purchasing construction machinery and equipment,
materials, and other preparatory work.
 Early Works Construction Phase (through September 2015) – which includes provision of access to
the construction sites, establishment of critical infrastructure (e.g., power, worker accommodations),
and mobilization of the initial workforce.
 Construction Phase (September 2015 through March 2020) – which includes excavation and lock
construction, with the Brito Lock construction completed and West Canal filled with water by around
January 2020, and the Camilo Lock construction completed and the East Canal filled with water by
around March 2020.
 Commissioning Phase (April 2020 through June 2020) – commissioning tests would begin as soon as
the East Canal and West Canal segments were filled with water, and include testing of lock operations
and training of lock and tug boat operators.
Each of these construction phases is described below.
4.7.1 Pre-Construction Phase
4.7.1.1 Permits and Approvals
The Project would need several permits and approvals, including:
 Environmental Permit from the Central Government (Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos
Naturales [MARENA]);
 Permit from the Regional Government of the Región Autónoma del Caribe Sur (RAAS);
 Municipal Permits – several municipalities along the canal route;
 Clearance from the Nicaraguan Institute for Cultural Resources; and
 Explosives Management Use approval from the Nicaraguan Police.
HKND would not initiate construction until the appropriate permits have been obtained.
4.7.1.2 Finalizing Engineering Design
Based on comments received during the ESIA review process, HKND would finalize the engineering
design for the Project and prepare appropriate construction drawings.
4.7.1.3 Land Expropriation and Resettlement
HKND and the Government would establish temporary and permanent land expropriation boundaries.
They would also negotiate for temporary expropriation with owners of lands expected to be needed for
canal construction, which may require temporary resident relocation. HKND would return these lands to
the owners after construction is complete in similar or better condition than received, or provide
compensation for damages. The Government and HKND would also negotiate for permanent land

54
expropriation with owners of lands needed for canal operations (including lands for maintenance and
security).
Land and cadastral surveys have recently been completed. HKND and the Government intend to prepare a
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) with the land expropriation process beginning as soon as possible in
accordance with Nicaraguan law and consistent with the RAP
4.7.1.4 Procurement
Wherever possible, local suppliers would be utilized; however, because of the scale of the Project and
Nicaragua’s limited industrial capacity, it is expected that this would be predominantly in the services
sector. The Project would utilize a wide range of international suppliers, and the tendering process would
be transparent and rigorous.
HKND would not be an owner-builder; the intention is to utilize local and international contractors. Local
contractors would be actively encouraged to participate in the Project, either directly or indirectly.
Nevertheless the bulk of the work would be undertaken by international contractors; they would be
encouraged to employ, and train, a local workforce to the maximum extent possible.
4.7.2 Early Works Phase
The focus of the Early Works Phase would be to provide/improve access to the canal alignment, but
especially the port and lock locations; to conduct initial clearing; and to establish temporary ports at Brito
and Aguila. This phase would extend from groundbreaking to about September 2015. Portions of this
work are included in the First Stage Start Up Works ESIA that will be submitted separately to MARENA
in December 2014 for limited clearing and some temporary access roads along the proposed West Canal
route (ERM 2014).
4.7.2.1 Access Roads
A critical first step in canal construction is to provide/improve vehicular access to the ports and locks.
HKND would initially provide simple 7-meter-wide gravel access roads. Sections of these road segments
would ultimately be converted to permanent canal maintenance or public roads. These improvements
would likely represent the initial construction activities.
Vehicular access to most parts of West Canal is available immediately using the existing road network,
although new connecting roads would be required to connect the local road networks to the Project access
roads.
Vehicular access to the East Canal is currently only available at its western end near San Miguelito.
HKND would improve the existing “track” from Nueva Guinea to Punta Aguila (approximately
103 kilometers) such that it is useable year round. HKND would also construct a new road to access the
Camilo Lock area.
4.7.2.2 Clearing
Once access is secured, HKND would initially clear the canal excavation footprint from top of batter plus
20 meters horizontally to top of batter plus 20 meters horizontally so as to provide general access to the
site and to facilitate works such as surveying and site investigation borehole drilling. Environmentally

