CAPITAL GATE, ABU DHABI
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Capital Gate is an iconic 35-story leaning tower in Abu Dhabi, completed in 2011, which features a unique 18-degree inclination and is recognized as the farthest leaning tower in the world. The structure stands 160 meters tall, houses a Hyatt hotel and commercial spaces, and utilizes advanced construction techniques including a post-tensioned concrete core and steel diagrid systems. Its design reflects the city's cultural heritage, inspired by desert sands and sea waves, and it plays a significant role in establishing Abu Dhabi's status as a global megacity.
CAPITAL GATE, ABU DHABI
- 1. CAPITAL GATE, ABU DHABI PRESENTED BY: SMIT PANCHAL
- 2. ● The Capital Gate building is located in Abu Dhabi, which is the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates. This is a t-shaped island which juts into the Persian Gulf. ● The building is an icon in the city, and helps establish the status of Abu Dhabi as a global megacity. The coordinates of the building are 24.4187° N, 54.4347° E. ● skyscraper is located next to the Grandstand, a monument of national importance. This is done to link the future of Abu Dhabi with its past. LOCATION
- 3. ● The climate of Abu Dhabi is subtropical and arid with high temperature and sunny blue skies. ● The average rainfall is 12cms per year mainly falling during winter season from november to march. The summer’s from the month october to may the temperature will be typically above 40°C and during winter the temperature ranges from 13°C to 24°C. ● Air conditioning is considered as a much needed and import necessity for all vehicles and buildings such as hotels, conference and exhibition halls and shopping malls. ● We see that the climate plays a role in the construction of the building as well. When the concrete was poured, it cracked due to the heat. Therefore, to work around this, the concrete had to be poured at night. CONT…
- 4. IN COMPLIANCE WITH CODE REQUIREMENTS ● Building height: 160M (high rise) ● Occupancy type : Group A(institutional/public), R1(hotel) ● Occupancy category : (iii) (more than 800 people) ● Reinforced concrete grade : Deflection does not exceed ACI 318 ● Steel grade : Deflection does not exceed AISC 360 ● Seismic consideration : site class “E’ - values determined in accordance to ASCE 7 ● Fire safety : SFRM minimum bond strength - 48 Kpa ● wind consideration : 80 percent of design base overturning moments determined in accordance to ASCE 7 ● Soil consideration : Lateral soil load (active pressure) - 7.05
- 5. PROJECT TIMELINE • September 2007 – Enabling works commence • November 2007 – Pile driving starts • April 2008 – Core wall construction starts • February 2009 – Façade commences • May 2009 – Reaches 100 m in height • June 2009 – Incline starts to take shape • October 2009 – Attains final height of 160 m • December 2009 – Completion of exterior core • January 2010 – First phase of splash complete • February 2010 – Interior fit-out commences • April 2010 – Commencement of atrium roof • 2011 – Expected completion of construction
- 6. • Capital Gate is the 35 storey focal point of Abu Dhabi’s capital centre. • Certified by the Guinness book of records as the farthest leaning tower. • Constructed with steel diagrid technology and prestressed precambered elliptical core. • The tower is 160 meters high with a lean of 18 degrees i.e. 35 meters overhang and has a massive eccentric dead weight. INTRODUCTION
- 7. INTRODUCTION • Also known as leaning tower of Abu Dhabi. • Floors 2 to 16 accommodate commercial and office space and the top floors accommodate the Hyatt hotel. • The tower has a organic shape which was inspired by the wind shaped sand structures in the desert.
- 8. ● Ever since the building was constructed in the year 2011, it has become the pride of Abu dhabi. A structure, truly one of a kind and the best in its class, it has helped Abu Dhabi retain its name and stature as a global megacity. ● It forms the focal Point of the Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Center Complex and the the Capital Center Master Redevelopment , along with other 23 towers, that include branded hotels, commercial buildings, residential, service apartment complexes and developments for mixed use. ● Its location plays a vital role is one of the many reasons why it is considered iconic. It dominates the waterfront area, overlooking an urban highway and rising above other developments in its immediate vicinity. ● It is the only tower in the world that has this degree of inclination. It inclines at an astounding 18 degrees and holds the Guinness World record for the furthest leaning manmade tower in the world. INTRODUCTION
- 9. ARCHITECTS: RMJM Architects LOCATION: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates COORDINATES: 24.4187° N, 54.4347° E COMPLETION DATE: 2011 BUILDING USE: Hyatt Hotel, Commercial spaces and mixed use. HEIGHT: 164 M FLOORS: 35 BUILT UP AREA: 53,100 SQM OFFICE AREA: 14,396 SQM HOTEL AREA: 25,050 SQM FOOTPRINT: 1,390 SQM INCLINATION: 18 DEGREES PROJECT MANAGER: Mace Group CONTRACTOR: AL Habtoor Leighton Group OWNER: ADNEC (Abu Dhabi Exhibitions Company) COST: $231 million INTRODUCTION
- 10. PROJECT DATA “It is the first building in the world to use a pre-cambered core with a built-in lean of 350 millimeters that has been engineered to straighten with the addition of the upper floors. It is also the first building in the world to use vertical post-tensioning of the core to counter movement and support stresses created by the building’s overhang.”
