Chap 1 CA.pptx
- 1. Introduction Basic Structure of Computer Robleh Wacayz Department of Telecommunication Engineering EELO University Chapter 1
- 2. Goal and Objectives • What computation and how machine done • The basic architecture principles to build a computer • Basic architecture of digital electronic computer Then you can: • Understand essential computation and how machine done • Choose best computer for your organization
- 3. The Big Questions • Most CS programs require an architecture course, but you might ask: • Is knowledge of computer architecture and the underlying hardware relevant these days? • Should we take this course seriously?
- 4. The Answers • You want to call yourself a “computer engineer” • Companies (such as Google, IBM, Microsoft, Apple, Cisco,...) look for knowledge of architecture when hiring (i.e., understanding computer architecture can help you land a job) • The most successful software engineers understand the underlying hardware (i.e., knowing about architecture can help you earn promotions) • As a practical matter: knowledge of computer architecture is needed for later courses, such as systems programming, compilers, operating systems, and embedded systems
- 5. A Word About Future Employment • Traditional computer engineering jobs are saturated • The future lies in embedded systems • Cell phones • Video games • MP3 players • Set-top boxes • Smart sensor systems • Understanding architecture is key for programming embedded systems
- 6. About Architecture Some Bad News About Architecture • Hardware is ugly • Lots of low-level details • The subject is so large that we cannot hope to cover it in one course Some Good News About Architecture • It is possible to understand basics without knowing all low-level technical details • Programmers only need to learn the essentials • Characteristics of major components • Role in overall system
- 7. What We Will Cover • Chapter 1: Introduction Basic computer • Chapter 2: Computer Evolution and Performance: The Von Neumann Architecture • Chapter 3: Inside the CPU • Chapter 4: The Memory System • Chapter 5: Basic Input/Output • Chapter 6: Pipelining • Chapter 7: Operating System Support. • Chapter 8: Embedded System and ARM • Chapter 9: RISC and CISC Architecture
- 8. Introduction • This course is all about how computers work • But what do we mean by a computer? • Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices • Different uses: automobile, graphics, finance • Different manufacturers: Intel, AMD, Apple, IBM, HP, Dell,… • Different underlying technologies and different costs
- 9. How do computerswork? • Need to understand abstractions such as: • Application software • System software • Assembly language • Machine language • Architectural issues • Arithmetic, logic • Boolean logic, 1 and 0 • Transistors used to build logic gate • Semiconductors/Silicon used to build transistors • Properties of atoms and electrons • So much to learn!
- 10. What’s a Computer? • A computer is a data processing machine which is operated automatically under the control of a list of instructions (called a program) stored in its main memory. • Think about it at its most basic level. A computer can: • Input data, process data, output result, and store data.
- 11. A Computer System Definition • A computer System takes a set of digital inputs, processes them and creates a set of outputs. This is done using a combination of hardware and software. • All computers can be classified into two different groups. • The first is called a general purpose system • The second is called an embedded system
- 13. General Purpose Systems • Personal computers, laptops, tablets smart phones etc. are all examples of general purpose systems. • It can perform many varied tasks. • Toperform a range of tasks they make use of software applications.
- 14. Embedded System • An embedded system is a computer which performs one specific task within a larger systems. • They are Special Purpose System. • They are made up of both hardware and the software that they specifically need to do their task. • Firmware. • TV • stereo • remote control • phone / mobile phone • refrigerator • microwave • washing machine • electric tooth brush • oven / rice or bread cooker • watch • alarm clock • electronic musical instruments • electronic toys (stuffed animals,handheld toys, pinballs, etc.) • medical home equipment (e.g. blood pressure, thermometer)
- 15. Architecture & Organization • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e.g. Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • Organization differs between different versions
- 16. Computer Architecture - Definition • Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. • In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with.
- 17. Computer Architecture - Definition • There are three categories of computer architecture: • System Design: This includes all hardware components in the system, including data processors aside from the CPU, such as the graphics processing unit and direct memory access. It also includes memory controllers, data paths and miscellaneous things like multiprocessing and virtualization. • Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): This is the embedded programming language of the central processing unit. It defines the CPU's functions and capabilities based on what programming it can perform or process. This includes the word size, processor register types, memory addressing modes, data formats and the instruction set that programmers use.
- 18. Computer Architecture - Definition • Microarchitecture: Otherwise known as computer organization, this type of architecture defines the data paths, data processing and storage elements, as well as how they should be implemented in theISA. •Computer Architecture = ISA + MO Instruction Set Architecture • What the executable can “see” as underlying hardware •Logical View Machine Organization • How the hardware implements ISA ? • Physical View
- 19. Computer Architecture Instruction Set Architecture Application Operation System Compiler Processor I/O System Logic Design Circuit Design Layout Computer Architecture Hardware Implementation Memory Asse mbler
- 20. Structure & Function • A computer is a complex system • The key is to recognize the hierarchical nature of most complex systems, including the computer • A hierarchical system is a set of interrelated subsystems, each of thelatter, in turn, hierarchical in structure until we reach some lowest level of elementary subsystem. • At each level, the designer is concerned with structure and function: • Structure is the way in which components relate to each other • Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure • The top-down approach is the clearest and most effective.
- 21. Function • All computer functions are: • Data processing • Data storage • Data movement • Control
- 22. Operations (1) Data movement ◦ The computer must be able to move data between itself and the outside world. ◦ When data are received from or delivered to a device that is directly connected to the computer, the process is known as input–output (I/O) ◦ When data are moved over longer distances, to or from a remote device, the process is known as data communications.
- 23. Operations (2) Storage ◦ It is also essential that a computer store data. Even if the computer is processing data on the fly, the computer must temporarily store at least those pieces of data that are being worked on at any given moment. ◦Short-term data storage Or ◦ Long-term data storage
- 24. Operation (3) Processing from/to storage ◦ The computer, of course, must be able to process data. ◦ The data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range of processing requirements is broad.
- 25. Operation (4) Processing from storage to I/O •Finally, there must be control of these three functions.
- 26. Structure • The Computer, the four main structural components are: • CPU • Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions. • Main memory • Stores data • I/O • Moves data between the computer and its external environment • System interconnection • Provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O
- 27. Structure - Top Level Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer
- 28. Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Logic Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers I/O Memory System CPU Bus CPU
- 29. Structure - The Control Unit CPU Control Memory Control Unit Registers and Decoders Sequencing Logic Control Unit ALU Registers Internal Bus Control Unit
- 30. CPU • major structural components are as follows: • Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions • Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU • CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers.
- 31. Memory Unit • Store programs and data • Two classes of storage Primary storage • Fast • Programs must be stored in memory while they are being executed • Large number of semiconductor storage cells • Processed in words • Address • Memory hierarchy – cache, main memory Secondary storage – larger and cheaper
- 32. I/O Unit • The data on which the instructions operate are not necessarily already stored in memory. • Data need to be transferred between processor and outside world (disk, keyboard, etc.) • I/O operations are essential, the way they are performed can have a significant effect on the performance of the computer.
- 33. • Coming up next: Chapter 2 • Computer Evolution and Performance: The Von Neumann Architecture Thank You COME TO CLASS .. ASK QUESTIONS READ CHAPTERS !