55
sensitive areas would not be cleared initially (e.g., the Brito mangroves). Approximately 20-meter-wide
buffers would be left along perennial streams and rivers for erosion and sediment control purposes.
HKND would log commercially-valuable timber, and then allow the public to remove any of the
remaining timber for firewood.
4.7.3 Construction Phase
Construction of the major Project elements is expected to commence after September 2015 and continue
through 2020, when the canal is completed. Following completion of the Early Works Phase, HKND
would initiate excavation activities simultaneously at the Pacific, Caribbean, and Lago de Nicaragua work
areas as well as initiating construction of both the Brito and Camilo locks.
4.7.3.1 Temporary Construction Ports
The Project would have a massive demand for power, fuel, explosives, cement, steel, and the numerous
other materials and consumables. The only existing ports that can service the Project are at Corinto on the
Pacific and Bluefields on the Caribbean. Initially these ports would be used, but their long-term use
would not be effective because access between them and the Project by road is extremely limited and
because neither of these ports has the capacity to handle the logistics needs of the Project.
Temporary Pacific Port
With the Inland Port protected location, a temporary landing barge port would initially be constructed
500 meters inland within the canal footprint. A combination of small earthmoving equipment (locally
hired) and small marine cutterhead hydraulic dredges would be used to excavate an approximately
80-meter-wide by 5-meter-deep by 2-kilometer-long channel from the Pacific coastline to the inland port
location, which would follow the alignment of the permanent canal. Most of the excavated material would
be placed in EMPA W-01, although a small volume of the initial marine dredging would be placed in the
marine disposal site P-1.
Once the temporary port site is accessed, HKND would construct an approximately 200 meter-long small
vessel wharf, landing barge ramp, and temporary dock facilities comprising either flat-top barges,
equipped with cranes for unloading of supplies, anchored against the wharf or a jack-up dock. HKND
would also build a fuel wharf and tank farm to allow fueling of construction vessels.
This temporary construction port would service barges ferrying construction equipment and materials
from Corinto, where they were offloaded from larger marine vessels.
As early as possible, construction would commence on the West Wharf of the permanent port, which
would comprise the fuel jetty and berthing for shall ships and workboats. The West Port construction
would be carried out “in the dry” and then subsequent excavation to finished port seabed level.
Construction of the West Wharf and completion of sufficient dredging into the port would enable fuel,
materials, and equipment to be delivered directly into the Project area.

56
Temporary Caribbean Port
Construction of the permanent port at the Caribbean end of the Project would take several years;
therefore, a temporary landing barge port would be provided at Point Aguila, the proposed site of the
permanent Caribbean port. Earth and rock from Punta Aguila would be pushed out to form a temporary
breakwater. Initial small grab dredges and then trailer hopper suction dredges would establish a channel
and docking facilities similar to those at the temporary Pacific port and would remove unstable silts from
the Aguila Port reclamation area so that it would be prepared to accept sand and other coarse dredge
material. This silty dredged spoil material would be hauled to the Caribbean placement site C-1 for
disposal.
HKND would then construct a permanent fuel tank farm onshore near Punta Aguila, which would initially
support refueling of primarily dredgers, and ultimately the fleet of construction equipment needed to
excavate the East Canal.
Similar to the temporary Pacific port, construction equipment and supplies would be initially shipped to
Bluefields Port, where it would be offloaded onto shallow draft service barges, lighters, and landing
barges, which would ferry these supplies to Aguila Port.
As soon as possible at a point in the canal footprint about 9 kilometers inland at the end of a dredged
channel, a temporary construction port would be developed to service the Camilo Lock construction
works. This port would also service other construction works at the eastern end of the Project, although
the temporary landing barge port at Aguila Port would also support construction once road access is
available.
4.7.3.2 West Canal Construction
For the West Canal Segment, HKND would continue dredging inland from the Brito Port as far as
possible (i.e., until hard rock is encountered, which is expected to be about 3 to 4 kilometers). From this
point, upland excavation methods would be used to reach the Brito Lock location. Dredging would also
be used for the West Canal coming from Lago de Nicaragua, but is expected to be limited because of
shallow depth to rock in this area, and then upland excavation techniques would be used to reach the Brito
Lock from the east. Construction of the West Canal would occur over a 5-year period, with the
construction activities associated with each year described below. Figure 4.7-1 depicts the West Canal
excavation strategy.

57
Figure 4.7-1: West Canal Excavation Strategy
Year 1
Year 1 construction includes both dredge and dry excavation. There are 12 activities in total: 6 for the
dredge and 6 for the dry excavation. The inland dredge activities are described below and illustrated in
Figure 4.7-2.
1. Establish the Brito connection road.
2. Establish the lock connection road on the northern side of the canal and a road over the ocean pillar to
access the local contractor areas south of the Rio Grande.
3. Commence excavating dry material in the dredge section to RL-3 and place it on the southern side of
the canal to form retention dams for dredge spoil.
4. The dredge commences by cutting an approach channel, then dredging a slot into the inland dredge
section to a depth of 5 meters to establish a barge landing area.
5. Temporary fuel and freight unloading facilities are established inside the canal footprint in the initial
dredge cut.
6. Subsequent dredge cuts increase the total canal width to full design and depth to 18 meters below sea
level.

