Cassandra Basics: Indexing

May 28, 2010Download as KEY, PDF44 likes22,876 views

This document provides an overview of indexing in Cassandra. It demonstrates how to create indexes using supercolumns and composite keys to enable queries on specific fields. The examples show building a user database with fields for name, address, and location. Indexes are constructed to allow querying all users by state or range of locations to retrieve user details efficiently. Proper schema and index design is key to exploiting Cassandra's query capabilities.

Cassandra Basics
Indexing

Benjamin Black, b@b3k.us

Start from your QUERIES &
WORK BACKWARDS

AT SCALE
Everything depends on
THE INDICES

Two-level Map

key: {
column: value,
column: value,
...
}

Three-level Map
key: {
supercolumn: {
column:value,
column: value
},
supercolumn: {
...
}
}

column sorting deﬁned by
CompareWith/
CompareSubcolumnsWith

TimeUUIDType
UTF8Type
ASCIIType
LongType

LexicalUUIDType

RandomPartitioner
Place based on MD5 of key

OrderPreservingPartitioner
Place based on actual key

Rows are sorted by key on each node
Regardless of partitioner

<ColumnFamily Name=”Users”
CompareWith=”UTF8Type” />

“b”: {“name”:”Ben”, “street”:”1234 Oak St.”,
“city”:”Seattle”, “state”:”WA”}
“jason”: {”name”:”Jason”, “street”:”456 First Ave.”,
“city”:”Bellingham”, “state”:”WA”}
“zack”: {”name”: “Zack”, “street”: “4321 Pine St.”,
“city”: “Seattle”, “state”: “WA”}
“jen1982”: {”name”:”Jennifer”, “street”:”1120 Foo Lane”,
“city”:”San Francisco”, “state”:”CA”}
“albert”: {”name”:”Albert”, “street”:”2364 South St.”,
“city”:”Boston”, “state”:”MA”}

SELECT name FROM Users
WHERE state=”WA”

How is WHERE clause
formed?

<ColumnFamily Name=”LocationUserIndexSCF”
CompareWith=”UTF8Type”
CompareSubcolumnsWith=”UTF8Type”
ColumnType=”Super” />

[state]: {
[city1]: {[name1]:[user1], [name2]:[user2], ... },
[city2]: {[name3]:[user3], [name4]:[user4], ... },
...
[cityX]: {[name5]:[user5], [name6]:[user6], ... }
}

“CA”: {

“San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
}
“MA”: {

“Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
}
“WA”: {

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

Row Key

“CA”: {

“San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
}
“MA”: {

“Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
}
“WA”: {

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

Row Key
Super Column

“CA”: {

“San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
}
“MA”: {

“Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
}
“WA”: {

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

Row Key
Colum
Super Column
n
“CA”: {

“San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
}
“MA”: {

“Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
}
“WA”: {

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

Row Key
Colum
Super Column Value
n
“CA”: {

“San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
}
“MA”: {

“Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
}
“WA”: {

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

{

“Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},

“Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”}
}

Order Preserving Partitioner
+
Range Queries

<ColumnFamily Name=”LocationUserIndexCF”
CompareWith=”UTF8Type” />

[state1]/[city1]: {[name1]:[user1], [name2]:[user2], ... }
[state1]/[city2]: {[name3]:[user3], [name4]:[user4], ... }
[state2]/[city1]: {[name5]:[user5], [name6]:[user6], ... }
...
[stateX]/[cityY]: {[name7]:[user7], [name8]:[user8], ... }

“CA/San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”}
“MA/Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”}
“WA/Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}
“WA/Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, “Zack”: “zack”}

$get_range(:LocationUserIndexCF, {:start: 'WA', :ﬁnish:'WB'})$

{
”WA/Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”},
“WA/Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, “Zack”: “zack”}
}

<Keyspace Name="UserDb">
<ColumnFamily Name="Users"
CompareWith="UTF8Type" />

<ColumnFamily Name="LocationUserIndexSCF"

CompareWith="UTF8Type"

CompareSubcolumnsWith="UTF8Type"

ColumnType="Super" />

<ColumnFamily Name="LocationUserIndexCF"

CompareWith="UTF8Type" />

<ReplicaPlacementStrategy>
org.apache.cassandra.locator.RackUnawareStrategy
</ReplicaPlacementStrategy>
<ReplicationFactor>1</ReplicationFactor>
<EndPointSnitch>org.apache.cassandra.locator.EndPointSnitch</EndPointSnitch>
</Keyspace>

