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Ch04 lecture (2)
- 1. IIMMMMIIGGRRAATTIIOONN AANNDD TTHHEE UUNNIITTEEDD SSTTAATTEESS CHAPTER 4
- 2. IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn:: AA GGlloobbaall PPhheennoommeennoonn • Can be a result of Push and Pull factors • CChhaaiinn MMiiggrraattiioonn • RReeffeerrss ttoo aann iimmmmiiggrraanntt wwhhoo ssppoonnssoorrss sseevveerraall ootthheerr iimmmmiiggrraannttss wwhhoo uuppoonn tthheeiirr aarrrriivvaall mmaayy ssppoonnssoorr ssttiillll mmoorree • Potent factor contributing to immigration globally • Most important aspect is that the immigrant anticipates knowing someone that can help in adjustment
- 3. Patterns ooff IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn ttoo tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess • Three unmistakable patterns • Number of immigrants has fluctuated dramatically over time due to government policy changes • Settlement has not been uniform across the country but centered in certain regions and cities • The source of immigrants has changed over time
- 4. F Today’s Foorreeiiggnn--BBoorrnn PPooppuullaattiioonn • About 12% are foreign born • Six states account for 70% of total foreign born population • California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, Illinois • Approximately 32.5 million foreign born people are from Latin America • Primarily Central America and Mexico • Europeans account for less than 6% foreign born today
- 5. EEaarrllyy IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • In 1790 English immigrants were the dominant group, numerically 60% of the population, socially and politically • 35% of all immigrants to US eventually emigrated back to their home country • Not all new arrivals were welcome • XXeennoopphhoobbiiaa • FFeeaarr ooff hhaattrreedd ooff ssttrraannggeerrss • NNaattiivviissmm • BBeelliieeffss aanndd ppoolliicciieess ffaavvoorriinngg nnaattiivvee--bboorrnn cciittiizzeennss oovveerr iimmmmiiggrraannttss
- 6. TThhee AAnnttii--CChhiinneessee MMoovveemmeenntt • Lured by discovery of gold and opening of job opportunities in the West • Railroad provided the greatest demand • White settlers found Chinese customs and religion difficult to understand • SSiinnoopphhoobbeess • PPeeooppllee wwiitthh aa ffeeaarr ooff aannyytthhiinngg aassssoocciiaatteedd wwiitthh CChhiinnaa • Fear of ““yyeellllooww ppeerriill”” • Threat they posed as laborers
- 7. • Though many arguments were voiced, racial fears motivated the anti-Chinese movement and race was the critical issue • Conflict Theory • Chinese were welcomed only when their labor was necessary • Restrictions were not applied evenly • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the US • Decline in legal immigration • Dramatically effected the structure of the Chinese community and family
- 8. Restrictionist SSeennttiimmeenntt IInnccrreeaasseess • The extension of restrictions from the anti- Asian movement to European nationalities • 1908 – TThhee GGeennttlleemmaann’’ss AAggrreeeemmeenntt was signed • Prodded by anti-Japanese feelings • Japan agreed to halt further immigration to US and US agreed end discrimination of Japanese in US • Immigration ended but anti-Japanese feelings continued
- 9. • Two types of immigrants: old and new • New immigrants were seen as a threat to democracy and the American way of life • 1917 Congressional Bill on immigration • Included controversial literacy test • Prohibited immigration from South Sea Islands and other parts of Asia not already excluded • Curiously, law that closed the door on non- Anglo-Saxons yet permitted a waiver of the test if the immigrants came because of racial discrimination from their home governments
- 10. TThhee NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinn SSyysstteemm • NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinnss ssyysstteemm 11992200--11992211 eessttaabblliisshheedd qquuoottaass bbaasseedd oonn tthhee ppeerrcceenntt ooff eeaacchh ((NNaattiioonnaalliittyy)) eetthhnniicc ggrroouupp ffrroomm tthhee 11991100 cceennssuuss • Drawn to block growing immigration from Southern Europe, such as Greece and Italy • TThhee NNaattiioonnaall OOrriiggiinn SSyysstteemm • Favored Northern and Western European immigrants over Southern and Eastern European immigrants • Quotas went unfilled and immigration dropped • Backlog in other countries • Shaped the ethnic landscape of America