58
Figure 4.7-2: Year 1 West Canal Dredge Excavation
The dry excavation activities are described below and illustrated in Figure 4.7-3.
1. Establish the Brito Port connection road.
2. Establish bridges and access roads to the south of the canal over the ocean pillar including bridge, and
a road to the lock along the north side of the canal.
3. Diversions for watercourses to allow access to excavation areas at 7 kilometers to open up the dry
excavation area and a diversion at 11 kilometers to remove flows from the lock area.
4. Pioneering works to remove trees, topsoil, and material down to RL-3 in the western dredge section.
Material placement would occur south of canal.
5. Small equipment would be used to level the topography within the canal in dry excavation areas to
open up level work areas for the larger equipment.
6. Bulk dry Excavation commences using a terrace face. Material placement occurs to the south of the
canal. The existing watercourses would continue to flow across the canal route in "pillar" locations,
which would be excavated near the end of construction. Two bridges would need to be constructed
along the new road.

59
Figure 4.7-3: Year 1 West Canal Dry (Skim) Excavation
Year 2
Year 2 construction includes nine activities. There are five activities between Stations 5 to 14 kilometers
and four activities between Stations 14 to 25 kilometers.
The activities in Stations 5 to 14 include the following and are illustrated in Figure 4.7-4:
1. Lock bulk excavation commences.
2. Dry excavation progresses to the east using a single terrace face to minimize haul lengths.
3. Dry excavated material from both the lock and adjacent areas would be placed on the southern side of
the canal, reserving the northern side for material from the pillars.
4. Dredging continues in the inland dredge section.
5. Material from pioneering areas would be used to cap the material placement facility with a layer of
weathered material placed on top of fresh rock, then covered with topsoil. The existing watercourses
continue to flow across the canal route in "pillar" locations, which would be excavated near the end of
construction. No water would be allowed to enter the canal

60
Figure 4.7-4: Year 2 West Canal Activities between Stations 5 and 14 Kilometers
1. Create a road from the Pan-American Highway, along the northern side of the canal to the lock site.
2. Pioneer the excavation area including topsoil stripping and excavation down to a level surface to
create work areas for the larger equipment.
3. Install dams on either side of the canal above the watershed at Station 19 to 20 kilometers using canal
excavation material to prevent flows into canal.
4. Dry excavation commences at two face locations, using a terrace face to minimize haul lengths.

61
Year 3
Year 3 construction includes six activities. There are four activities between Stations 5 to 14 kilometers
and two activities between Stations 14 to 25 kilometers.
1. Water flows from the canal and material placement catchment at 10km are diverted into the canal to
allow the remaining dry excavation to take place.
2. Pumps are installed to move water over the ocean pillar to allow the lock pillars to be removed by dry
excavation at a later date.
3. Dredging continues in the inland dredge section, leaving the ocean pillar in place.
4. The lock access road is diverted along the northern crest of the canal. The existing watercourses
continue to flow across the canal route in "pillar" locations, which would be excavated near the end of
construction. No water is allowed to enter the canal.

62
1. Complete the dry excavation areas leaving a lake pillar in place while a permanent bridge is built for
the Pan-American Highway.
2. Install pumps to dewater the canal into the existing river at Station 23 kilometers.

63
Year 4
Year 4 construction includes four activities associated with dry excavation and three activities associated
the inland dredge. These are described below and illustrated in Figures 4.7-8 and 4.7-9.
1. Dry excavation commences on the lock pillars.
2. Pumps continue to move water over the ocean pillar to allow the lock pillars to be removed by dry
excavation.
3. Dredging continues in the inland dredge section, leaving the ocean pillar in place.
4. A drain is installed along the length of the lock to take water flows past the lock pillar and into the
completed canal to be pumped to the ocean.
1. The dredge completes the channel and inland port to a depth of 18 meters below sea level. Dredge
material would be deposited on land on the southern side of the canal.
2. Exposed excavation batter in the port and canal would be prone to liquefaction in the sand layers to
an average depth of 8 meters. These would be lined with barrier rock for containment.
3. The remaining flows from the Rio Grande would be directed over the ocean pillar into the canal.

64
Figure 4.7-9: Year 4 Inland Dredging
Year 5
Year 5 construction includes three activities, which are described below and illustrated in Figure 4.7-10:
1. When the lock is complete and lock pillars are removed with dry excavation, then the remaining
ocean pillar would be dredged to bring sea water into the canal.
2. A drop structure would be installed to allow remaining river flows from the Rio Grande to enter the
canal.
3. Dredge the lake pillar to bring fresh water into the canal.