- 11. PROJECT DATA ● The Capital Gate is an iconic structure on the skyline ofthe Emirate of Abu Dhabi. ● The tower’s curvaceous shape is inspired strongly from two main geological elements, one being the sea and the other, the desert. These two elements resonate strongly with the essence of Abu Dhabi. ● The main building’s form is meant to symbolize a swirling spiral of sand, while the curved canopy, known as the “splash,” is meant to represent the waves in the sea. Itcreates a wave-like effect, reflecting the building’s proximity to the water and the city’s seafaring heritage. ● The imposing mass, the organic fluidity of its twist, and the idiosyncratic lean of the funnel -shaped tower, combine to embody a specific time, a particular space and a specific volume, reflecting the geography and culture of ABuDhabi.
- 12. GROUND FLOOR PLAN MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN SECOND FLOOR -OFFICES 16TH FLOOR -OFFICES FLOOR PLAN
- 13. FLOOR PLAN 18TH FLOOR-RESTAURANT 19TH FLOORAMENITIES 20TH FLOOR -HOTEL 30TH FLOOR-HOTEL
- 16. MAIN STRUCTURE ● The structure consists of a post tensioned concrete core surrounded by two steel truss systems (diagrid system). ● External and Internal diagrid system (lateral load resisting system). ● Steel beams support concrete floor & run throughout the diagrid system horizontally at the node intervals. ● Outrigger are horizontal trusses used to connect the building core to the exterior bracing system.
- 17. THE CORE ● The core was pre cambered meaning it was initially tilted away from the overhang ofthe building and was straightened by the dead load of the building. ● The core was built using the technique called jump forming. ● The concreting was done at night to avoid the extreme day heat which may cause the concrete to dry and crack.
- 18. THE CORE ● Slump tests were carried out on every batch of concrete. ● The core was post tensioned. ● A total of 146 tendons were incorporated into the core through ducts. ● Each 20 meters long tendons spans 5 floors and overlaps at each ends. . ● Pneumatic jack was used to stretch each tendon at a time.
- 19. FLOOR SYSTEM ● A composite floor system is used, spanning from the main core to internal and external diagrids. ● Floor beams are connected to the concrete core via embedment plates already casted in the core walls. ● From level 1 to level 10, the floor plates are stacked directly over one another, and then begins to stagger over each other at 800-1400mm and then back to 900mm in line with the lean of the building, between level 10 through 27. ● The remaining floors, between levels 27 and 34, shift between 900mm - 300mm.
- 20. LOAD TRACING
- 21. LOAD TRACING BUILDING STRUCTURE IN MULTIFRAMEAUTOCAD WIREFRAME OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE
- 22. LOAD TRACING ● The exoskeleton of the building is connected to the central core by horizontal steel girders that run from the nodes of the diagrid modules to the core. ● These beams support composite metal decks and concrete floor slabs. ● Each story is 4 meters in height, corresponding to half of the diagrid diamond. ● In the 17th floor service area, eight hefty steel transfer spurs are attached to the core on which sits the base of an internal atrium diagrid. ● The weight of this diagrid is transferred to the core and hence down to thefoundation. ● The internal diagrid provides extra internal support for the overhanging upper floors as well as lessening their weight by creating a funnel like opening inthem. ● The atrium diagrid is connected to the diagrid exoskeleton by girders spanning the distance between nodes. ● Massive outrigger beams connected to the core support the 12m extension out over thefacade. ● These outer cantilever beams are braced back to the nodes of the diagrid of the two floorsbelow.