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Cassandra Basics: Indexing

1. Cassandra Basics Indexing Benjamin Black, [email protected]

2. Relational stores are SCHEMA ORIENTED

3. Start from your SCHEMA & WORK FORWARDS

4. Column stores are QUERY ORIENTED

5. Start from your QUERIES & WORK BACKWARDS

6. AT SCALE

7. AT SCALE Denormalization is THE NORM

8. AT SCALE

9. AT SCALE Everything depends on THE INDICES

10. Cassandra is an INDEX CONSTRUCTION KIT

11. Column Family

12. Two-level Map key: { column: value, column: value, ... }

13. Super Column Family

14. Three-level Map key: { supercolumn: { column:value, column: value }, supercolumn: { ... } }

15. column sorting deﬁned by CompareWith/ CompareSubcolumnsWith

16. TimeUUIDType UTF8Type ASCIIType LongType LexicalUUIDType

17. row placement determined by Partitioner

18. RandomPartitioner Place based on MD5 of key OrderPreservingPartitioner Place based on actual key

19. Rows are sorted by key on each node Regardless of partitioner

20. One example in TWO ACTS

21. Prelude A USER DATABASE

22. <ColumnFamily Name=”Users” CompareWith=”UTF8Type” />

23. “b”: {“name”:”Ben”, “street”:”1234 Oak St.”, “city”:”Seattle”, “state”:”WA”} “jason”: {”name”:”Jason”, “street”:”456 First Ave.”, “city”:”Bellingham”, “state”:”WA”} “zack”: {”name”: “Zack”, “street”: “4321 Pine St.”, “city”: “Seattle”, “state”: “WA”} “jen1982”: {”name”:”Jennifer”, “street”:”1120 Foo Lane”, “city”:”San Francisco”, “state”:”CA”} “albert”: {”name”:”Albert”, “street”:”2364 South St.”, “city”:”Boston”, “state”:”MA”}

24. SELECT name FROM Users WHERE state=”WA”

25. SELECT name FROM Users WHERE state=”WA” How is WHERE clause formed?

26. Act One Supercolumn Indexing

27. <ColumnFamily Name=”LocationUserIndexSCF” CompareWith=”UTF8Type” CompareSubcolumnsWith=”UTF8Type” ColumnType=”Super” />

28. [state]: { [city1]: {[name1]:[user1], [name2]:[user2], ... }, [city2]: {[name3]:[user3], [name4]:[user4], ... }, ... [cityX]: {[name5]:[user5], [name6]:[user6], ... } }

29. “CA”: { “San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} } “MA”: { “Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} } “WA”: { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

30. Row Key “CA”: { “San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} } “MA”: { “Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} } “WA”: { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

31. Row Key Super Column “CA”: { “San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} } “MA”: { “Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} } “WA”: { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

32. Row Key Colum Super Column n “CA”: { “San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} } “MA”: { “Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} } “WA”: { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

33. Row Key Colum Super Column Value n “CA”: { “San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} } “MA”: { “Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} } “WA”: { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

34. Show me EVERYONE IN WASHINGTON

35. get(:LocationUserIndexSCF, ‘WA’)

36. { “Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, ”Zack”: “zack”} }

37. Act Two Composite Key Indexing

38. Order Preserving Partitioner + Range Queries

39. <ColumnFamily Name=”LocationUserIndexCF” CompareWith=”UTF8Type” />

40. [state1]/[city1]: {[name1]:[user1], [name2]:[user2], ... } [state1]/[city2]: {[name3]:[user3], [name4]:[user4], ... } [state2]/[city1]: {[name5]:[user5], [name6]:[user6], ... } ... [stateX]/[cityY]: {[name7]:[user7], [name8]:[user8], ... }

41. “CA/San Francisco”: {”Jennifer”: “jen1982”} “MA/Boston”: {”Albert”: “albert”} “WA/Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”} “WA/Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, “Zack”: “zack”}

42. Show me EVERYONE IN WASHINGTON

43. get_range(:LocationUserIndexCF, {:start: 'WA', :ﬁnish:'WB'})

44. { ”WA/Bellingham”: {”Jason”: “jason”}, “WA/Seattle”: {”Ben”: “b”, “Zack”: “zack”} }

45. Finale BUILD SOMETHING AWESOME

46. (This part is up to you)

47. Appendix EXAMPLE KEYSPACE

48. <Keyspace Name="UserDb"> <ColumnFamily Name="Users" CompareWith="UTF8Type" /> <ColumnFamily Name="LocationUserIndexSCF" CompareWith="UTF8Type" CompareSubcolumnsWith="UTF8Type" ColumnType="Super" /> <ColumnFamily Name="LocationUserIndexCF" CompareWith="UTF8Type" /> <ReplicaPlacementStrategy> org.apache.cassandra.locator.RackUnawareStrategy </ReplicaPlacementStrategy> <ReplicationFactor>1</ReplicationFactor> <EndPointSnitch>org.apache.cassandra.locator.EndPointSnitch</EndPointSnitch> </Keyspace>

Cassandra Basics: Indexing

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