65
Figure 4.7-10: Year 5 West Canal Activities
4.7.3.3 Lago de Nicaragua Construction
The canal would require about 715 Mm3
of dredging in Lago de Nicaragua. Borelog data indicates that
the lake bottom is underlain by an average of about 4 meters of fine material (e.g., silts and clays), below
which is a deep layer (greater than 20 meters) of coarse sands, with some rock found at about 26 to 30
meters below the lake bottom. These data suggest that all excavation across the lake could be
accomplished with hydraulic marine dredges.
HKND would need to initially import and assemble small dredges near the shoreline of Lago de
Nicaragua as there is no other way for large dredges to access the lake until the locks are operational.
HKND would use hydraulic trailer dredges to remove the upper layer of fine silts in limited portions of
the canal route through Lago de Nicaragua, with disposal in upland EMPAs adjacent to the lake. Once
sand is reached (typically within about 4 meters based on lake boring data), cutter suction dredges would
be used to excavate coarse sand material for transport to the CDFs, where it would be used for dike
construction. Stone and armor rock needed for the exposed faces of the CDFs would be obtained from
upland excavation from the West and East canals.
Once construction of the CDFs is completed, the hydraulic trailer dredges would continue dredging the
channel removing the surficial fine sediments for disposal in the CDFs (estimated at approximately 150
Mm3
of dredged material). The hydraulic cutterhead dredges would follow removing the underlying sand
and placing it along (i.e., within about 1 kilometer) the south side of the dredged channel (i.e., LN-OW1).
These smaller dredges would only excavate the channel to approximately 18 meters deep and about 150
to 200 meters wide at the base to allow for limited initial navigation. Once the locks are operational,

66
larger cutterhead dredges would be floated to the lake and complete dredging of the channel to its design
depth and width (i.e., 30 meters and 280 meters).
For cost planning purposes, a provision was made to excavate approximately 7 Mm3
of what is
characterized as weak weathered rock (approximately 1 percent of the total dredge volume for the lake).
At this time, HKND does not believe use of explosives would be required as the cutterhead dredges can
dredge soft rock, but additional geotechnical studies are needed to determine this conclusively.
4.7.3.4 East Canal Construction
At the Caribbean work area, HKND work from the Caribbean west to the Camilo Lock and from Lago de
Nicaragua east to the Camilo Lock. Each of these construction fronts is described below. Figure 4.7-11
below, depicts the East Canal excavation strategy.
The segment from the Caribbean Sea to the Camilo Lock is only about 14 kilometers long, but represents
the most biodiversity sensitive segment of the entire canal because of its proximity to the relatively
pristine Indio Maiz Biological Reserve, the Palm Forest Biologically Important Area, and the Cerro Silva
Nature Reserve, which collectively represent much of the remainder of the intact Meso-American
Biological Corridor.
The environmental concerns together with the topography and climatic conditions constitute some serious
engineering difficulties and dictate some significant operational restrictions, including how to minimize
the construction footprint, where to dispose spoil material, and how to obtain and maintain access to the
work site – all this in an area that receives over 3 meters of rainfall per year.
HKND proposes to use trailer hopper or cutterhead suction hydraulic dredges to excavate the canal
through most of this segment, with excavated material transported by barge back to the Aguila Port
reclamation area. Once the reclamation site is prepared, sand would be transported from the Caribbean
Approach Channel excavation by large trailer suction dredges and hauled to the Aguila Port reclamation
for placement as a “blanket” over the site to assist dewatering and compaction of material placed
subsequently in the reclamation.
Land excavation work would progress from east to west using trailer suction dredges, commencing
through the “Coastal Palm Section.” It is expected that blasting of the central area of this section would be
accomplished without difficulty, but the material on the inside and outside would be more problematic.
Excavated material would be hauled by barge to the Aguila reclamation site. There would be no
excavated material placement between the Caribbean coast and the Camilo Lock.
HKND would also be excavating material between Lago de Nicaragua and the Camilo Lock. The critical
issue in this section is watercourse management; watercourses from small streams to the major Rio Punta
Gorda intersect and potentially impact the construction works. The excavation strategy is directed at, to
the maximum extent possible, sequencing the works such that stream flows are directed towards the west
over completed works rather than to the east over work under construction. This dictates that completion
of canal excavation progressively from west to east, which is difficult because the largest excavation
volumes are in the center highlands. This excavation would be conducted in three stages, as described
below.