- 23. • The vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the tower are all unique. • Every one of the 12,500 panes of glass on the facade is a different size, although each pane is triangular. • The cross section of the tower changes from curved triangular to curved rectangular as the tower progresses upwards. • The structure has two diagrid systems i.e. an external diagrid and an internal diagrid which is linked to the central core with eight pin jointed structural members. • The external diagrid comprises of 8250 members which are of different thickness , length and orientation. • The project was completed within two years. FACTS ABOUT CAPITAL TOWER
- 24. FOUNDATION: • The foundation consists of a rectangular raft footing supported on 400 concrete piles of 1 meter diameter • Half of the piles are under compression and run to a depth of about 20 meters • The other half of the piles run to a depth of about 30 meters and anchor tightly to the soil and are in tension due to the massive eccentric overhang of the building STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 25. FOUNDATION: • The 2 meter deep raft footing was made up of 7000 cum of reinforced concrete to distribute the loads evenly on the piles. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 26. INTERNAL DIAGRID ● The internal diagrid cruciforms were made with 80 mm diameter hollow circular sections. ● the top 18 floors houses an atrium whichreduces the eccentric weight of the building. ● The internal diagrid support the weight of the18 floors and is shaped like a funnel. ● The internal diagrid is connected to the core by8 pin jointed structural members on the 18th floor also known as mechanical floor.
- 27. THE CORE: • The core was pre cambered meaning it was initially tilted away from the overhang of the building and was straightened by the dead load of the building • The core was built using the technique called jump forming • The concreting was done at night to avoid the extreme day heat which may cause the concrete to dry and crack • Slump tests were carried out on every batch of concrete • Concreting was done by pumping and 250 mm slump concrete was used • The core was post tensioned STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 28. • A total of 146 tendons were incorporated into the core through ducts • Each tendon was 20 meters long and splice overlap was up to 5 meters • Pneumatic jack was used to stretch each tendon at a time STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 29. FAÇADE: • The façade /body was made up of steel cross sections called cruciform • The external diagrid consists of 720 of such cruciform • Each cruciform if having different curvature , length and thickness • The external cruciform were made up of 600×600 mm hollow rectangular sections , the thickness of the sections ranged from 80 mm at the bottom to 40 mm at the top of the tower • The internal diagrid cruciform were made with 80 mm diameter hollow circular sections • The dimensional accuracy +/- 1mm The floor height is 4 meters STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 30. THE FACADE ● The facade consists of the steel diagonal framing system(diagrid), and diamond shaped glass modules. ● The Diagrid was made up of steel cross sections called cruciforms. ● The external diagrid consists of 720 of such cruciforms. ● Each cruciform has different curvature, length and thickness. ● The interlocking part of the cruciform is called the diagrid node, and an horizontal tie beam connect all nodes together horizontally through the circumference of the building, the give a strong bracing system. ● The external cruciforms were made up of 600 ×600 mm hollow sections, and the thickness of the sections ranged from 80 mm at the bottom to 40 mm at the top of the tower.
- 31. THE FACADE ● Each diamond shaped glass modules are made up of 18 triangular panels connected to each other by hinge joints forming a diamond shaped panel measuring 8×8 meters, spanning 2 floors vertically. ● There are 26,000 triangular glass panels called c240. ● The diamond modules were connected to each other by a two layer seal which made it waterproof and also allowed it to move by 20mm causing a change in shape.
- 32. • The exterior is made up of 26000 triangular glass panes called c240 • The glass panes consist of two silver coatings • Each triangular glass pane has a unique shape • 18 triangular panes connected to each other by hinge joints formed a diamond shaped panel measuring 8×8 meters • The diamond panels were connected to each other by a two layer seal which made it water proof and also allowed it to change shape STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 33. • The top 18 floors houses an atrium which reduces the eccentric weight of the building • The internal diagrid support the weight of the 18 floors and is funnel shaped • The internal diagrid is connected to the core by 8 pin jointed structural members on the 18th floor also known as mechanical floor STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 34. • There’s a two storey extension cantilevered 12 meters from the tower • They are braced to the external diagrid with circular steel members which reach diagonally down to the mechanical floor • The extension houses a swimming pool. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 35. • The sun shading also known as the ‘splash’ starts from the 18th floor and extends to the Abu Dhabi national exhibition center grandstand. • It is made up of steel members interlocked to form a mesh. • The splash protects the building form direct sunlight and reflects up to 30% of the incident radiation thus decreasing the air conditioning required. • The splash is supported by circular members which are connected to the external diagrid. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