- 11. IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn aanndd NNaattuurraalliizzaattiioonn AAcctt ooff 11996655 • Primary goals of the act was to reunite families and protect American labor market • Also initiated restrictions on immigration from Latin America • NNaattuurraalliizzaattiioonn • TThhee ccoonnffeerrrriinngg ooff cciittiizzeennsshhiipp oonn aa ppeerrssoonn aafftteerr bbiirrtthh • Rules for naturalization • 18 years of age • Continuous resident for 5 years (3 years for spouses of citizens) • Good moral character (absence of criminal offenses) • Ability to read and write ordinary English • Pass a test in U.S. government and history
- 12. In 2000 and 2004,850,000 and 1,100,000 were legally admitted annually for the following reasons: • Citizen Family unification • Spouses of citizens (11%) • Children and adoptees (11%) • Parents (8%) • Other residents (10%) • Spouses of legal residents (10%) • Employment based (16%) • Refugees/political asylum seekers (7%) • Diversity (lottery among applicants from nations historically sending few immigrants (5%) • Other (6%)
- 13. CCoonntteemmppoorraarryy SSoocciiaall CCoonncceerrnnss • BBrraaiinn DDrraaiinn • TThhee iimmmmiiggrraattiioonn ttoo tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess ooff sskkiilllleedd wwoorrkkeerrss,, pprrooffeessssiioonnaallss,, aanndd tteecchhnniicciiaannss wwhhoo aarree ddeessppeerraatteellyy nneeeeddeedd bbyy tthheeiirr hhoommee ccoouunnttrriieess • HH--11BB VViissaass • PPeerrmmaanneenntt wwoorrkk ppeerrmmiittss ttoo hhiigghhllyy sskkiilllleedd iimmmmiiggrraannttss rreessuullttiinngg iinn aann eeccoonnoommiicc aanndd ssoocciiaall ccoosstt ttoo tthhee ddeevveellooppiinngg nnaattiioonnss • India • Pakistan • Philippines • Several African nations
- 14. • CCoonnfflliicctt TThheeoorryy • Views brain drain as another symptom of the unequal distribution of world resources • By relying on foreign talent, US does not need to take the steps necessary to encourage native members of subordinate groups to enter desirable fields of employment
- 15. • PPooppuullaattiioonn GGrroowwtthh • US is continues to accept large numbers of permanent immigrants • Nation’s birth rate has decreased so consequently, contribution of immigration is more significant • Legal immigration accounts for about 45-60% of nation’s growth • To some, US is overpopulated • SSiieerrrraa CClluubb took official position restricting immigration, recognizing more people puts greater strain on nation’s natural resources • Patterns of uneven settlement in US expected to increase so impact on population growth will be felt more in certain areas
- 16. IIlllleeggaall IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Control of illegal or undocumented immigrants most bitterly debated aspect of US immigration policy • Exact number of undocumented or unauthorized workers is subject to estimates and disputes • Illegal and even legal immigrants tied by the public to almost every social problem in the nation • SSccaappeeggooaattss ffoorr uunneemmppllooyymmeenntt,, ““ddrruugg rruunnnneerrss”” && ““tteerrrroorriissttss””
- 17. • Cost of policing borders and locating illegal immigrants is sizable • Immigration aanndd RReeffoorrmm AAcctt ooff 11998866 ((IIRRCCAA)) • Historic change in immigration policy • Amnesty granted to 1.7 million illegal immigrants who could document long term residency • CCoonnfflliicctt TThheeoorryy • Immigrants, primarily poor and Hispanic or Asian, are being lodged at the bottom of the nation’s social and economic hierarchies
- 18. • FFuunnccttiioonnaalliisstt TThheeoorryy • Employers, by paying low wages, are able to produce goods and services that are profitable for industry and affordable to consumers • Despite poor working conditions often experienced by illegal immigrants, continue to come because it is in their best economic interest • IIlllleeggaall IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn RReeffoorrmm aanndd IImmmmiiggrraanntt RReessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy AAcctt ooff 11999966 • Emphasized more effort to keep immigrants from entering the country illegally • No access to social security and welfare