67
Figure 4.7-11: East Canal Excavation Strategy

68
Stage 1
HKND would focus initial excavations (approximately 1,500 Mm3
) in areas that do not intersect major
streams/rivers. Rainfall that falls inside the cut would be pumped back to the main river system.
Excavation on the Lake Slope would be from west (Lago de Nicaragua) to east (watershed divide), where
HKND anticipates it can hydraulically dredge about the first 15 kilometers inland from the lake. Initial
excavation in the upper portions of the Caribbean Slope would be from east to west.
From this point, upland excavation methods would be employed and construction would continue from
west to east, ultimately reaching the Camilo Lock.
Stage 2
Figure 4.7.12 below shows the construction activities for the East Canal during Stage 2.
On a number of watercourses crossing the works, temporary or even permanent dams would be
constructed to contain the water flows; calculations have been performed of the storage capacities
available and the filling times in order to determine which watercourses can be “cut off” for the time
required for excavation of the adjacent works.
Notwithstanding, the volume distribution along the alignment is such that there would be substantial
volumes of water flow to be managed alongside actually canal excavation operations. Over substantial
lengths of its course, the Rio Punta Gorda would have to be diverted at different stages as excavation
proceeds. In some cases, complete diversion would be necessary; in others, the river would be able to be
“switched” from side to side in its valley as excavation proceeds alongside. In some sections, the canal
excavation would be stopped either side of the river course and the “bunds” removed subsequently.
Stage 3
Figure 4.7-13 below shows the construction activities for the East Canal during Stage 3.

69
Figure 4.7-12: Stage 2

70
Figure 4.7-13: Stage 3

71
4.7.3.5 Brito Lock Construction
The Project locks would be the largest ever constructed. They would extend more than 1.5 kilometers in
length and are more than 400 meters across. HKND would establish an approximately 1 km2
construction
center at the Brito Lock site, which would include an aggregate processing plant, concrete mixing plant,
warehouses, assembly plant, machinery maintenance/repair shop, power substation, oil depot, with a
worker camp and explosives magazine nearby.
Once general excavation of the lock area is completed, lock construction would begin. The initial work
would be the excavation of the foundation pit, protected as needed by a coffer dam.
The concrete works would use established technology and processes. The locks are complex structures
and require robust and attentive management. The primary challenges would be scheduling and
interfacing all of the various disciplines, including civil excavation, concrete, electro-mechanical, and
gate installation. The initial concrete works is pouring the foundation, followed by constructing the lock
head and lock chambers.
The lock gates would be constructed in a large shipyard and transported to the site by a heavy lift ship.
The delivery to the actual lock site would have to be along the canal, requiring that canal excavation
between the Pacific and the Brito Lock be completed to allow for the heavy lift ship to reach the lock. The
rolling lock gates and water conveyance systems are then installed.
The electrical and mechanical works are a critical element to the overall lock construction.
4.7.3.6 Camilo Lock
Construction of the Camilo Lock would be similar to that for the Brito Lock, except that construction of
Camilo Lock would be more problematic because of the limited site access and logistics challenges that
would undoubtedly cause problems throughout the whole construction period. Effective construction time
available for Camilo Lock would probably be 6 month less than for Brito Lock because of initial access
delays. Obtaining access to the lock site for delivery of the gates would be a significant challenge.
4.7.3.7 Dams
Dams are required in conjunction with the locks to hold back water in the lock pondages. Because of the
Brito Lock location, these dams would actually comprise the backfill to each side of the lock.
At the Camilo Lock, the proposed location requires extended earth and rock fill dams structures adjoining
the lock and running across the Rio Punta Gorda to the high ground on each side of the lock location. An
alternative location would have backfill dams adjacent to the lock and a normal earth and rock fill dam
separated from the lock across the Rio Punta Gorda.
The construction of the lock dams is a critical activity in terms of both schedule and safety. The dams are
significant engineering structures and the foundations would be required to be taken down to impervious
bedrock. Significant investigation drilling and other studies have to be undertaken as part of the detailed
design of these structures.
The Agua Zarca Hydropower Project would be undertaken as a separate project. Additional information
regarding the construction of the Agua Zarca Hydropower Project will be provided in the ESIA.