- 36. • All common area lighting, power, two escape staircases and elevators are fed from the landlord’s distribution network. One passenger elevator is backed up by standby generator power, for use in case of emergency. All life safety systems and essential services are backed up by the standby generator. In addition, some of the life safety system and essential system outlets are backed up by uninterrupted power supply (UPS) to ensure availability of power at all times. • The building is supplied at 11KV from an Abu Dhabi Distribution Company (ADDC) primary substation and network to basement sub-station. • Power is transformed to the operating voltage of 415 volts by five, 1,500KVA transformers installed in the substation. Main distribution boards (MDBs) are fed from the transformers installed in the basement low voltage (LV) switchgear room, adjacent to the substation. MDBs distribute power to the development, through cable routes, rising bus bars, sub-main distribution boards (SMDBs) and distribution boards (DBs). ELECTRICAL SERVICES
- 37. • Fresh air ventilation, fan coil unit (FCU) systems , fresh air handling units (AHUs), smoke extract ventilation system, variable volume air-conditioning system, and chilled water (CW) system are provided. • The cooling requirement is served by TABREED district chilled water network, facilitated by an energy transfer station at the basement and Level 1 of the building as the primary supply of chilled water network consisting of two units of rated heat exchangers. The resulting or secondary chilled water lines will be metered as being conveyed by four rated pumps serving AHUs and FCUs mounted at all floors of the building. MECHANICAL SERVICES
- 38. • Sanitary wares, water tanks, domestic water systems, soil/waste/vent and overflows, irrigation system and rainwater system have been included. • The main source of the building’s potable water, from the ADWEA distribution line, is stored in a tank at the basement floor, which undergoes a filtration system. The concrete water tank is a double compartment type, allocated for domestic water, fire protection system, and irrigation source. Aside from preliminary filtration, the domestic water passes through a proven anti-legionella chemical dosing system. Water tanks are provided at basement, Level 1 and Level 17, with compliance to ADDC requirements of minimum 2 days consumption storage. PLUMBING
- 39. • Steel Load=26.4x100 lb • Glass Load =46,296,900 lb • Concrete Load=79, 365,600 lb • Partition Load=(Area Per Floor x 5 lb/cf of Floor Area) x (# of Floors (11,000 SF x 5 Ib/cf) x (35 Floors) 1.925x10 lb • Equipment Load=(Area Per Floor x 5 ib/cf of Floor Area) x (# of Floors W(11.000 SF x 5 B/cf) x (35 Floors) = 1.925x10 lb • Ceiling Load=(Area Per Floor x 2 ver of Floor Area) x (# of Floors) (11,000 SF x 2 b/cf) x (35 Floors) » 770,000 lb • Vertical Structure Area= 1.5% of Area Per Floor) (Floor Area) x (Building Height (0.015x11.000 SF) x (524.9n) 86,608.5 sq.ft. • Total Dead Load= (Steel Load + Glass Load + Concrete Load Partition Load Load Ceiling Load) =1.57x10 lb LOAD CALCULATION
- 40. • Live load =Assumed Load Per SF for Commercial Budding) x (Total SF of Building) =(80 lb/sf) x (572.000 SF) =4.576x10 lb • Foundation Load =Total Dead Load + Building Live Load) / (Building Footprint) =(1.57 10^8 lb 4.576x10^7 lb) / (67812 64 sq.ft) =2.990 lb/sq. ft • Max Beam Length: =11m=36 sq. ft • Horizontal Wind Load Max Wind Spaced=100mph=25.9 psf Building Face Surface Area (largest face)=72204.45 sq.ft Max wind Speed x Building Face area= 1.87 x 10^6 lb CONT…
- 41. CONT… ● "Capital Gate Tower, Abu Dhabi". 2017. Ctbuh.Org. http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/CapitalGateTowerAbuDhabi/tabid/3380/language/en- GB/Default.aspx/. ● "Capital Gate Building: The Leaning Tower Of Abu Dhabi". 2017. Amusing Planet. http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/03/capital-gate-building-leaning-tower-of.html. ● "Capital Gate Tower - The Skyscraper Center". 2017. Skyscrapercenter.Com. https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/capital-gate-tower/3172. ● "The Architect’S Perspective: The Capital Gate". 2017. RMJM. https://www.rmjm.com/the-architects-perspective-the- capital-gate/. ● "Capital Gate" Hyatt Hotel + Offices | RMJM - Arch2o.Com". 2017. Arch2o.Com. https://www.arch2o.com/capital-gate- hyatt-hotel-offices-rmjm/. ● "Capital Gate" Hyatt Hotel + Offices | RMJM - Arch2o.Com". 2017. Arch2o.Com. https://www.arch2o.com/capital-gate- hyatt-hotel-offices-rmjm/. ● Dufresne, Pierre Martin, Gerry O'Leary, and Jeff Schofield. n.d. 18 Degrees.