- 19. Economic IImmppaacctt ooff IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Much public and scholarly debate • Most significant factor is whether a study examines national impact of immigration or only its effect on a local area • Many hold stereotypical belief that immigrants end up on welfare and cause increase in taxes
- 20. • RReemmiittttaanncceess ((MMiiggrraaddoollllaarrss)) • MMoonneeyy tthhaatt iimmmmiiggrraannttss rreettuurrnn ttoo tthheeiirr ccoouunnttrryy ooff oorriiggiinn • Widely recognized as critical to the survival to millions of households worldwide • States have sought legal redress because federal government has not seriously considered granting impact aid to heavily burdened states • Paradoxical situation • Strong economy and concerns about immigration • Suggests other concerns • Ethnic and racial tension more important in explaining current attitudes toward immigration in US
- 21. Women aanndd IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • Men dominate much of labor migration worldwide • Diversified labor force in US and policies that facilitate relatives coming • US immigration has been fairly balanced • Second-class status of women in society is reflected in immigration • 1907-1922 • Women who married immigrants who were not citizens lost their US citizenship – did not apply to men
- 22. • Immigrant women face additional challenges • Responsibility of navigating the new society when it comes to services for their family • Males are more consumed with work leaving adult women to navigate bureaucracies • City services, schools, medical facilities, stores, and markets • Less likely to seek outside help for medical care or issues of domestic violence • More likely to be the liaison for the household
- 23. TThhee GGlloobbaall EEccoonnoommyy aanndd IImmmmiiggrraattiioonn • GGlloobbaalliizzaattiioonn • TThhee wwoorrllddwwiiddee iinntteeggrraattiioonn ooff ggoovveerrnnmmeenntt ppoolliicciieess,, ccuullttuurreess,, ssoocciiaall mmoovveemmeennttss,, aanndd ffiinnaanncciiaall mmaarrkkeettss tthhrroouugghh ttrraaddee,, mmoovveemmeenntt ooff ppeeooppllee,, aanndd eexxcchhaannggee ooff iiddeeaass • TTrraannssnnaattiioonnaallss • IImmmmiiggrraannttss wwhhoo ssuussttaaiinn mmuullttiippllee ssoocciiaall rreellaattiioonnsshhiippss lliinnkkiinngg tthheeiirr ssoocciieettiieess ooff oorriiggiinn aanndd sseettttlleemmeenntt
- 24. RReeffuuggeeeess • PPeeooppllee lliivviinngg oouuttssiiddee tthheeiirr ccoouunnttrryy ooff cciittiizzeennsshhiipp ffoorr ffeeaarr ooff ppoolliittiiccaall oorr rreelliiggiioouuss ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn • Enough exist to populate an entire nation • US makes the largest contribution of any nation to worldwide assistance programs • Resettles 70,000 refugees annually and cumulatively hosted 1 million between 1990 and 2003
- 25. • Despite periodic public opposition, US government is officially committed to accepting refugees from other nations • 1968 United Nations ttrreeaattyy oonn rreeffuuggeeeess • CCoouunnttrriieess aarree oobblliiggeedd ttoo rreeffrraaiinn ffrroomm ffoorrcciibbllyy rreettuurrnniinngg ppeeooppllee ttoo tteerrrriittoorriieess wwhheerree tthheeiirr lliivveess oorr lliibbeerrttyy mmiigghhtt bbee eennddaannggeerreedd • AAssyylleeeess • FFoorreeiiggnneerrss wwhhoo hhaavvee aallrreeaaddyy eenntteerreedd tthhee UUSS aanndd nnooww sseeeekk pprrootteeccttiioonn bbeeccaauussee ooff ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn oorr aa wweellll--ffoouunnddeedd ffeeaarr ooff ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn bbaasseedd oonn rraaccee,, rreelliiggiioonn,, nnaattiioonnaalliittyy,, ssoocciiaall ggrroouupp,, oorr ppoolliittiiccaall ooppiinniioonn
- 27. • What are the functions and dysfunctions of immigration?
- 28. • What were the social and economic issues when public opinion mounted against Chinese immigration into the United States?
- 29. • Ultimately, what do you think is the major concern people have about contemporary immigration to the United States, the numbers of immigrants, their legal status, or their nationality?
- 30. • What principles appear to guide US refugee policy?
- 31. • Your Opinion! • IIss iitt rriigghhtt oorr wwrroonngg,, ppoosstt 99//1111,, ttoo rreettuurrnn rreeffuuggeeeess wwhhoo mmaayy bbee fflleeeeiinngg tthheeiirr hhoommeellaannddss bbeeccaauussee ooff wwaarr,, ffaammiinnee,, oorr rreelliiggiioouuss ppeerrsseeccuuttiioonn??