72
4.7.3.8 Bridges and Roads
The Project would not cross many existing public roads – on the East Canal it would only cross one
asphalt road; however, the crossing of the Pan-American Highway on the Rivas Isthmus would require a
large cable-stayed bridge. Its timely construction in advance of the canal excavation works would be a
necessity.
A car ferry facility would be provided where the canal would interrupt Nicaragua Route 25 (Acoyapa-
San Carlos road near San Miguelito).
4.7.4 Commissioning Phase
Commissioning the Project involves a number of different stages. As far as possible, pre-commissioning
would be undertaken progressively as works are completed to a stage that allows it. In the construction
schedule, 6 months has been allowed for canal and lock commissioning after effective completion of the
works.
5. PROJECT OPERATIONS
Once commissioned, the canal and locks would operate 24 hours per day, year round, with the only
exception being temporary closures because of hurricane warnings, gale force winds, heavy fog or rain
(i.e., visibility less than 1000 meters), forecasts of earthquakes, other natural disasters or major overhaul
in accordance with the canal’s operating procedures. Additional details will be provided in the ESIA.
5.1 SHIP TRANSIT
The canal is estimated to accommodate a daily average of 14 transits per day by 2050, or approximately
5,100 ships a year. Ship transit projections by type of cargo by decade through 2070 are provided in Table
5.1-1. The maximum theoretical capacity of the canal is 9,153 transits per year.
Table 5.1-1: Canal de Nicaragua Freight Traffic Prediction by Year (number of transits)
Year Container
Vessel
Crude
Oil
Carrier
Product
Carrier
Liquefied
Natural
Gas
Carrier
Iron
Ore
Ship
Coal
Hulk
Grain
Carrier
Other Total
Number
2020 1,811 99 181 11 88 56 301 1,029 3,576
2030 1,752 392 186 11 123 80 348 1,246 4,138
2040 1,747 458 240 11 201 107 427 1,579 4,771
2050 1,403 495 282 12 279 151 531 1,944 5,097
2060 1,304 504 310 13 378 228 655 2,393 5,785
2070 1,236 496 324 13 513 295 775 2,945 6,598
A Navigation Control Centre would be established in the Brito canal approach. To the extent possible, the
ships would be scheduled to transit the canal in a convoy, with generally up to four ships in each convoy;
the possibility of larger convoys exists when traffic demand justifies it. The ships travel speed would be
restricted to 12 knots (about 22 km/hr) in Lago de Nicaragua and the oceans and to 8 knots (about 15
km/hr) in the remainder of canal. Tugboats would help guide vessels from the breakwaters to the first lock

73
and provide assistance as needed through the locks. The overall transit time through the canal for a ship
would be approximately 30 hours.
East-to-West and West-to-East convoys could pass each other in the passing lanes provided, or one
convoy could moor or marshal in Lago de Atlanta while the other convoy transits. Detailed management
of the convoy system would facilitate the maximization of the number of ships able to be handled by the
canal.
The vessels transiting the canal would be closely monitored through a Vessel Traffic Management
System, which would assure ship navigation safety and efficiency. This system consists of an advanced
computer management system. For example, the Lock Control Center at the Brito and Camilo locks
should be equipped with the following systems:
 Lock computer supervisory control system;
 Lock electrical driving system;
 Navigable broadcast command system;
 Navigable command signal system;
 Video images monitoring system;
 Ship location detection system;
 Radio communication system; and
 Monitoring and control systems for water levels and major infrastructure.
The Operation Management System also provides ship tracking functions, including ship scheduling, ship
login, information services, appointment of the pilot, port coordination, channel information, actual ship
position display, navigation management, financial settlement, and cost accounting.
The Vessel Traffic Management System is primarily composed of:
 Radar Surveillance System, which uses radar techniques to track and monitor ships in the canal,
monitor ship movements in real time, and helps manage traffic situations to ensure navigation safety;
 Ship-to-Shore Wireless Communication System, which enables voice communication between the
canal navigation dispatching and passing ships using high frequency radiotelephone system; and
 Ship Automation identification System, which is a new digital navigation aid that broadcasts ship
dynamic data (e.g., position, speed, rate of changing course, course), which in combination with ship
static data (e.g., name, call sign, draft, cargo) allows ships and stations to share dynamic and static
information on a real time basis and enhances ship safety.
 Lock Control System to safely operate the rolling gates, the water saving basins, valves for water
management, and monitoring of water levels.
In areas along the canal where public boats (non-canal related) would be allowed, notwithstanding the
laws of navigation at sea, these boats must respect a moving exclusion zone that travels with the vessel
convoys as they transit the canal. This exclusion zone would be 3 kilometers ahead of the convoy, 1.5
kilometers astern, and 150 meters abeam similar to U.S. Coast Guard guidelines. The purpose of the
exclusion zone is for both convoy security and the safety of the public boats. Changes to the maritime
laws of Nicaragua may be required to enforce these exclusion zones.

74
5.2 POWER REQUIREMENTS
Canal operations would require about 18 MW of electricity, primarily for lock operations (approximately
9 MW for each lock). This power would be secured from the Agua Zarca Hydropower Facility, which
would provide an annual average of about 10 MW, supplemented by power from the Nicaraguan grid via
transmission lines connecting the Brito Lock to the existing Rivas electrical substation and the Camilo
Lock to the existing Corocito electrical substation.
HKND would have backup diesel generators at each of the two locks to ensure reliable power in the event
of a power outage.
5.3 WATER REQUIREMENTS
The Brito and Camilo locks would have a combined annual average daily water demand of 59.2 cubic
meters per second, based on predicted vessel traffic in 2050 (14 transits per day), assuming the provision
of three water saving basins per lock chamber (see Table 5.3-1). This does not include the release of
flushing water for salinity management, which is one of several salinity management options described
below.
Table 5.3-1: Project Operations Water Use
Water Use by Locking Process - Flow [m³/s]
2030 2050 2070
11 Transits/day 14 Transits/day 18 Transits/day
PCF CRB TOT PCF CRB TOT PCF CRB TOT
19.9 26.6 46.5 25.4 33.8 59.2 32.6 43.5 76.1
Source: Image created by SBE.
m3
/s = cubic meters per second
Note: Water use for locking operations with three water saving basins: Pacific side (PCF) and Caribbean side (CRB) and Total
(TOT)
Water balance modeling indicates that the Project design would have no net effect on water levels in Lago
de Nicaragua (i.e., no lowering of water levels). Water level must remain between elevations 30.15 meters
and 33.02 meters for the canal to operate.
The Agua Zarca Reservoir, in addition to hydropower generation, would also provide supplemental water
storage in the event of an extreme or multi-year drought. In general, HKND would manage water levels in
the reservoir such that the reservoir is full (maximum water level) at the end of the rainy season, in the
same way that Madden Lake is managed at the Panama Canal.
5.4 SALINITY MANAGEMENT
The Project’s water demand could increase depending on the selected method to control salinity intrusion.
There are several options available to control salinity intrusion through the locks, as described below in
Table 5.4-1.

75
Table 5.4-1: Estimation of Effectiveness of Mitigating Project Measures including Indicative
Uncertainty Ranges
Measure Effectiveness of
Prevention of Salt
Intrusion
Range Remarks
Lock operations
management
Additional to
structural measures
NA Limiting the convoy length
is very effective in reducing
the salt intrusion
No further
measures
NA Salt intrusion = 80 – 90% of upper
lock chamber content above the level
of the upward step in the bottom
(1008 kg/m3 brackish water)
Freshwater loss – 80 – 90% of lock
chamber content
Flushing mixed
brackish water
Low effectiveness Salt intrusion – 70 – 85% of upper
Freshwater loss = 160 – 200% of lock
chamber content
No time loss
Pneumatic
Barriers
Low effectiveness Salt intrusion – 60 – 80% of upper
chamber content
No time loss
Effective in reducing forces
Flushing
collected water,
selective
withdrawal
Good effectiveness Salt intrusion – 20 – 30% of upper
chamber content
If combined with pneumatic barrier
salt intrusion max 15 – 20%, about
same freshwater loss
Probably no time loss
Result very much depends
on a well-designed and well
operated flushing system
Retaining wall
concept
High effectiveness Salt intrusion 5 – 15% of (double
head) lock chamber content (1024
kg/m3 saltwater)
Freshwater loss = 10 – 20% of (double
head) lock chamber content.
Probably no additional time
loss for a single passing
vessel, but the frequency of
lockages of lower lock
would be lower
Forces on vessels need
attention (pneumatic
barriers are advised)
Still requires significant
efforts in development and
for verification of feasibility
NA = not applicable

76
5.5 WORKFORCE REQUIREMENTS
HKND estimates its direct employment during operations would increase from approximately 3,700
employees in 2020 to about 12,700 employees in 2050 as the number of transits increases over time. It is
anticipated that nearly all of these employees would be based in Nicaragua. A breakdown of skilled
versus unskilled workers is not yet available.
5.6 SECURITY REQUIREMENTS
HKND would employ guards to provide security at the locks and other major infrastructure, to patrol the
private maintenance roads along the canal, and to enforce the private boating exclusion zones for ships
transiting the canal. HKND has committed to following the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human
Rights (Foley Hoag, LLP 2014).
5.7 PUBLIC BOAT USE POLICY
HKND would not allow public (non-canal related) boating use of the West and East canals for safety and
security reasons, with the following exceptions:
 Commercial boating would be allowed to use the canal between Lago de Nicaragua and Lake Atlanta
in order to support a planned new town and port facility at Lake Atlanta, but only with a permit from
HKND;
 Public boating would be allowed to cross the canal in Lago de Nicaragua, but would need to respect
exclusion zones around canal-related vessels transiting the lake;
 Public boating would be allowed to cross the canal in Lake Atlanta at a single location designated and
marked by HKND, but would again need to respect exclusion zones around canal-related vessels
transiting the canal; and
 Public boating would be allowed within Lake Atlanta other than within the canal itself.
5.8 FERRY SERVICE
HKND would provide ferry service across the canal at the Acoyapa-San Carlos Road (Nicaragua Route
25) for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. The ferries would be large enough to accommodate trucks and
tractor trailers. The ferry service would be provided by HKND at no charge on a regular basis. This
service would be provided indefinitely until alternative access across the canal was provided (e.g., a
bridge).
5.9 MAINTENANCE DREDGING
The canal would require regular maintenance dredging, currently estimated by HKND at approximately
120,000 m3
/yr. Dredged material from the East Canal would primarily be disposed of at the Aguila
Port/reclamation site, which has ample capacity to accept dredged material for a long time. Dredged
material from the West Canal or Lago de Nicaragua would be placed in the CDFs, unless it is
demonstrated that the material is sufficiently coarse to allow disposal in the open water disposal site along
the canal (LN-OW1).

77
5.10 PORT OPERATIONS
HKND will provide a Ports Operations Management Plan at a future date. All port-related development
(e.g., port facilities, associated residential/commercial/industrial development) would occur on the 14
km2 of reclaimed land (C-CDF1).
6. PROPOSED EMBEDDED CONTROLS
HKND has proposed the following embedded environmental controls that are considered to be part of the
proposed Project:
Table 6-1: Embedded Controls Identified for Construction and Operation
Embedded Control Measure – Construction
Physical Resources
 Provide excavation benching and sloping consistent with geotechnical stability guidelines
 Provide slope reinforcement – e.g., shotcrete, cable tethering,
 Provide engineered drainage of slopes (e.g., drop structures)
 Provide soil erosion control
 Salvage and replace topsoil
 Stabilize and restore disturbed land
 Provide salinity management measures at the locks
 Use low sulfur diesel fuel (500 parts per million) for all land-based construction equipment and worker
camp power generation.
 Avoid use of underwater blasting in Lake Nicaragua
 Avoid nighttime blasting near residential areas
 Halt dredging during severe weather
 Provide dust suppression in disturbed areas
 Stage use of Tier 1 equipment will be staged on support vessels
 Use riprap or other materials to protect shoreline areas from boat wake
 Provide wastewater treatment plant at each worker camp
 Beneficially reuse most excavated/dredged material for the creation of productive farmland and port
development.
 Dispose of fine surficial dredged material in Lake Nicaragua in confined disposal facilities
 Monitor for and control any acid rock drainage
 Rehabilitate EMPAs along the canal for agricultural and forestry purposes.
 Provide secondary containment around all fuel storage facilities.
Biological Resources
 Require vessel operators to use designated navigation channels and comply with required speed and wake
restrictions
Human Resources
 Build parallel East-West access roads on either side of the canal route and will allow non-vehicular public
use of the roads
 Establish a grievance mechanism
 Implement an Active Archaeological Monitoring Program for Ground-disturbing Activities (Construction
and Operations Phases) for Areas determined to Have Moderate or High Archaeological Potential
 Avoid underwater Archaeological Targets Identified During an Analysis of Fit-for-Purpose Marine
Geophysical Survey Data
 Provide emergency transport to hospitals for any communities whose access is temporarily interrupted
during construction

78
Embedded Control Measures - Operations
 Require all ships transiting the canal to comply with the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships [MARPOL]
73/78);
 Establish a Workers Code of Conduct
 Develop and deliver a fit-for-purpose Cultural Heritage Training for Project Managers, Field Supervisors,
and Construction Teams
 Allow pedestrian crossing at the Camilo Lock
 Construct a bridge at the point where the Pan-American Highway crosses the canal.
 Provide ferry service at the point where the canal intersects the San Carlos-Acoyapa roadway
7. REFERENCES
IFC/EBRD Workers’ Accommodation Standards.
Australian Standard 2187-1998 (Explosives Storage).
Environmental Resources Management. 2014. Estudio de Impacto Ambiental y Social de las Obras de
Inicio.
Foley Hoag, LLP. 2014. Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. Retrieved from:
<http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/>
Great Lakes Commission. 2000. Confined Disposal Facilities Fact Sheet, January 6, 2000. Retrieved
from: <http://greatlakesdredging.net/publications/2000-confined-disposal-facilities/>
PIANC (The World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure). 1997. Approach Channels, A
Guide for Design. Working Group (WG30) Report. Retrieved from:
<http://www.pianc.org/downloads/year%20reports%20commissions%202013/marcom%20annua
l%20report%202013.pdf>
Uncredited Photo. 2014. Hart Miller Island Confined Disposal Area from the Air, Chesapeake Bay, MD,
USA. Retrieved from:
<https://www.flickr.com/photos/76074333@N00/214359078/sizes/z/in/photostream/>
USACE (United States Army Corps of Engineers). 1987. Confined Disposal of Dredged Material.
Engineer Manual 1110-2-5027. Washington, DC: Office of the chief Engineer.

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